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Charlemagne Unites Germanic Kingdoms Middle Ages or Medieval Period 500-1500 New society emerged with roots in o Classical Rome o Beliefs in Roman Catholic Church o Customs of various Germanic tribes Invasions of Western Europe Major Changes o Disruption of trade – constant invasions caused businesses to collapse and money became scarce o Downfall of cities – cities were abandoned o Population shifts – population of western Europe became mostly rural The Decline of Learning o Germanic invaders were illiterate o Rural communities made education difficult o Germanic tribes had no written language Loss of a Common Language o As German people mixed with existing Romans, Latin changed – different dialects emerged o French, Spanish and other romance languages became more common and mirrored the continued break-up of the Roman Empire Germanic Kingdoms Emerge Germanic kingdoms replaced Roman provinces The Concept of Government Changes o Roman and Germanic ideas of government conflicted – Romans believed in loyalty to government and written law, Germanic society believed in family ties and personal loyalty o Felt loyalty to German chief – each chief had a loyal band of warriors who protected him, during peacetime he gave them a place to live, food to eat, etc. During war, they would fight to the death to protect him, Germans felt no loyalty to a king they had never met o Large governments didn’t work for the Germanic people because they placed more stress on personal relationships Clovis and the Franks o Franks had power in Gaul (modern day France and Switzerland), led by Clovis o Clovis brought Christianity to the region – partnership between Frankish Empire and the Church was a powerful one Germans Adopt Christianity Monasteries, Converts, and Manuscripts o Monasteries were created to adapt to rural lifestyles – men and women would give up all personal possessions and devoted their lives to serving God, monks (monasteries) and nuns (convents) o Monasteries became places of study – opened schools, maintained libraries and copied books Papal Power Expands Under Gregory o Gregory I became pope in 590 – expanded power of pope from spiritual leader to political leader o Used money from the church to create armies, restore roads, help the poor and sign peace treaties o Churchly kingdom became a common theme of the Middle Ages An Empire Evolves Charles Martel Emerges o Frankish Empire in 719, the mayor of the palace or major domo, was Charles Martel (aka Charles the Hammer) o Extended the Franks’ rule in all directions, defeated the Muslim raiders from Spain in the Battle of Tours in 732 (VERY SIGNIFICANT!) o After Charles the Hammer died, his son Pepin the Short came to power and increased the power of the Frankish Kingdom Charlemagne Becomes Empire Charlemagne Extends Frankish Rule o Pepin the Short’s son, formerly known as Charles, became known as Charlemagne (Charles the Great) – stood 6’4’’ o Built an amazing empire, expanded empire and spread Christianity, reunited western Europe and was the most powerful king of his time o Pope Leo III crowned him “Roman Emperor” – Germanic power joining with the Church Charlemagne Leads a Revival o Limited power of nobles o Made sure counts (powerful landowners) were serving their counties fairly o Encouraged learning Charlemagne’s Heirs o Crowned his son, Louis the Pious, emperor before he died – Louis was not a good leader o Louis left three sons who fought one another for the empire, eventually breaking it apart into three kingdoms o Lost power and central power broke down – led to a new system of government, feudalism