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1
By the end of Book V you should know all the Latin that is necessary for your GCSE. You will
cope well with GCSE Latin provided that you follow three simple rules:
Three Rules
 First rule : learn vocabulary : There is a set vocabulary of about 500 words for GCSE.
You have already come across some 400 of these words. If you learn them thoroughly,
you will find the course easy and know every word in your GCSE exam.
 Second rule: understand the endings : In Latin most words –nouns, adjectives, verbs –
change their endings to show what they are doing in a sentence. To work out a translation
you must notice the ending and work out what it means.
 Third rule : work out the meaning word by word, but translate sentence by
sentence. Some Latin sentences have the same word order as English, but most are
different. As you read therefore you should build up the meaning word by word, but only
translate into English when you have worked out a group of words that makes sense.
Here is a summary of what you have learned already. Use it for revision and reference
Five Cases
 Nouns , adjectives , pronouns have five different cases that tell you what the word is
doing in the sentence.
 Nominative : the subject of the sentence, the person or thing who is doing something or
being described.
 Accusative : the object of a verb, the person or thing who is having something done to it.
Also used after some prepositions.
 Genitive : basic meaning ‘of’. Often the second of two nouns.
 Dative : basic meaning ‘to’ or ‘for’. Used with some verbs.
 Ablative : basic meaning ‘by’ ‘with’. Often used with prepositions and passive verbs.
Five Declensions
 declension is the name given to a group of nouns that all have the same endings.
 once you have learned the endings for one example, you should be able to work out the
endings for all similar nouns you come across
 there are 5 declensions (there are very few nouns in the 4th and 5th declensions)
 remember them with the endings for nominative and genitive
1. First declension :
-A/AE nouns
2. Second declension :
-US/I and UM/I nouns
3. Third declension :
--/IS nouns
4. Fourth declension :
-US/US
5. Fifth declension :
-ES/EI
SFX Classics
2
Declension
1st: -a 2nd:-us,um 3rd : —puella
servus/templum
Sing: Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
-a
-am
-ae
-ae
-a
-us
-um
-i
-o
-o
Plural: Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
-ae
-as
-arum
-is
-is
-i
-a
-os
-a
-orum
-is
-is


rex
4th; -us 5th : -es
/ nomen
-um ——-um -em —-is
-i
-e (-i)
-es
-a
-es
-a
-um, -ium
-ibus
-ibus
manus
dies
-us
-um
-us
-ui
-u
-es
-em
-ei
-ei
-e
-us
-us
-uum
-ibus
-ibus
-es
-es
-erum
-ebus
-ebus
the perfect passive participle (having been carried) and adjectives like bonus have the
endings of the first and second declensions:
Sing: Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
Masculine
portat-us
portat-um
portat-i
portat-o
portat-o
Feminine
portat-a
portat-am
portat-ae
portat-ae
portat-a
Neuter
portat-um
portat-um
portat-i
portat-o
portat-o
Plural: Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
portat-i
portat-os
portat-orum
portat-is
portat-is
portat-ae
portat-as
portat-arum
portat-is
portat-is
portat-a
portat-a
portat-orum
portat-is
portat-is
the present particple (carying) has third declension endings:
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
Masc/Fem
portans
portant-em
portant-is
portant-i
portant-e
Neuter
portans
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
portant-es
portant-es
portant-ium
portant-ibus
portant-ibus
portant-ia
portant-ia
SFX Classics
3
Reference List for endings
Ending
-a
Nominative singular 1st declension
Ablative singular 1st declension
Neuter plural nominative or accusative 2nd or 3rd declension
-ae
Genitive singular 1st declension
Dative singular 1st declension
Nominative plural 1st declension
-am
Accusative singular 1st declension
-as
Accusative plural 1st declension
-arum
Genitive plural 1st declension
-is
Dative or ablative plural 1st and 2nd declensions
Genitive singular third declension
-us
Nominative singular 2nd and 4th declensions
Nominative and accusative plural fourth declension
-um
Accusative singular 2nd declension masculine,4th declension
Nominative and accusative singular 2nd declension neuter
Genitive plural third declension
-i
Genitive singular 2nd declension
Nominative plural 2nd declension
Dative singular 3rd declension
-o
Dative and ablative singular 2nd declension
-os
Accusative plural 2nd declension
-orum
Genitive plural 2nd declension
-em
Accusative singular third declension
-e
Ablative singular third and fifth declension
-es
Nominative and accusative plural third declension
Nominative singular fifth declension
Nominative and accusative plural fifthdeclension
-ibus
Dative and ablative plural third and fourth declension
-ei
Genitive and dative singular 5th declension
-erum
Genitive plural 5th declension
-ebus
Dative and ablative plural 5th declension
-ui
Dative singular 4th declension
-u
Ablative singular 4th declension
-uum
Genitive plural 4th declension
SFX Classics
4
Four Pronouns
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
Who, which, that
Masc.
Fem.
qui
quae
quem
quam
cuius
cui
quo
qua
Nom
Acc
qui
quos
Gen
Dat
Abl
quorum
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
Masc.
hic
hunc
hoc
Neuter
quod
quod
illo
That
Fem.
illa
illam
illius
illi
illa
Nom
Acc
illi
illos
illae
illas
illa
illa
Gen
Dat
Abl
illorum
illarum
illis
illis
illorum
quo
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
quae
quas
quae
quae
quarum
quibus
quibus
quorum
This
Fem.
haec
hanc
huius
huic
hac
Masc.
ille
illum
hoc
Nom
Acc
Gen
Dat
Abl
that, him her ,it, them
Masc.
Fem.
is
ea
eum
eam
eius
ei
eo
ea
Neuter
hoc
hoc
Neuter
illud
illud
illo
Neuter
id
id
eo
Nom
Acc
hi
hos
hae
has
haec
haec
Nom
Acc
ei
eos
eae
eas
ea
ea
Gen
Dat
Abl
horum
harum
his
his
horum
Gen
Dat
Abl
eorum
earum
eis
eis
eorum
Six Personal Pronouns
Nominative
Accusative
Genitive
Dative
Ablative
I
YOU
Himself
ego
me
mei
mihi
me
tu
te
tui
tibi
te
se
sui
sibi
se
WE
nos
nos
nostrum
nobis
nobis
SFX Classics
YOU
vos
vos
vestrum
vobis
vobis
Themselves
se
sui
sibi
se
5
Verbs
Six Person Endings, Four Conjugations, Five Tenses
 in Latin the endings of verbs tell you the person who is doing the action.
 the basic scheme of the person endings is this:
m-o-i
-s
-t
-mus
-tis
-nt






I
you (singular)
he/she/it
we
you (plural)
they
tense refers to the time of the action of a verb : present , past, , future
the present tense is used for actions happening now, in the present :I carry, am carrying
the present tense is written out in full so that you can see how the person endings work
in Latin there are four conjugations - groups of verbs that have the same endings
1
2
3
4
porto
doceo
traho
audio
I carry
I teach
I drag
I hear
portas
doces
trahis
audis
you carry you teach
you drag you hear
portat
docet
trahit
audit
she carries she teaches she drags she hears
portamus docemus
trahimus audimus
we carry
we teach
we drag
we hear
portatis
docetis
trahitis
auditis
you carry you teach
you drag you hear
portant
docent
trahunt
audiunt
they carry they teach they drag they hear
in Latin there are three past tenses
o imperfect : I was carrying, I used to carry
o perfect : I carried, have carried
o pluperfect : I had carried
each past tense has distinctive endings summarised in this table:
Active
I
m-o-i
YOU
-s
HE
-t
WE
-mus
YOU THEY
-tis
-nt
Imperfect
-bam
-bas
-bat
-bamus
-batis
-bant
Perfect
-i
-isti
-it
-imus
-istis
-erunt
Pluperfect
-eram
-eras
-erat
-eramus
-eratis
-erant
SFX Classics
6


the future tense is used for future actions : I shall carry
the first and second conjugations have futures with –bo, -bis etc, the third and fourth
conjugations have futures with –am, -es etc
Future1,2.
-bo
-bis
-bit
-bimus
-bitis
-bunt
Future 3,4
-am
-es
-et
-emus
-etis
-ent
Four Tenses of esse
 the verb esse to be should be known by heart
Present
sum
es
est
sumus
estis
sunt
Imperfect
I am
you are
he is
we are
you are
they are
eram
eras
erat
eramus
eratis
erant
Perfect
I was
you were
she was
we were
you were
they were
fui
fuisti
fuit
fuimus
fuistis
fuerunt
Future
I have been
you have been
he has been
we have been
you have been
they have been
ero
eris
erit
erimus
eritis
erunt
I shall be
you will be
she will be
we shall be
you will be
they will be
Four Principal Parts
 you need to know the four principal parts of each verb to be able to work out all the
endings
Present Infinitive Perfect
Perfect Passive Participle
port-o port-are port-avi port-atus
I carry to carry
I carried having been carried
doceo
docere
docui
doctus
I teach to teach
I taught
having been taught
traho
trahere
traxi
tractus
I drag
to drag
I dragged having been dragged
audio
audire
audivi
auditus
I hear
to hear
I heard
having been heard
Three Participles
 verbs have three participles in Latin : present, perfect passive and future
portans
docens
trahens
audiens
carrying
teaching
dragging
hearing
portatus-a-um
doctus-a-um
tractus-a-um
auditus-a-um
having been carried
having been taught
having been dragged
having been heard
portaturus-a-um
docturus-a-um
tracturus-a-um
auditurus-a-um
going to carry
going to teach
going to drag
going to hear
One Gerundive of Obligation
Recognise by the -nd- ending and translate ‘must’.
portandus-a-um docendus-a-um trahendus-a-um
must be carried
must be taught
must be dragged
SFX Classics
audiendus-a-um
must be heard
7
Two Subjunctive Tenses
 you have come across subjunctive verbs in some sentences
 cum=when; indirect questions; purpose clauses, result clauses, indirect command
Recognise the pluperfect subjunctive by -isse- + person endings .
portav-issem
portav- isses
portav- isset
portav- issemus
portav- issetis
portav- issent
docu- issem
docu- isses
docu- isset
docu- issemus
docu- issetis
docu- issent
trax- issem
trax- isses
trax- isset
trax- issemus
trax- issetis
trax- issent
audiv- issem
audiv- isses
audiv- isset
audiv- issemus
audiv- issetis
audiv- issent
Recognise the imperfect subjunctive by the infinitive -re + person endings.
porta-rem
porta- res
porta- ret
porta- remus
porta- retis
porta- rent
doce- rem
doce- res
doce- ret
doce- remus
doce- retis
doce- rent
trahe- rem
trahe- res
trahe- ret
trahe- remus
trahe- retis
trahe- rent
audi- rem
audi- res
audi- ret
audi- remus
audi- retis
audi- rent
Passive Verbs
.Learn the difference between active and passive verbs by studying these examples in English: :
Active
Passive
He is carrying
He is being carried
They drag
They are being dragged
He was teaching
He was being taught
They were carrying
They were being carried
I heard his shout
His shout was heard by me
They kill the Romans
The Romans are killed by them
Metella was eating the dinner
The dinner was being eaten by Metella
Notice that with passive verbs
 the action is done to the subject
 ‘by’ is used for the person (or thing) doing the action
Present, Imperfect, Future
 these tenses correspond to the active tenses you have already learnt
 all these passive tenses also have the same person endings:
SFX Classics
8
-r
-ris
I
you
Present Passive
porto-r
I am being carried
porta-ris
you are being carried
porta-tur
she is being carried
porta-mur
we are being carried
porta-mini
you are being carried
porta-ntur
they are being carried
Imperfect Passive
porta-bar
I was being carried
porta-baris
you were being
carried
porta-batur
she was being carried
porta-bamur
we were being carried
porta-bamini
you were being
carried
porta-bantur
they were being
carried
Future Passive
porta-bor
I shall be carried
porta-beris
you will be carried
porta-bitur
she will be carried
porta-bimur
we shall be carried
porta-bimini
you will be carried
porta-buntur
they will be carried
-tur
he/she
-mur
we
doceo-r
I am being taught
doce-ris
you are being taught
doce-tur
she is being taught
doce-mur
we are being taught
doce-mini
you are being taught
doce-ntur
they are being taught
doce-bar
I was being taught
doce-baris
you were being
taught
doce-batur
she was being taught
doce-bamur
we were being taught
doce-bamini
you were being
taught
doce-bantur
they were being
taught
doce-bor
I shall be taught
doce-beris
you will be taught
doce-bitur
she will be taught
doce-bimur
we shall be taught
doce-bimini
you will be taught
doce-buntur
they will be taught
-mini
you
-ntur
they
traho-r
I am being dragged
trahe-ris
you are being dragged
trahi-tur
she is being dragged
trahi-mur
we are being dragged
trahi-mini
you are being dragged
trahu-ntur
they are being dragged
trahe-bar
I was being dragged
trahe-baris
you were being
dragged
trahe-batur
she was being dragged
trahe-bamur
we were being dragged
trahe-bamini
you were being
dragged
trahe-bantur
they were being
dragged
traha-r
I shall be dragged
trahe-ris
you will be dragged
trahe-tur
she will be dragged
trahe-mur
we shall be dragged
trahe-mini
you will be dragged
trahe-ntur
they will be dragged
SFX Classics
audio-r
I am being heard
audi-ris
you are being heard
audi-tur
she is being heard
audi-mur
we are being heard
audi-mini
you are being heard
audiu-ntur
they are being heard
audie-bar
I was being heard
audie-baris
you were being
heard
audie-batur
she was being heard
audie-bamur
we were being heard
audie-bamini
you were being
heard
audie-bantur
they were being
heard
audia-r
I shall be heard
audie-ris
you will be heard
audie-tur
she will be heard
audie-mur
we shall be heard
audie-mini
you will be heard
audie-ntur
they will be heard
9
Perfect and Pluperfect Passive
 the perfect passive is formed two things you know already :
 perfect passive participle + sum, es etc
doctus
doctus
doctus



sum
es
est
I was taught, have been taught
You were taught, have been taught
He was taught, has been taught
docti
sumus We were taught, have been taught
You were taught, have been taught
docti
estis
They were taught, have been taught
docti
sunt
look out for a participle with a part of the veb sum
be careful not to translate doctus est as he is taught.
note that he she it they can be clearly distinguished because the participle changes
endings like an adjective
tractus
tractus
tractus
tracta
tractum
tracti
tracti
tracti
tractae
tracta
sum
es
est
est
est
sumus
estis
sunt
sunt
sunt
I was dragged, have been dragged
You were dragged etc
He was dragged
She was dragged
It was dragged
We were dragged
You were dragged
They were dragged
Pluperfect Passive
 This tense follows the same pattern as the perfecct passive but uses
 perfect passive participle + eram
 always means ‘had been..’
 be careful not to translate docti eramus as we were taught
doctus
doctus
doctus
eram
eras
erat
I had been taught
You had been taught
He had been taught
docti
docti
docti
eramus
eratis
erant
We had been taught
You had been taught
They had been taught
The preposition a,
tractus
tractus
tractus
tracta
tractum
tracti
tracti
tracti
tractae
tracta
ab by is often used with passive verbs:
SFX Classics
eram
eras
erat
erat
erat
eramus
eratis
sunt
sunt
sunt
I had been dragged
You had been dragged
He had been dragged
She had been dragged
It had been dragged
We had been dragged
You had been dragged
They had been dragged
10
Deponent Verbs
 These are verbs which look passive but have active meanings..
 They are called deponent because they ‘put aside’ (deponere) their active forms.
 these are the principal parts of the deponent verbs you need for GCSE


1 conor
conari
conatus sum
I try
to try
I tried, have tried
1 hortor
hortari
hortatus sum
I encourage
to encourage
I encouraged, have encouraged
1 precor
precari
precatus sum
I pray (to)
to pray
I prayed
2 vereor
vereri
veritus sum
I am afraid, fear
to fear
I fear
2 videor
videri
visus sum
I seem
to seem
I seemed
3 egredior
egredi
egressus sum
I go out
to go out
I went out, have gone out
3 ingredior
ingredi
ingressus sum
I enter
to enter
I entered, have entered
3 progredior
progredi
progressus sum
I advance
to advance
I advanced, have advanced
3 regredior
regredi
regressus sum
I go back, return
to go back
I went back
3 loquor
loqui
locutus sum
I speak
to speak
I spoke, have spoken
3 morior
mori
mortuus sum
I die
to die
I died
3 patior
pati
passus sum
I suffer
to suffer
I suffered, have suffered
3 proficiscor
proficisci
profectus sum
I set out
to set out
I set out, have set out
3 sequor
sequi
secutus sum
I follow
to follow
I followed
3 utor
uti
usus sum
I use
to use
I used
4 orior
oriri
ortus sum
I rise, arise
to rise
I rose
you first learned the perfect active participles – these are the only perfect participles in
Latin that mean having done.... and not having been.....
for GCSE you have to know these deponent past participles:
having dared
having prayed
ausus
precatus
having tried
having set out
conatus
profectus
having gone out
egressus
progressus having advanced
having encouraged regressus
having returned
hortatus
having followed
ingressus having entered
secutus
having spoken
having used
locutus
usus
having arisen
having feared
ortus
veritus
having suffered
having seemed
passus
visus
SFX Classics
11
Present, Imperfect and Future Tenses of Deponent verbs
 these have the same endings as passive verbs
-r
-ris
-tur
-mur
-mini
I
you
he/she
we
you

but the meanings are active
Present
cono-r
I try
cona-ris
you try
cona-tur
she tries
cona-mur
we try
cona-mini
you try
cona-ntur
they try
Imperfect
vereba-r
I was fearing
vereba-ris
you were fearing
vereba-tur
she was fearing
vereba-mur
we were fearing
vereba-mini
you were fearing
vereba-ntur
they were fearingt
-ntur
they
Future
sequa--r
I shall follow
seque-ris
you will follow
seque-tur
he will follow
seque-mur
we shall follow
seque-mini
you will follow
seque--ntur
they will follow
Perfect and Pluperfect of Deponent Verbs
 Like the perfect passive which you have learned these participles are used with sum and
eram to form perfect and pluperfect tenses
 – but note for these verbs the meaning is active :
locutus
locutus
locuta
sum
es
est
I spoke, have spoken
You spoke etc.
She spoke
locuti
locuti
locuti
sumus
estis
sunt
We spoke
You spoke
They spoke
secutus
secutus
secuta
eram
eras
erat
I had followed
You had followed
She had followed
secuti
secuti
secuti
sumus
estis
sunt
We had followed
You had followed
They had followed
SFX Classics
12
Irregular Verbs
 the present tenses of a few common verbs have to be learned separately
Present
volo
nolo
possum
eo
fero
I want, wish
I do not want, refuse
I am able ,can
I go
bring, carry
vis
non vis
potes
is
fers
you want
you do not want
you are able
you go
you carry
vult
non vult
potest
it
fert
she wants
he does not want
he is able
he goes
she carries
volumus
nolumus
possumus
imus
ferimus
we want
we do not want
we are able
we go
we carry
vultis
non vultis
potestis
itis
fertis
you want
you do not want
you are able
you go
you carry
volunt
nolunt
possunt
eunt
ferunt
they want
they do not want
they are able
they go
they carry

other tenses generally follow the pattern you know
Imperfect
Future
Perfect
Pluperfect
Infinitives
Imperative
volebam
nolebam
poteram
ibam
ferebam
I wanted
I did not want
I was able
I was going
I was carrying
volam
nolam
potero
ibo
feram
I shall want
I shall not want
I shall be able
I shall go
I shall carry
volui
nolui
potui
ii
tuli
I wanted
I did not want
I could
I went
I carried
volueram
nolueram
potueram
ieram
tuleram
I had wanted
I had not wanted
I had been able
I had gone
I had carried
velle
nolle
posse
ire
ferre
to want
not to want
to be able
to go
to carry
-
noli, nolite
-
i, ite
fer, ferte
go!
bring !
don’t....
Infinitives
Present
active
Present
passive
Perfect active
Future active
portare
docere
trahere
audire
to carry
portari
to teach
doceri
to drag
trahi
to hear
audiri
to be carried
portavisse
to have carried
portatus esse
to have been
carried
portaturus esse
to be going to
carry
to be taught
docuisse
to have taught
doctus esse
to have beeen
taught
docturus esse
to begoing to
teach
to be dragged
traxisse
to have dragged
tractus esse
to have been
dragged
tracturus esse
to be going to drag
to be heard
audivisse
to have heard
auditus esse
to have been
heard
auditurus esse
to be going to
hear
SFX Classics
13
Constructions
For GCSE you will often need to work out the construction used in a sentence to be sure that you
have understood the sentence correctly. Whenever you come across these parts of a verb, make
sure you understand how it is being used :
subjunctives
participles and gerundives
infinitives.
These words give you clues to the structure of a sentence: always work them out carefully:
ut (four possibilities- purpose,result, indirect command, ‘as’+ indicative)
ne (three possibilities- negative purpose, negative indirect command, verb of fearing))
cum (two possibilities - +subjunctive=when;+ ablative = with)
dum (two possibilities – ‘while’; + subjunctive = until))
quod (two possibilities – because, which)
ubi (two possibilities – where, when)
si / nisi
quamquam
Subjunctive Constructions
cum + subjunctive
 cum + pluperfect subjunctive = when......had
cum Salvius haec verba dixisset When Salvius had said these verbs...
 cum + imperfect subjunctive = when....was/were
cum Salvius haec verba diceret = When Salvius was saying these words...
Indirect question
 spot the question word in the middle of the sentence and followed by a subjunctive verb.
 note carefully the tense of the subjunctive verb:
mater cognovit cur puer clamavisset The mother found out why the boy had shouted.
mater cognovit cur puer clamaret The mother found out why the boy was shouting.
 these are the question words you need for GCSE:
cur
num
quando
qualis
quantus
quis ,quid
ubi
why
whether
when
what sort of
how big
who, what
where
quo
quo modo
quot
unde
utrum..an
utrum...necne
where to
how
how many
where from
whether...or
whether ...or not
ut + subjunctive: three possibilities
 never confuse ut and et !
 always work out which of the following three constructions is being used
 purpose clause, result claue, indirect command
SFX Classics
14
Purpose clause
 ut + subjunctive often after a verb of motion
 translate ‘in order to’ ‘to...’
Quintus ad forum contendit ut patrem videret
Quintus hurried to the forum to see his father
 negative purpose clauses introduced by ne and can be translated in order not to.., to
avoid
servus fugit ne caperetur The slave fled to avoid being captured
Result Clause
 ‘so’ word in sentence followed by ut + subjunctive
 translate ‘so......that’
Quintus tam fessus erat ut statim dormiret.
Quintus was so tired that he slept at once.
 these are the ‘so’ words you need for GCSE :
so
tam
tantus-a-um so great so much
so many
so much
tot
tantum
so often
to such an extent, so
totiens
adeo
such, of such a kind ita
in such a way
talis
Indirect Command
 verb that implies some command followed by ut + subjunctive
 translate ‘to.....’ not ‘in order to...’
imperator militibus imperavit ut fortiter pugnarent.
The emperor ordered the soldiers to fight bravely.
 here are the verbs followed by indirect command that you must know for GCSE :
to order
to warn, advise
imperare (+ dative)
monere
to beg
persuadere (+ dative) to persuade orare
to urge
suadere(+ dative)
postulare to demand
to ask
to urge
rogare
incitare
to invite
to encourage
invitare
hortari
to ask
to pray
petere
precari
 negative indirect commands are introduced by ne
senex pueris imperavit ne clamarent .
The old man ordered the boys not to shout.
qui + subjunctive expressing purpose
 spot the subjunctive verb( infinitive +person endings)
 get the idea of purpose in the translation.
Salvius servos vocavit qui corpus portarent
Salvius called for slaves to carry away the body
Verbs of Fearing
 two verbs of fearing timeo and vereor and the noun periculum are followed by ne +
subjunctive
servus timebat ne dominus haec verba audiret
The slave was afraid that his master might hear these words.
SFX Classics
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‘If’ sentences (conditional clauses)
 ‘if’ sentences about the future often use the future perfect tense (I shall have done etc)
si haec feceris, certe poenas dabis If you do this ,you wull certainly be punished
 when a subjunctive verb is used the suggestion is that something did not happen or is not
likely to happen.
 pluperfect subjunctive : If…had, ….would have (Unreal past)
si hoc fecisses, certe poenas dedisses.
If you had done this, you would certainly have been punished .
 imperfect subjunctive : If …were, …..would….
(Unreal present)
si hoc faceres, poenas dares
If you were doing this, you would be punished.
 present subjunctive: If…were to ….,….would…… (Unreal future)
si hoc facias, poenas des.
If you were to do this,you would be punished.
Present Participles
Ablative Absolute
 spot noun/pronoun + participle in ablative
 literal translation with
 often you can use when
imperatore loquente omnes tacebant
When the emperor was speaking, everyone was silent
hostibus victis Romani gaudebant
When the enemy were conquered, the Romans rejoiced
Gerundives of obligation
 spot –nd- in verb, add idea of ‘must’ to meaning of verb
 the person who must do something is in the dative
corpus servis portandum est The slaves must carry the body.
SFX Classics
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Infinitives / Indirect statement :accusative +infinitive



present infinitives are used after certain verbs : volo, possum, debeo, audeo, iubeo, necesse
otherwise if you come across an infinitive it will be used in the accusative +infinitive
construction of indirect statement.
see how this works by studying these examples :
dico regem multos cives interficere
I say that the king is killing many citizens
dico regem multos cives interfecisse I say that the king has killed many citizens
dico regem multos cives interfecturum esse I say that the king will kill many citizens
dixi regem multos cives interficere
I said that the king was killing many citizens
dixi regem multos cives interfecisse I said that the king had killed many citizens
dixi regem multos cives interfecturum esse I said that the king would kill many citizens
dico multos cives a rege interfici I say that many citizens are being killed by the king
dico multos cives a rege interfectos esse I say that many citzens have been killed by the
king
dixi multos cives a rege interfici I said that many citizens were being killed by the king
dixi multos cives a rege interfectos esse I said that many citzens were killed by the king



notice that a wide variety of verbs can introduce indirect statement : I see that…, I hope
that…., I think that…,I believe that, I suspect that…., I realise that, I hear that…
the tense of the infinitive depends upon the original words
nego I deny is used for …say…..not
nego regem multos cives interficere
I say that the king is not killing many citizens
SFX Classics