Download review of 1815 to 1848 carly

THE CONGRESS OF
VIENNA
Overview
• Began deliberations in Sept. 1814 and concluded June 1815
• Four greatest powers that joined to defeat France were: Great Britain, Austria,
Prussia, and Russia
• These four were expected to make the major decisions
• They were influenced by 5 major considerations
1. They didn’t want to punish France but wanted to make sure that they could
never launch wars of aggression again
2. Restore a balance of power so no country could dominate Europe
3. The principle of compensation
4. The principle of legitimacy
5. The allies expected to be rewarded for defeating Napoleon and penalize
countries that cooperated with him
Major Statesmen
• Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859)- Austria’s foreign minister,
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represented Emperor Francis I, host for Congress of Vienna, because of his
influence and active role the period of 1815-1848 is called the Age of
Metternich, believed in conservatism, thought the new ideas of liberalism and
nationalism were a threat to the Austrian Empire, wanted to maintain the
conservative order and wanted intervention in any country were that idea was
threatened
Viscount Castlereagh (1769-1822)- British foreign secretary, shared
Metternich’s conservative views, supported efforts to restore the balance of
power
Tsar Alexander I of Russia (1801-1825)- general agreement with colleagues,
pushed for territory especially in Poland
Prince Karl von Hardenberg (1750-1822)- represented King Fredrick William
III, believed great powers should collaborate to maintain Europe’s peace and
stability
Charles- Maurice de Talleyrand (1754-1838)- King Louis XVIII’s foreign
minister, had the difficult task of representing the interests of his defeated
country
Metternich
Hardenberg
Castlereagh
Tsar Alexander I
Talleyrand
Conflict Over Poland and Saxony
• Tsar Alexander I wanted to receive all of Poland
• Prussia agreed as long as they got Saxony as
compensation
• Austria and Great Britain didn’t like the idea
• Talleyrand agreed with Austria and Great Britain
• Russia and Prussia then backed down and
agreed to accept less territory then they
demanded
Territorial Settlement
• Russia- some of Poland, Finland which
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it had taken from Sweden in 1809, as
compensation Sweden got Norway
Prussia- two-fifths of Saxony, Swedish
Pomerania, territory in the Rhineland
The Netherlands- Austrian Netherlands
(Belgium)
Austria- Lombardy and Venetia,
relatives of the Austrian emperor ruled
the states of Parma, Modena, Tuscany,
Austrian archduchess was married to
the Bourbon King of the Two Sicilies
Great Britain- Cape of Good Hope at
the southern tip of Africa, island of
Ceylon off the southeastern coast of
India, Trinidad and Tobago, Helgoland
in the North Sea, Malta in the
Mediterranean
Conclusions on The Congress Of Vienna
• The conservative order established at the Congress of
Vienna stayed throughout central and eastern Europe
without serious threat of revolutions until 1848
• The balance of power also seemed undisturbed
• And no war involved all of the major powers until WWI in
1914
1820 Revolution in Spain and The Two
Sicilies
• Early 1820
• July 1820
• Army forced King
• Army wanted King
Ferdinand VII to agree to
rule in accordance with the
liberal constitution of 1812
• Russia, Prussia, and
Austria intervened
Ferdinand I to accept a
constitution
• Austria suppressed the
revolution in 1821
Greek Revolution in 1821
• Against Turkish rule
• Brutal fighting
• By 1825 the Turks almost crushed the
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revolt
In Western Europe sympathy for the
Greeks came about
Mostly because the contributions that
Ancient Greece made to Western
Civilization
In 1827, The Treaty of London was made
and it demanded that the Ottoman
Empire recognize Greek independence
They said they would use force if
necessary and in 1827 at Navarino an
allied fleet defeated the Turks
1830 Revolution in Belgium
• In late August 1830, a revolt
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against Dutch rule broke out in
Belgium
In November a national congress
declared Belgium’s independence
A liberal constitution was adopted
in 1831
A German prince became Leopold
I, the first king of Belgium
The major powers guaranteed
Belgium neutrality
What Concluded From All This..
• In Italy in Spain, the conservative powers were successful
in suppressing revolutions
• Greece, Belgium, Spain, and Portugal all got their
independence
• In Great Britain in France, the conservatives regimes
were able to temporarily stall the trend of liberalization
ROMANTICISM
Overview
• The movement known as dynamic expression of the creative energy of
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European civilization
Romantic thinkers, writers, artists, and composers were united in reaction
against what they thought to be the Enlightenment’s excessive emphasis on
the supremacy of reason in human affairs
Emphasized feelings, emotions, faith, intuition, imagination, and spontaneity
Many rejected Enlightenment ideas of the human being and society being
perfect
Emphasized the importance of the individual and individual’s freedom
In literature and arts, the romantics rebelled against the 18th century
classicism and the rules it applied to the creative process
Had emotional ties to the past and what linked it to the present
Fascination for the culture of the Middle Ages because it was an age of faith
and contrasted the 18 century age of reason
In Literature
• In Germany, the late 18 century was a golden age
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe- wrote The Sorrows of Young Werther which was
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about a young man in a tragic love affair that ended in suicide
Friedrich von Schiller- best known for dramas, reflected his idealism and belief in
human freedom, wrote Die Rauber which attack political tyranny
Both put the spirit of romanticism in their writings
The Grimm brothers took folk stories from the past and retold them as fairytales
Heinrich Heine was a main figure in the literary movement known as Young
Germany, he reflected the romantics’ concern for individual experience
William Wordsworth- English poet, found inspiration from nature
Samuel Coleridge- also an English poet, was fascinated by the mystical and
exotic
Sir Walter Scott was a British romantic novelist that was fascinated by the Middle
Ages and wrote more than thirty historical novels
Alexandre Dumas who was a French romantic wrote the classic tales, The Three
Musketeers and The Count of Monte Cristo
Alexander Pushkin was a romantic author in Russia and was one of the first
authors to write in Russian instead of Slavonic
In Painting
• During the first years of the 19th century classicalism
continued to dominate European painting
• Romantic painting gradually started to take hold of
European painters
• The French painter Eugene Delacroix used color and light
to achieve dramatic effects in his paintings, it also showed
the rejection of classicism ideas of restraint and order
• Francisco Goya became famous for his portraits of the
Spanish Bourbons and the French repression of the
Spanish that showed the war’s cruelty
In Architecture
• Was based on neo-classical, neo-Gothic, and exotic styles
• Romantic architects were fascinated with Middle Age characteristics
which made a revival of gothic architecture
• The reconstruction of the British Houses of Parliament was made to
be the neo- Gothic style
• Medieval gothic cathedrals and churches were restored including the
Notre Dame in Paris
• Some found inspiration from more exotic styles from the Middle East,
Persia, and China
In Music
• Beethoven was the person that transitioned music from
classicism to romanticism
• Giuseppe Verdi and Giacomo Puccini were Italian prolific
composers of romantic operas
• Folk music also influenced some compositions at the time
Philosophy and Religion
• Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, began a
revolt against extreme rationalism in philosophy
• He argued that reason couldn’t prove or disprove the
existence of God, and faith and institution can lead
one to an understanding of spiritual truths
• G. W. F Hegel said that history represented the
unfolding of God’s plan in the world
• He said that change in history was because a
process that involved a series of conflicts, the
established order would encounter a challenge and
out of that a new society would make human
progress
Pietism
• Many 18th century intellectuals
embraced deism, which they saw
as a religious expression of
rationalism
• Millions of Christians were
influenced by Pietism
• Reaffirmed the importance of
faith, emotional religious
experience, and personal
devotion to Jesus Christ
Lutherans
• Pietism flourished
among Lutherans in the
18th century
• Phillip Spener who was
a Lutheran pastor
rejected religious
formalism and urged
followers to develop a
more intense personal
religious faith
Moravains
• A small band of surviving followers of the early 15th
century religious reformer John Hus
• Stressed personal piety rather than formal doctrine
• Moravian communities were established in Bethlehem,
Pennsylvania, and Salem
Quakers
• George Fox established the Society of Friends, or the
Quakers
• They opposed religious formalism and emphasized the
inner light of Jesus Christ that illuminated the soul of the
believer
• Opposed war and the taking of oaths
• Suffered persecution at the hands of civil authorities
Methodists
• In the 18th century John Wesley founded the Methodist
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movement
Opposed the formalism of the Church of England
Believed in the development of personal piety,
evangelism, and salvation through Jesus Christ alone
Worked to reduce social evils like alcohol and slavery
It became a separate denomination by the end of the 18th
century
The Catholic Revival
• In the early 19th century
the romantics emphasis
on the mystical and
supernatural led to a
revival of traditional
religious beliefs
• The pope reestablished
the Society of Jesus in
1814 which had been
suppressed at the
height of the
Enlightenment
The Oxford Movement
• A group of Anglicans
• In England
• Reasserted Catholic elements in the faith and practice of
the Church of England
• Influential in the development of Anglo-Catholicism within
the English church
History
• The romantics felt a connection to the past
• That led to the writing of romantic national histories
• It emphasized the uniqueness of a people’s development
and their historical mission
Conclusion of Romanticism
• The romantic revolt against the extreme rationalism of the
Enlightenment had an enduring impact on European
culture
• Their love of nature and willingness to break the bonds of
artistic convention helped the movement of impressionism
in painting in the later 19th century
• Their emphasis on national traditions encouraged the
growth of nationalism
REFORM AND
REVOLUTION IN GREAT
BRITAIN AND FRANCE
Overview
• Great Britain emerged as a stronghold of constitutional monarchy and
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political liberty
In the early 19th century conservative rule gradually was taken place
by a movement of reform
The British rejected the Chartist movement for full political democracy
In France the Bourbon kings became more arbitrary
When the Bourbons were overthrown the established rule became
more authoritarian
Opposition to the king started to mount
Liberalism
• In Great Britain and France reform was wanted and it was
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fueled by the ideology of liberalism
Liberals opposed arbitrary government
They advocated expansion of political, economic, and
religious freedom
Primarily a middle-class movement that had relatively little
concern for the economic and social problems of the
masses
Favored representative government and the guarantees
of civil liberties
IN GREAT BRITAIN
Conservative Rule and Repression of Civil
Unrest
• British rule lived in fear of revolution
• Experienced postwar depression and a rising
unemployment rate
• Lord Liverpool who was a Tory served as prime minister
and headed a reactionary cabinet that opposed reform
and sought to repress expressions of discontent
Peterloo Massacre
• In August 1819 troops fired
at a large crowd that had
gathered at St. Peter’s Fields
in Manchester to hear
speeches on parliamentary
reform and the repeal of the
Corn Laws
• Eleven people were killed
• This rose tensions between
the government and people
Six Acts
• Parliament adopted the acts in December 1819
• This legislation restricted the freedoms of speech,
assembly, and other civil liberties, increased taxes on
newspapers, and expanded the rights of police men to
search private homes
• This also rose tensions against the government and the
people
Cato Street Conspiracy
• In January 1820 the prince succeeded George IV
because he died
• The following month the government uncovered a plot to
assassinate the entire cabinet
• The leaders of the conspiracy that were known were tried
and four were executed
Tory Reform
• A young group of Tory leaders gradually pushed for a
program of moderate reform
• Criminal codes were reformed so that the number of
capital crimes were reduced
• Free trade was coming about by reducing tariffs on
imports
• Religious restrictions were removed but political
restrictions against Jews stayed
Reform Bill of 1832
• In the early 19th century the British parliament was far from
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democratic and not representative
The House of Lords was nobility and bishops of the Church of
England
The House of Commons consisted of gentry, wealthy businessmen,
and professional men
Only a small percentage of the population met the property
qualifications for voters
The new industrial towns were either completely without
representation or seriously underrepresented
Because of that provisions to the build were made
The seats in the House of Commons were redistributed, the right to
vote was extended to middle class men
It represented the beginning of a shift in political power from the
aristocracy to the middle class
Other Reforms
• Parliament abolished slavery throughout the British
Empire
• A Factory Act was adopted in 1833 which placed
restrictions on child labor in textile mills
• The Municipal Corporations Act established a system of
elected councils to govern most cities and towns
Political Trends Overview
• The two major factions, the Tories and Whigs, turned into
political parties known as the Conservatives and Liberals
• When King William IV died, Queen Victoria to his place
when she was eighteen
Repeal of Corn Laws
• The campaign to repeal the Corn Laws provided evidence
that the political power of the middle class was rising
• The Anti-Corn Law League was established in 1839 which
campaigned the repeal of Corn Laws and advocated free
trade
• They argued that reducing the price of food would
improve the workers’ standard of living, and also reduce
the cost of raw materials which would benefit the industry
The Chartist Movement
• After the Reform Bill of 1832 there was still a need for parliamentary reform
• In 1838 a group of working class leaders made up the People’s Charter which
consisted of six demands
1. Universal manhood suffrage
2. A secret ballot
3. The abolition of property requirements for members of the House of
Commons
4. The payment of salaries to the members of the House of Commons
5. The creation of equal electoral districts
6. Annual elections for the House of Commons
• Support was won by many intellectual reformers as well as urban workers
• The middle class wasn’t prepared to share political power with the masses so
the charter wasn’t accepted
• It was rejected two more times but ultimately all the demands were accepted
eventually except for the annual elections of the House of Commons
FRANCE
Bourbon Restoration
• From 1814-1830, France was ruled under two kings of the restored Bourbon
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dynasty: King Louis XVIII and Charles X
Louis XVIII- believed it was essential to pursue a moderate course, wanted to
balance the interests of the old aristocracy
There was a new French constitution made called the Charter of 1814, which
provided for a two house parliament
The king appointed the Chamber of Peers, the Chamber of Deputies was elected
by property qualified voters
It guaranteed civil liberties, including freedom of religion even though Catholicism
was recognized as the religion of the state
The Napoleonic Code was still in effect and the revolutionary redistribution of land
confiscated from the church and nobility was confirmed
The Ultra Royalists didn’t accept the moderate settlement and won the 1820
elections for the Chamber of Deputies, they reduced voting rights and placed
restrictions on civil liberties
King Charles X- actions angered the bourgeoisie, reduced interests on
government bonds, he disbanded the national guard, he then imposed further
limitations on freedom and press, dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, and
scheduled new elections
July Revolution
• On July 27-29, 1830 the
artisans and tradespeople
of Paris rose up against
Charles X
• The king abdicated and fled
to Great Britain
• Some revolutionaries
favored a republic but the
liberals in the Chamber of
Deputies led by Talleyrand
made a constitutional
monarchy
• They made Louis Philippe,
the Duke of Orleans, king
July Monarch
• Louis Philippe ruled from 1830-1848 and was named “the
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citizen king”
he believed that the governments primary duty was to
support private property and its owners, promote
prosperity, and maintain peace
high tariffs stayed to protect industrialists from the
competition and protect French farmers from the
competition of imported grain
Francois Guizot dominated the government and led it to
an arbitrary direction
Opposition to the monarchy became more serious
because of the poor grain harvest in 1846 and an
industrial depression in 1847
February Revolution of 1848
• Because of the poor grain harvest and industrial
depression opposition became very apparent against the
monarchy
• The political crisis reached its climax in February of 1848
• This revolution resulted in the overthrow of Louis Philippe
and the proclamation of the Second Republic
CONSERVATIVE ORDER
IN CENTRAL AND
EASTERN EUROPE
Overview
• After 1815 conservative rule appeared firmly established
in Central and Eastern Europe
• Prince Metternich dominated the Hapsburg Empire,
German Confederation, and the Italian states
• He wanted to preserve the conservative order and put
down any spread of new ideologies
• In Russia, Tsar Alexander I and Nicholas I maintained the
autocracy and expanded their territorial holdings
Nationalism
• In Central Europe nationalism was the most powerful
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ideology in the early 19th century
In Germany and Italy nationalism was a unifying force that
gave a sense of being one people
It also promoted the disintegration of the Austrian Empire
The Germans, Italians, and the subject nationalities of the
Hapsburgs acquired a greater sense of peoplehood
through an appreciation of their language, literature, and
history
They also came to desire a state of their own
IN AUSTRIA
Metternich’s Policy
• Metternich strove to maintain the absolute monarch of the
Hapsburgs
• He believed liberalism and nationalism presented serious
threats to the survival of the Austrian Empire
• It was a multinational state so if there was any nationalism
then the states would ultimately break up
• He believed that if he introduced a liberal parliamentary
government would provide national groups with a new
forum where they could fight their battles against one
another and against their Hapsburg rulers and this would
also weaken the monarchy
Development of Nationalism
• Despite Metternich’s efforts liberal and nationalist
ideals spread to the Austrian Empire
• The greatest threat was in Hungary among the
leaders of the Magyars
• Nationalism also emerged among the Czechs,
Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes
GERMAN
CONFEDERATION
Overview
• It was made up of thirty-nine states
• The Austrian Empire which was the largest state held permanent
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residency of the confederation
Prussia generally accepted its position under Austria
In 1819 Prussia launched the Zollverein and began to conclude
treaties, which reduced tariffs and other barriers to trade
By 1834 most of the German Confederation had joined the Zollverein
except Austria
The greatest challenge to preserve order in the German
Confederation came from university students who had liberal and
nationalist ideals
In 1817 a Burschenschaften at the University of Jena had a
celebration for the 300th anniversary of Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses
Later a member killed August von Kotzebue who was a reactionary
journalists, Metternich issued the Carlsbad Decrees which outlawed
the Burschenschaften and academic freedom
This still didn’t destroy nationalism
ITALY
Overview
• Austrians remained dominate in Italian affairs after 1815 and strove to
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maintain reactionary rule
Austrian emperor governed the northern Italian states of Parma,
Modena, and Tuscany
An Austrian archduchess was married to the Bourbon king of the Two
Sicilies
The northern Italian state of Sardinia- Piedmont wasn’t directly
controlled by Austrians but the king was committed to reactionary
policies
Even though reactionary policies were enforced, liberal and
nationalist ideals continued to influence many Italian radicals
The Carbonari Revolts
• The Carbonari were the most active radical group,
they wanted to free Italy from the tyranny of Austrians
and Italian princes and achieving national unity
• The revolts were in 1820-1821 and 1831
• The failure of the revolts discredited the group
• Giuseppe Mazzini established the organization
known as Young Italy, he became the leading figure
of revolutionary republicans, he had the same goals
as the Carbonari
• He launched more revolts but still they were
unsuccessful
RUSSIA
Under Tsar Alexander I
• Reign (1801-1825)
• During the early years of his reign he showed interest in
proposals for reform
• He carried out the traditional tsarist policy of expansion
• He conquered part of Persia and also annexed Georgia in
the Caucasus in 1801,in 1809 he got Finland, and in 1812
got Bessarabia
• The Congress of Vienna confirmed these gains and
granted the Russians additional Polish territory
Decembrist Revolt
• Tsar Alexander I died in mid December
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and his younger brother was going to
take his place
For several days there was uncertainty
about the throne and a group of young
army officers embraced liberal ideas and
staged a revolt in St. Petersburg
They called for reform including a liberal
constitution and the abolition of serfdom
The new Tsar, Nicholas I suppressed the
revolt very easily
The revolt served as inspiration for
Russian radicals
Under Tsar Nicholas I
• The revolt scared Nicholas so he placed the secret police
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under his direct control
He adopted a policy of “orthodoxy, autocracy, nationalism”
which led to discrimination against members of nonRussian nationalities and they wanted to adopt them to
Russian culture
He had limited reforms basically the only one was the
reorganization of state finances
He did nothing about the problem of serfdom and 90
percent of Russian people were serfs, who had no
personal freedoms and lived in poverty
Because of this over 700 serf uprisings took place during
his reign
Suppression of the Polish Revolt
• In 1815, the Russians granted a constitution to Russian
Poland that established a limited degree of Polish
autonomy
• In November 1830 a revolt broke out in Warsaw and
spread to the countryside
• In February 1832 Russians sent troops to suppress the
revolt
• Nicholas issued the Organic Statute which suspended
Poland’s constitution and issued a policy of Russification
Growth of Radicalism
• Two major schools of reformist though developed, Westerners and
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Slavophiles
The Westerners thought that Russia should follow the example of
Western Europe in its political, economic, and social development
The Slavophiles insisted on the uniqueness of Russian culture and
reject Western culture
Both opposed the arbitrary rule of the tsarist bureaucracy, their
advocacy of freedom of speech, and their calls for the abolition of
serfdom
Alexander Herzen - Russia’s most prominent radical during Nicholas
I’s reign, he dreamed of a peasant revolution, then he was exiled,
there he established a Russian language journal that was smuggled
into Russia
The Decembrist Revolt, debate between Westerners and Slavophiles,
and Herzen’s ideals helped give substance to the developing
revolutionary movement in Russia
Conclusion of Central and Eastern
Europe
• In the years after 1815 the conservative order that
dominated Central and Eastern Europe were gradually
eroding
• In the Austrian Empire liberal and nationalist ideals won
over increasing number of adherents
• In Germany and Italy liberalism and nationalism were also
spreading
• The Russians only faced revolution in Poland beside the
Decembrist revolt and radicals dreamed of a revolution
and a new socialist age
INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION
Overview
• Great Britain lead the world in the Industrial revolution
most think its from its abundant amount of resources
• British merchants became very wealthy and they had the
experience to sell products in the world market
• British government adopted policies designed to promote
the interests of the country’s merchants and industrialists
Advances of the Industrial Revolution
• Power driven machinery was now entering the age, which included:
1. The flying shuttle which let one weaver operate a loom
2. A spinning jenny which made it possible for a single worker to spin a number
of threads simultaneously
3. The water frame which produced a stronger thread
4. The mule which combined the spinning jenny and the water frame to make
thread fine and strong
5. The first power loom
6. The cotton gin which removed seeds from cotton fiber
7. Precision parts that increased efficiency of new machines
8. Interchangeable parts for industrial machinery
9. A rolling press which printed textiles and wasn’t hand operated
Spinning
jenny
Flying shuttle
Power loom
More Developments
• Count Berthollet- a French chemist developed a process
for using chlorine to bleach cloth that reduced the
bleaching time from months to hours
• Because of the advances as machinery resulted in the
construction of factories which replaced small workshops
and cottage-based industries
• The invention of the steam engine provided a
dependable and efficient source of power from the new
industrial machinery
• Coal, iron, and steel became major resources used in
industry and resulted in a rapid growth in the steel
industry
The Revolution in Transportation
• Improvements in road construction began and canals were
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being expanded
John McAdams developed a durable road surface made of
crushed stones cemented by stone dust and water
Extensive canal systems were built in Europe and America, in
1869 the great Suez Canal that linked the Mediterranean sea
with the Indian Ocean was opened to shipping
The creation of railroads came about and soon a locomotive
was developed that was steam powered
By 1870, European railway mileage totaled almost 900,000
Soon steam was applied to water and in 1816 the first
steamship crossed the English Channel
Electricity and Petroleum
• Most of the 19th century was dominated by steam power
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but gradually a series of inventors made improvements
in the electrical generator which would provide longdistance transmission of electrical power
Thomas Edison developed the first incandescent
electric light bulb and major centers of Europe soon
became electrified and it replaced kerosene and gas
lighting
After the first well was drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859,
petroleum gradually began to be used instead of coal to
power steam engines
In 1892 Rudolph Diesel patented an engine that burned
oil directly
This lead to the powering of a gasoline motored bicycle
and then a vehicle with an engine in the front, then
trucks, then buses, and passenger cars soon followed
Experiments with flight then soon followed but was still
in early stages prior to WWI
Revolution in Communication
• In 1836 Samuel Morse invented the telegraph and eight years
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later sent a message from Washington to Baltimore
In 1851 a telegraph cable was laid beneath the English
Channel linking Great Britain with the continent
Then in 1866, an American laid the first transatlantic cable
joining the United States and Great Britain
In 1840 Great Britain created the first modern postal system
and the Universal Postal Union was established in 1874 to
regulate international delivery of mail
In 1876 Alexander Graham Bell invented a telephone and by
the 1890’s a telephone network was taking shape in Europe
During the 1890’s Guglielmo Marconi began experiments in
wireless telegraphy, then in 1899 he sent a message across
the English Channel and in 1901 across the Atlantic Ocean
Banking, Credit, and Business
Organizations
• There was a great expansion of banking and credit as
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private banks lent increasing amounts of capital to assist
the expansion of industry
The joint stock principle was applied to banks and
industrial enterprises
They operated on the basis of limited liability
Investors bought shares of stock in the company thereby
becoming owners, investors would share in the profits,
and if the company failed investors would only be
accountable for their portions
So the principle of limited liability encouraged investments
in new and untried ventures
Human Costs of Industrialization
• During the early stages of the revolution men, women,
and children worked twelve to eighteen hour days for very
low wages in unsafe working conditions
• They lived in crowded slums, without adequate sewage, a
safe water supply, educational opportunities, or access to
health care
Changes Socially and Economically as a
Result of the Industrial Revolution
• The Industrial Revolution brought greater material changes to
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the lives of human beings then had occurred in all of recorded
history
Cities became larger and focused on manufacturing
Trade became easier with the transportation advances
Foreign affairs, trading, and interacting with other countries
became easier because of the advances in communications
Life became more focused on work with little leisure
Economies were thriving from the new found commerce that
industry brought
In the first generation of the revolution had miserable
conditions and towns that were basically slums and fully of
poverty
All of the advances proved to ultimately improve human lives
and became a huge asset in things such as WWI
LIBERALISM AND
SOCIALISM
Classical Liberalism
• Belief in the individual and individual freedom
• In the economic sense, liberal belief expressed itself in lassiez-
faire
• The first major advocate of lassiez-faire was Adam Smith who
wrote The Wealth of Nations where he argued that government
attempts to regulate the economy, as the mercantilists have
been doing, interfered with the operation of the natural laws
that governed the economy
• Thomas Malthus contented that the population was increasing
at a geometric ratio and that inevitably the food will run out and
result in misery of humanity
• David Ricardo set forth the Iron Laws of Wages, he argued that
wages would tend to hover around the subsistence level
Retreat of Lassiez-Faire
• Jeremy Bentham began the retreat
• He argued that in some instances the government
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shouldn’t be a passive policeman but should intervene on
behalf of the disadvantaged
He developed the doctrine of utilitarianism which said that
every human practice should be evaluated in terms of its
utility
He thought government could assure happiness by giving
the greatest number of individual freedoms to the people
John Stuart Mills shared liberals beliefs of individual
freedoms but was ahead of his time in advocating
women’s rights
He endorsed the establishment of universal suffrage
Socialism
• Wanted a fundamental change in
the nature of property ownership
• Urged that private ownership of
the means of production and the
means of distribution should be
replaced by some form of
community or state ownership
• Believed that people were or
could be educated to be
cooperative, rather than
competitive and should work
together to promote their mutual
well-being
Utopian Socialism
• The socialists of the early 19th century are known as Utopian
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Socialists
Robert Owen was the first to gain attention, he acquired ownership of
several textile mills and improved conditions, wages, and provided
decent housing
His dream was to establish a community where people share the
ownership and fruits of labor equally which he ultimately did but it
failed
The Count of Saint Simon believed that modern society was shaped
by the industrial economy, therefore government should be based on
the economy rather than political issues
Charles Fourier established social communities but none were
extremely successful
Louis Blanc proposed the use of competition to eliminate competition
Auguste Blanqui was an advocate of direct revolutionary policies and
proposed that the working class leaders in Paris should seize power
by revolutionary violence
Marxism
• Karl Marx was the most influential socialist thinker of the 19th century
• He was a brilliant student but his reputation as a radical held him back from getting jobs
• He then became a journalist
• Marx paired up with a German radical named Friedrich Engels and together they
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published The Communist Manifesto which put the idea of “scientific socialism” out
there
This ideology is called Marxism which embraced the doctrines of materialism and
determinism
He also believed that God didn’t exist and that economic positions determined the
social order
This led to a class conflict that led to a bourgeois revolution, which created a new social
order dominated by the bourgeois
The class conflict became more intense between the bourgeois and proletariat and that
led to a proletariat revolution who established a temporary dictatorship
The new socialist society had no classes, which in turn there was no exploitations of
one class by another
In the final years of the 19th century Marxism won increasing acceptance of several
countries on the European continent
Revisionism
• People started to rethink Marxism because Marx’s
predictions were not becoming a reality
• Emphasized reform within the context of the existing
order, rather than revolution, and the achievement of
socialism through a democratic process
• It won increasing support of European socialist parties
Anarchism
• Denounced capitalism for its exploitation of labor and
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favored the abolition of private property
Demanded the destruction of the state because it was an
instrument of exploitation and oppression
Pierre-Joseph Proudhon believed that property should
belong to the people that do the work, and advocated that
the state be replaced with a voluntary cooperative society
of peasants
Michael Bakunin was an advocate of revolutionary
violence and believed a movement should be led by
secret societies of committed radicals
They carried out numerous acts of violence
Christian Socialism
• Advocated reforms motivated by the Christian spirit of
brotherly love to benefit industrial workers and other
disadvantaged groups
• Frederick Denison Maurice was a major spokesmen of
the movement, he also advocated educational
opportunities for women and factory workers
• That led to the establishment of Queen’s college for
women in 1848
THE END