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Chapter 7.2 Revision Answers A B B A/C D D C D A (a) Award marks for 4 flows and 1 storage as shown on diagram. Flows must be linked to an arrow in the correct direction and include both number and process to gain the mark. 5 (b) 3.1 × 109/3 100 000 000/3.1 billion tonnes/3.1 Gigatonnes/3.1 Gt Powers of ten and units must be correct for credit. 1 (c) (i) 1 (ii) Photosynthesis; Allow as alternatives to “light”: sunlight, solar energy, insolation. (d) (i) (ii) carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas/causes the greenhouse effect; increasing levels of carbon dioxide may cause global warming/ melting of ice caps/rising sea levels/shifting of biomes/ changes in weather patterns/disruption of ocean currents/ increased rates of extinction/reduction in crop yields; Allow any other reasonable points some countries co-operate with other nations to agree limits to global carbon emissions; e.g. recent ratification of Kyoto Protocol (Treaty) by many countries; specific details about which countries have agreed to/rejected controls on their carbon emissions; specific details about actions agreed to by specific countries; e.g. use of carbon or energy taxes; developed countries assist less developed countries to install cleaner technology; trading in carbon credits/exchanges; Allow other relevant points, provided they relate to international cooperation 3 2 max 3 max [15] (a) 57 % 1 (b) the increase, or possible future increase in the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere as the result of the build up of greenhouse gases (e.g. carbon dioxide, methane) / OWTTE; 1 (c) (i) the impact of global warming on society may be felt on a number of scales, local, national and international. In addition the impact of global warming may be direct or indirect. Students should be given credit for any relevant answer demonstrating a link between global warming and society. Examples include: drought driven by climate change and social stress, loss of resources, changing agricultural practice, loss of land, migration, political change and war; (ii) (d) (e) sea level change will lead to coastal inundation; and perhaps coastal erosion; 3 max 2 Four correct [2], two or three correct [1]. afforestation, reducing emissions, reducing fossil fuel burning, reducing heat emissions, preventing desertification, controlling population; 2 the global environment has experienced significant warming and cooling episodes over last 20000 years; even though human industrialization occurred only in the last 200 years; 2 [11] (a) a simplified description of reality; designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system or concept; 2 (b) oceanic circulation/ice/human activity/land and terrestrial features; [1] for any two correct. 1 (c) nitrogen/oxygen/carbon dioxide/water vapour/methane/ozone/ other named trace gases; Four correct [2], three or two correct [1]. (d) (e) (f) solar inputs will be short wavelength, and radiation outputs will be long wavelength; pollutant emissions leading to photochemical smogs; increased global temperatures through burning fossil fuels; altering chemistry of precipitation through sulfur dioxide/SO2 and nitrogen oxide/NOx emissions; x depletion of stratospheric ozone increasing input of UV light; reducing rainfall through deforestation; 2 1 3 max strengths: it stresses the interactions (feedback) within the system; represents the complex atmosphere as a system with inputs, outputs and transfers; Accept other reasonable strengths. limitations: nature of the interactions is not really shown; some categories are too broad to be helpful e.g. atmospheric circulation; some interactions are not shown; relative importance of different parts of the system not shown; Answer must refer to both strengths and limitations for full marks. 4 max [13] (a) the trend shows temperature with high years and low years with an overall upward trend; accelerating in the last quarter of the graph; temperatures prior to about 1935 were below the average (for 1951–1980); but from 1980 they were above the average; 2 max (b) (c) the onset of global industrialization; and the subsequent production of fossil fuel derived pollution; deforestation, particularly of rainforest; perhaps volcanic activity; sunspot activity; 2 max control the amount of atmospheric pollution; reduce atmospheric pollution; stop forest clearance; increase forest cover; develop alternative renewable energy sources; improve public transport; set national limits on carbon emissions; carbon dioxide capture; Accept other reasonable answers. 1 max (d) Impact on the Environment Impact on Society Impact Ice and Snow Ocean and Coast deglaciation/ glacier retreat; sea level rise/ coastal flooding; Impact Water resources Food and Agriculture may cause drought; agriculture moving north/ south; Hydrology Increased flooding Coastal living flooding/storms; Ecosystems biome shifts/ species change; Human health increased disease; Award [4 max] for seven impacts, [3 max] for five or six impacts, [2 max] for three or four impacts and [1 max] for one or two impacts. (e) LEDC because technologically/economically less able to cope; greater percentage of population already vulnerable; weak infrastructure/communications/emergency services; Accept other reasonable suggestions. Award [0] for LEDC on own. 2 max [11] ESSAY (a) Effects due to: increased carbon dioxide levels/sulfur oxides/ nitrogen oxides/unburned hydrocarbons/particulates/lead/ carbon monoxide/mining/pollution of oceans. Allow up to [2] for more than 3 effects and then up to [2] for each category. Candidates are asked to review so there should be an overview of most effects not emphasis on one or two. Carbon dioxide increases → global warming → climate change → sea levels rise/disruption of ocean currents (e.g. in North Atlantic)/possible negative feedback effects from increased snow fall at poles/coral bleaching/ice caps melt/flooding of low-lying lands/biomes shift/food production changes [2]; sulfur dioxide → acid deposition → Al/cations leaching → tree death/acidifies lakes/limestone buildings eroding [2]; nitrogen oxides → also acid deposition/photochemical smog/ CFC breakdown/pollution of oceans/effects of transporting large quantities of oil round the world e.g. oil spillages, Exxon Valdez (March 1989), oiling of seabirds [2]. Credit up to one specific health effect correctly attributed to fossil fuel induced pollution e.g. asthma. (b) (c) (Give credit also for review of other impacts.) 8 max Award marks for up to 5 strategies (e.g. carbon taxes/alternative sources of energy/energy efficiencies/liming), provided some relevant detail is given for each example. 5 max USA uses more [1]/larger and less efficient automobiles [1]; → more gases released [1]/In North America, petrol is cheaper so North Americans use more gasoline per capita [1]; ecological footprint high [1]/new cars – more efficient technology in newer engines – cleaner emissions [2]/pollution effects lead to strong campaign for pollution controls [1]/more smog and other pollution effects (including lead in environment) [1]. 4 max Candidates may approach problem from either European ‘direction’ or North American ‘direction. e.g. expensive petrol in Europe encourages more use of public transport, leading to less pollution; cheap petrol in USA makes public transport unattractive and use of cars more likely, etc. Credit either approach. Expression of ideas [3 max] [20]