Download Lesson 3 (Bio) 4-1

Do Now – Name them bones!
• Without your notes, use the card given to you and
attach it to where it belongs on the skeleton.
• The bones to identify:
• 1. Sternum
7. Mandible
• 2. Tibia
8. Phalanges
• 3. Fibula
• 4. Ulnar
• 5. Pelvis
• 6. Clavicle
Homework
• Homework
1. Read the GM Seed lab write up. Write up the
following:
a. Write the purpose
b. Procedure
c. Materials used
d. Hypothesis – what you think will happen
2. Read, summarize and define from pages 928-929 the
muscular system
3. Quiz on Friday on anything covered since returning
from break
Review
• Explain the three types of levers found in the
body and give an example of each.
Review
• Cartilage is the soft cushion between bones
• Cartilage does NOT contain blood vessels. It
relies on the surrounding tissue for the
blood supply. This is partly why when
people have a knee injury it can be difficult
because the doctor will remove the torn
cartilage which means there is less cartilage
for protection / cushion.
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• Cartilage eventually will form (most but not
all) hard bone in a process called
ossification.
• Osteoblasts – cells that start off as cartilage
and will eventually form bone known as
osteocytes.
• These osteocytes keep the minerals
flowing and continue to strengthen the
bone.
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• Bone grow from the middle out. The end of
the bones contain the softer cartilage to
protect the bones (acting as cushions) and
allowing for greater movement.
• The growth plate is the end of the bones.
Around 18 these epiphyseal plates will
eventually harden. This is why when punch
walls and break bones, doctors are
concerned if the fracture will interrupt the
growth plate.
• If interrupted then growth stops. Not good if
a young child.
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• When a person breaks a bone, the bone
repairs itself because the bone never stops
regenerating.
• Osteoclasts helps to break down bone
minerals so that the bones can make use of
the minerals
• People with osteoporosis which is a
weakening of the bone. More common in
women. Often the bone becomes brittle
enough that they fall and cause a break.
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• Can someone be double jointed?
• No. a Joint is where two or more bones form.
For example your elbow (aka Olecranon
Process).
• The types of joints found in the human body:
• Immoveable Joints – No movement allowed
for example the skull
• Slightly moveable – Joints within your spinal
column. They have small amount of
movement
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• Finally, free moving joints. Have movement
in two or more directions.
• Structure of joints – made up of muscle,
ligaments, & tendons.
• The inner layer of the joint is known as the
synovial cavity. Sometimes there is a fluid
filled sac called a bursa. It acts like a wheel
on a pulley. The muscle being the rope and
the bursa being the wheel.
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• Types of joints:
• 1. Hinge joint – like that of a door
• 2. Ball & socket joint – where the ball fits
into a pocket such as the head of the femur
into the pelvis / hip.
• 3. Saddle joint
• 4. Pivot joint
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• Why are knee injuries common?
• The knee supports the entire body and really
only has four ligaments to keep it from
moving too far forward, backward, inward
and outward.
• When the knee is stretched beyond its limits
it will tear.
• The constant running and pounding of the
knee can lead to various conditions such as
tendonitis, bursitis,…
• What is bursitis?
• Remember itis = inflammation of
New Material
• Why are knee injuries common?
• The knee supports the entire body and really
only has four ligaments to keep it from
moving too far forward, backward, inward
and outward.
• When the knee is stretched beyond its limits
it will tear.
• The constant running and pounding of the
knee can lead to various conditions such as
tendonitis, bursitis,…
• What is bursitis?
• Remember itis = inflammation of