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THE RISE OF ISLAM BEDOUINS Bedouins were organized into tribes and groups called clans. Each tribe was ruled by a sheikh who was chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders CROSSROADS OF TRADE AND IDEAS Trade routes through Arabia ran from the extreme south of the peninsula to the Byzantine and Sassanid (Persian) empires to the north. Merchants from these two empires moved along the caravan routes, trading for goods from the Silk Roads of the east RELIGION OF THE BEDOUINS • Polytheistic Early Arabs were polytheistic. The Arabs recognized a supreme god named Allah and tribal gods. • Allah was symbolized by a sacred stone, in Mecca called the Kaaba. tribe had its own stone THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD EARLY LIFE Around A.D. 570, Muhammad was born into the clan of a powerful Meccan family. At 25, he became business manager for Khadijah and married. Muhammad took great interest in religion and would pray alone. MUHAMMAD AND THE REVELATION At about the age of 40, Muhammad’s life was changed overnight when a voice called to him while he meditated in a cave outside Mecca. According to Muslim belief, the voice was that of the angel Gabriel, who told Muhammad that he was a messenger of Allah. HOSTILITY TO MUHAMMAD TEACHINGS By 613, he preached publicly, but he met with some hostility. Many feared that Mecca would lose its position as a pilgrimage center if people accepted Muhammad’s monotheistic beliefs THE HIJRAH AND RETURNING TO MECCA After being attacked, Muhammad and a small group decided to leave Mecca in 622 to Yathrib. In 630, the Prophet and 10,000 of his followers marched to the outskirts of Mecca. Mecca’s leaders surrendered. The Prophet entered the city in triumph. BELIEFS OF ISLAM The main teaching of Islam is that there is only one God, Allah. Islam teaches that there is good and evil, and that each individual is responsible for the actions of his or her life. THE FIVE PILLARS • Faith There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah.” • Prayer Five times a day, Muslims face toward Mecca to pray • Alms Muhammad taught that all Muslims have a responsibility to the poor • Fasting During the Islamic holy month of Ramadan • Pilgrimage Sources of Authority • Allah. • Quran --- the holy book of the Muslims • Sunna. or Muhammad’s example • Ulama a scholar class called • Sharia The guidance of the Qur’an and Sunna was assembled by the Ulama in a body of law known as shari’a COMPARISON TO JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY • One God. • Prophets • Revelation • Afterlife • Ancestry. The Muslims trace their ancestry to Abraham THE FIRST FOUR CALIPHS • The first four all had known Muhammad. They used the Qur’an and Muhammad’s actions as guides to leadership. Caliph is a title that means “successor” or “Rightly Guided. All Four Caliphs were great military leaders who expanded the caliphate ABU-BAKR’S INTERNAL JIHAD • .Shortly after the Prophet’s death, some tribes on the Arabian Peninsula abandoned Islam • For the next two years, AbuBakr applied this meaning of jihad to encourage and justify the expansion of Islam OMAR AND CONQUEST • Under Umar, the second caliph, Muslim armies conquered Syria and lower Egypt and parts of the Sassanid Empire REASONS FOR SUCCESS • Intense Devotion • Military leadership • Exhausted enemies • Islam religious and economic attractions. ALI AND CIVIL WAR • Ali, as Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-law, was the natural choice as a successor to Uthman. • However, his right to rule was challenged by Muawiya, governor of Syria. THE UMAYYADS 670 - 750. • In 661 the general Mu'āwiyah became caliph • Mu‘āwiyah moved quickly to make the office of caliph, called the caliphate, hereditary in his own family. In doing this, he established the Umayyad dynasty. REBELLION AND DOWNFALL • Religious and political opposition to the Umayyad caliphate led to its downfall. Rebel groups overthrew the Umayyads in the year 750 HISTORICAL MOMENTS LEADING TO MUSLIM SPLIT. • Majority wanted Caliph Elected by Community. • Minority want Caliph related to Muhammad • Ali’s Death • Hussien’s death. Hussein was killed in 680 by Muawiya’s son • Hussein was seen as a martyr and the father of the shite people ISLAM UNDER THE ABBASID CALIPHATE 750-1258 • Resentment against Umayyad rule grew among non-Arab Muslims over the favoritism shown to Arabs. The Umayyads also helped bring about their demise by corrupt behavior. ABBASID CONSOLIDATE POWER • Abbasids moved capital • The Abbasids developed a strong bureaucracy GOLDEN AGE OF MUSLIM CULTURE • The move eastward increased Persian influence • Under the Abbasids, judges, merchants, and government officials were the new heroes • Many Arabs began to intermarry with conquered peoples. RASHID DURING THE GOLDEN AGE • The best known of the caliphs of the time was Harun Al Rashıd whose reign is often described as the golden age of the Abbasid caliphate. He was known for his charity, and he also lavished support on artists and writers. ABBASID LOSE REGIONS TO RIVAL MUSLIM STATES (750–945) • Outside Iraq, all the autonomous provinces slowly took on the characteristic of de facto dynasties with hereditary rulers, armies, and revenues SELJUQ MILITARY CONTROL (945–1118) • By 1055, the Seljuqs had wrested control from the Abbasids. A Turkish leader captured Baghdad and took command of the empire. His title was sultan—or "holder of power." MONGOL INVASION (1206–1258). • In 1206, Genghis Khan established a powerful dynasty among the Mongols who swept into Baghdad. The Caliph's immediate family was executed. MUSLIM PROSPERITY AND SOCIAL STRUCTURES • The Abbasids governed during a prosperous period of Muslim history. Riches flowed throughout the world. They supported the scientists, mathematicians, and philosophers that those cities attracted TRADE • The Arabs carried on extensive trade both by ship and by camel caravans, which traveled from Morocco in the far west to the countries beyond the Caspian Sea MUSLIM SOCIETY • Four Social Classes • The upper class • Converts to Islam • The third class consisted of the “protected people • The lowest class was composed of slaves Role of Women • Equality in Religion • Legal Rights. • Subservient • Old Customs restrict women status. HOUSE OF WISDOM. • There, scholars of different cultures and beliefs worked side by side translating texts from Greece, India, Persia, and elsewhere into Arabic THREE INTERTWINING SOURCES • Three great sources have influenced the development of classic works: Berber traditions and customs, Islamic Messages, and the local culture of the areas conquered. ARCHITECTURE • The best expression of Islamic architecture is found in Muslim mosques. MEDICAL ADVANCES • Muslim contributions in the sciences were most recognizable in medicine, mathematics, and astronomy. • A Persian scholar named al-Razi was the greatest physician of the Muslim world and, more than likely, of world civilization between A.D. 500 and 1500