Download Bio Study Guide So I don`t Fail SECTION 1 DEFS Element

Bio Study Guide So I don’t Fail
SECTION 1
DEFS
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Element-substance composed of atoms
Compound-many atoms bonded together
Atom
Proton-positive
Neutron-neutral
Electron-negative
Isotopes-same number of protons, different neutrons
Bonds
 Ionic bonds-between two oppositely charged ions. Ionic bonds are formed
between a cation, and an anion,
 Polar Covalent bond- H2O bond, not equal sharing
 Nonpolar covalent bond- equal sharing of electrons
 Hydrogen bonds-weak, bond using H
 Peptide bonds- carboxyl/amine group bond
Functional groups
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OH (Alcohol)
CO (Carbonyls)
COOH (carboxyl)
NH2 (Amine)
SH (sulfhydryl)
PO4 (Phosphates)
CH3 (Methyl)
Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides-glucose, fructose, and galactose
 1-4 Glycosidic linkage
 Functions:
o Cell Energy Storage
 Starch (Amylose, amylopectine)
 Glycogen
o Structural component
 Cellulose
 Chitin
Lipids
 Monomer: glycerol+3 fatty acids
 Ester linkage
 Types:
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Triglyceride
 Saturated-has all H’s
 Unsaturated-has double bonds
 Cis-bends due to H’s
 Trans-doesn’t bend
Proteins
 Monomer: Amino Acid
 Peptide bond
 Primary-amino acid sequence
 Secondary-pleats and helices
 Tertiary-bridging
 Quarternary-interaction between proteins
Nucleic Acids
 Types:
o DNA Double Helix
 Sugar-deoxyribose
 N-base: Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
 Function-genetic code
o RNA Multiple structures
 Sugar-ribose
 N-base: Adenine, Uracil, C, G
 Function: genetic code, messenger, transports, structural
 Monomers: nucleotides
 Phophodiester bond
SECTION 2
Characteristics of life~
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Energy utilization
Reproduction
Reaction to stimuli
Levels of organization
Composed of cells
Respond/adapt to environment
Growth/development
Homeostasis
Eukaryrote and Prokaryote
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prokaryotic no nucleus
eukaryotic nucleus.
prokaryotic cells lack some organelles
eukaryotic organelles
prokaryotic unicellular
eukaryotic cells are often multicellular.
prokaryotic cells reproduce/divide by binary fission
eukaryotic cells reproduce/divide by mitosis/meiosis
Cell Parts and Functions
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Ribosomes-used in translation, found on rough ER
ER: Syn. of proteins. Storage.
Mitochondria: Cellular respiration
Golgi Body: movement of molecules. Makes proteins more complex
Chloroplasts: Photosynthesis
Transport through Cell
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Active transport:
o Ion pump-uses ATP to pump ions
o Cotransport-molecules moved @same time
o Endo/exo cytosis
 Phagocytosis-cell eating
 Pinocytosis-cell drinking
 Recptormediated-uses receptor proteins
Faculative Diffusion: uses proteins to aid in diffusion
Diffusion: movement of molecules from high conc. to low conc.
Osmosis
o Hypotonic-less amnt of dissolved mat
o Hypertonic-more dissolved mat
o Isotonic-equal
SECTION 3
Photosynthesis
 Photosynthesis: converting energy into glucose 6H2O+6CO2- C6H12O6+6O2
 Reactions:
o Light Dependant:
 Noncyclic (P680 and P700)
 E moves down and H enters lumen.
 H can only exit through ATP synthase, thus ATP is made
 H is picked up by NADP
 Photolysis makes more H’s and E’s to repeat
 Products-ATP, NADPH, O2
 Cyclic (P700)
 Electron moves down, H pulled in
 H makes ATP
 E is pulled back to start
 Products: ATP (to stroma)
o Calvin/Bensen cycle
 CO2 fixed onto RuBP
 Breaks into PGA (3carb)
 Add e- to make G3P (uses ATP and NADPH)
 1 (of 6) are removed to be used to make glucose
 5 G3P are made back into RuBP (uses ATP)
C3, C4, CAM Plants
 C3-uses O2 to make PGA and CO2 (calvin cycle)
 C4
o Stored CO2 is added to PEP
o Makes malate (stored in mesophyll)
o When env. improves, CO2 is released into Calvin cycle
o PEP is reused
 CAMo C fixation at night
o CO2 binds with PEP
o Malate stored until sunlight
o CO2 released
o Pyruvate becomes PEP again
Parts of a leaf
 Simple:
o Midrib, blade, petiole
 Compound:
o Pinnate
o palmate
Monocot vs. Dicot
 Monocot
o One cotyledon
o Multiples of 3 flower parts
o Parallel leaf venation
o Scattered vascular bundles
o Fibrous root system
 Dicot:
o 2 cotyledons
o 2, 4, 5 flower parts
o Net-like leaf venation
o Rings like vascular bundles
o Taproot system
Cellular Respiration
 Cell Resp-making Energy out of glucose
 C6H12O6+6O2 6H2O+6CO2+ATP
 Glycolysis
o Energy investment/return
o Products:
 4 ATP
 2 NADH
 2 Pyruvate
 Intermediate Step
o Products:
 Acetic Acid
 CO2
 2 NADH
 Krebs cycle:
o Products:
 4 CO2
 6 NADH
 2 FADH
 2 ATP
o CO2 Fixation
o Reducing NAD
o Regeneration
o 3C, 2C, 6C, 5C, 5C, 4C, 4C, 4C, 4C, 4C,REPEAT
 Oxidative Phosphorylation:
o In Matrix
o NADH and FADH drop off e- and H
o Electrons travel down electron transport chain
o H pulled in, exit through ATP synthase
o O collects H’s and e’s to make H2O
Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration
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Aerobic-uses O2
Anaerobic-doesn’t use O2
Aerobic is more productive
Anaerobic Resp
 Glycolysis:
o Makes
 4 ATP
 2 NADH
 2 Pyruvate
 Alcoholic Fermentation:
o C6H12O6 2CO2+2C2H6O+2ATP
o Makes alcohol and CO2
 Lactic Acid
o C6H12O6 2C3H6O3+2ATP
o Makes lactic acid
SECTION 4
Cell Cycle
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Stages:
o G1-growth, longest
o S-synthesis of genetic material
o G2-growth 2
o M-mitosis
Mitosis:
o Interphase
o Prophase
o Metaphase
o Anaphase
o Telaphase
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Meiosis: remaking sex cells
o Prophase 1,2
o Metaphase 1,2
o Anaphase 1,2
o Telaphase 1,2
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Diploid/Haploid
o Diploid-cell contains two sets of DNA Most cells in the body are diploid.
o Haploid-cell contains one set of DNA, half of a diploid cell.
SECTION 5
Translation
 Making proteins out of tRNA
 Initiation-read start codon
 Elongation-read code and deliver AA
 Termination-read stop codon
Transcription
 DNA unwinds and unzips
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Nucleotides bind to antisense strand
Once read, RNA drops off and DNA rewinds
Introns taken out
Exons fused together
Made tRNA for translation
Replication
 DNA unwinds and unzips
 Complementary nucleotides bind 5P-3P direction
SECTION 6
Evolution
 Adapting to changes in environment
 Natural selection: only the strong survive to reproduce
 Evidence of evolution:
o Fossil record
 Relative dating
 Radiometric-uses isotopes
 AA dating
o Comparative anatomy
o Comparative embryology
o Molecular biology
o Biogeography
Hardy-Weinberg
 Showed that gene pool doesn’t change
 Factors that cause pop to change:
o Mutations
o Nonrandom mating
o Migration
o Small population
o Harmful genes
Factors to prevent interbreeding
 Prezygotic:
o Habitat isolation
o Behavioral
o Temporal
o Gamete isolations (lock/key between sperm and egg)
o Mechanical isolation
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Postzygotic:
o Reduced hybrid viability-death of fetus
o Reduced hybrid fertility-offspring live but are infertile
o Hybrid breakdown-2nd generation are infertile
Modes of speciation:
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Allopatric-isolation due to geography
Sympatric-isolation due anything else besides geography
Darwin’s theory
 Many offspring produced, not all live due to competition for resources
 Some have advantages within environments to easier get resources
 Organisms with advantages have better chance to reproduce
Baptist theory
 Use and disuse-organs that are not used are discarded
 Inheritance of acquired characteristics-modifications made in a lifetime are passed onto
offspring
 Environment affects evolution
SECTION 7
Classification
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Taxonomy- is the science of identifying and naming species, and arranging them into
a classification
o Binomial Nomenclature- Kingdom, phylum….
o Phylogenetic classification-connects organisms to a common ancestor
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Kingdoms:
o Plant
o Animal
o Protist
o Eubacteria
o Archaebacteria
o Fungi
Dichotomous key
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SECTION 8
Genetics:
 Law of Independent Assortment-homologous genes enter different gametes independently of
other gene pairs
 Incomplete dominance:
o No dominant gene
o Phenotype is a combination
o Ex: R=red, W=white, RW=pink
 Co-dominance:
o Full expression of both genes
o Ex: R=red, W=white, RW=red and white
 Sexlinked traits:
o Linked to sex chromosome
o Ex: hemophilia
 Pedigrees:
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Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Multiple alleles- more than 2 alleles for a gene (blood type)
Polygenetic inheritance- trait controlled by more than one gene locus
Pleiotropy- control by a simple gene of several distinct and unrelated phenotypic effects
Epistasis- nonallelic genes in which one masks the expression of another
SECTION 9~~~LAST ONE
Ecology
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Greenhouse effect-greenhouse gasses are trapped in atmosphere and cause global
warming
Global warming destroys some environments (such as ice caps)
Producer-makes food from sun energy
Consumer-eats producer or other consumers
10% rule-each organism gets 10% of the
energy that its prey ate
o Ex: plant-10% from sun
 Insect-10% of plant (1%)
 Mouse-10% of insect (0.1%)
 Owl-10% of mouse (0.01%)
Abiotic factors: nonliving factors of an
environment (ex: weather, climate)
Biome-type of environment
o Mountain
o Grassland
o Desert
o Forests
o tundra
o rainforests
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Explain how carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and water is
cycled through the ecosystems
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Explain the J-Curve or exponential curve of population growth