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Chapter 2: Minerals
Elements and the Periodic Table
An element is a substance that can not be broken down into simpler
substance by chemical or physical means.
Atoms
An atom is the smallest particle of matter that contains the characteristics of
an element.
Protons & Neutrons
A proton has about the same mass as a neutron. Hydrogen atoms have
only a single proton in their nuclei, while some other atoms contain more
than 100 protons.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in a nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number.
Atomic Mass = The combined number of protons and neutrons
Electrons
An electron is the smallest of the three fundamental particles in an atom. An
electron has the mass of about 1/1836 the mass of a proton or a neutron.
Electrons move about the nucleus sp rapidly that they create a sphereshaped negative zone.
Why Atoms Bond
Most elements exist combined with other elements to form substances with
properties that are different from the elements themselves.
Sodium is often found combined with the element chorine as the mineral
halite.
Rock Salt
Why Atoms Bond
Most elements exist combined with other elements to form substances with
properties that are different from the elements themselves.
Sodium is often found combined with the element chorine as the mineral
halite.
Rock Salt
Let’s Review
element
1. An __________
is a substance that can not be broken down into
simpler substance by chemical or physical means.
atom is the smallest particle of matter that contains the
2. An _____
characteristics of an element.
protons
3. The number of __________
in a nucleus of an atom is called the
atomic number.
4. The combined number of protons and neutrons in an atom is
mass
called the atomic
__________.
Chapter 2.2 Minerals
Learning Outcomes:
o Students will be able to…
 List five characteristics of minerals
 Describe the process that result in mineral formation
 Explain how minerals can be classified
 List three of the major groups of minerals
Vocabulary:
o mineral = A mineral is a naturally occurring, inorganic solid
with an orderly crystalline structure and a definite
chemical composition
o silicate = Any one of numerous minerals that have the
oxygen and silicon tetrahedron as their basic
structure
o silicon-oxygen tetrahedron = A structure composed of four
oxygen atoms surrounding a
silicon atom, which constitutes
the basic building block of
silicate minerals
Tetrahedron = Tetra comes from the Greek word for “four”
The part hedron comes from the Greek word for
“face”
So a tetrahedron is a shape that has four faces
Interesting Fact
Judging from the enormous number of known minerals (over 3800), one
might think that a large number of elements are needed to make them.
Surprisingly, the bulk of all minerals are made up of only eight elements.
These elements, in order of abundance, are
1. Oxygen (O)
2. Silicon (Si)
3. Aluminum (Al)
4. Iron (Fe)
5. Calcium (Ca)
6. Sodium (Na)
7. Potassium (K)
8. Magnesium (Mg)
Interesting Fact
Minerals are classified according to:
1. Color
2. Streak
3. Luster
4. Crystal Form
5. Hardness
6. Cleavage
7. Fracture
8. Density
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified according to:
1. Color
Small amounts of different elements
2. Streak
can give the same mineral different
3. Luster
colors
4. Crystal Form
5. Hardness
6. Cleavage
7. Fracture
8. Density
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified according to:
1. Color
The color of the mineral in its powder
2. Streak
form
3. Luster
4. Crystal Form
5. Hardness
6. Cleavage
7. Fracture
8. Density
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified according to:
1. Color
2. Streak
Term used to describe how light is
3. Luster
reflected from the surface of the
4. Crystal Form
mineral
5. Hardness
6. Cleavage
7. Fracture
8. Density
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified according to:
1. Color
2. Streak
3. Luster
4. Crystal Form
Visible expression of a mineral’s
5. Hardness
internal arrangement of atoms (i.e.,
6. Cleavage
cubic, hexagonal, etc.)
7. Fracture
8. Density
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified according to:
1. Color
2. Streak
3. Luster
4. Crystal Form
5. Hardness
Measures the resistance of a mineral
6. Cleavage
7. Fracture
It’s one of the most commonly used
8. Density
properties to identify a mineral
Uses the Mohs scale
PDF file on Canvas
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified according to:
1. Color
2. Streak
3. Luster
4. Crystal Form
5. Hardness
6. Cleavage
The tendency of the mineral to cleave,
7. Fracture
or break, along flat, even surfaces
8. Density
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified according to:
1. Color
2. Streak
3. Luster
4. Crystal Form
5. Hardness
6. Cleavage
Minerals that do not show cleavage
7. Fracture
when broken are said to fracture
8. Density
Fracture is the uneven breakage of a
mineral
Mineral Classification
Minerals are classified according to:
1. Color
2. Streak
3. Luster
4. Crystal Form
5. Hardness
6. Cleavage
7. Fracture
8. Density
A property of all matter that is the ratio
of an object’s mass to its volume
Section 2.2 Minerals “Worksheet”
Let’s Review
1. Tetrahedron comes from two Greek words, tetra meaning “four”
____
“face”
and hedron meaning ______
2. Describe the processes that result in mineral formation.
3. Explain how minerals can be classified.
4. List three of the major groups of minerals
5. List five characteristics of minerals