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Imperialism and World War I Saunders VUS 9 1. American Foreign policy - For most of the early day of the United States, we followed George Washington’s example by being Isolationist in foreign policy, meaning that we did not believe in interfering in world politics and events. Other countries had long embraced Imperialism, when one country has political, military, and economic control over other nations. These countries were mostly interested in obtaining precious natural resources, something of which the U.S. had plenty. The industrial revolution changed the United States approach to foreign policy to one of Internationalism, because we wanted to complete for new markets to sell United States goods. International Markets Open Door Policy: During the presidency of William McKinley, Secretary of State John Hay proposed the Open Door Policy. This policy wanted to give all nations equal trading rights in China. Its goal was to open to American businessmen the Chinese market from which they had previously been excluded. Dollar Diplomacy: Through Dollar Diplomacy President Taft aimed to encourage American investment in Latin America (South and Central America). Not only did Taft urge American banks and businesses to invest in Latin America, but also promised that the United States military would intervene (step in), if local unrest threatened their investments. Latin America Spanish American War: The Spanish-American War was the 1898 war between Spain and the United States, which the United States won. As a result of the Spanish-American War, the United States annexed both the Philippines and Puerto Rico and declared its right to intervene (become militarily involved) in Cuban affairs. Panama Canal: First, the United States encouraged Panama’s independence from Columbia. Then it negotiated a treaty with Panama to build the Panama Canal. Since this canal provided a short cut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, it benefited American trade and thereby also furthered economic imperialism. Asia and the Pacific Hawaii: In the early 1890s the United States marines helped American sugar planters depose (overthrow) the Hawaiian monarch Queen Liliuokalani. In 1898 Congress agreed to annex Hawaii or add it to United States territory. Philippines: In 1989, after the SpanishAmerican War, the US purchased the Philippines for $20 million. The people in the Philippines rebelled against the US, a conflict that lasted 2 years and killed 200,000 people. Congress will pass the Jones Act in 1916, which promised future independence for the Philippines. 2. World War I – The United States entrance into World War I confirmed it as a world power and led to the Allied victory, but it failed to result in a lasting peace. Alliances Allies Central Powers Nations Included: France United Kingdom (Great Britain) Russia United States Italy Germany Austria Hungary Ottoman Empire Names of Leaders: French Premier, George Clemenceau British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George Russian Czar – Nicolas II American President, Woodrow Wilson Italian Prime Minister, Vittorio Orlando Keizer Wilhelm Emperor Franz Josef Sultan of Turkey, Abdul Hamid II Saunders Imperialism and World War I VUS 9 3. World War I continued How did World War I begin? World War I began when the Austro-Hungarian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife were assassinated in Sarajevo by a member of the Serbian terrorist organization known as the “Black Hand”. Alliances were made between European Countries supposedly to the maintain a “balance of power”, but proved dangerous when one member of an alliance was threatened. What did the United States do for the first 3 years of World War I? Most Americans did not support U.S. involvement in the war, but the US was supplying military ammunition and weapons to the Allies. To which side did most Americans have cultural ties? The Allies, because American’s had cultural and historical ties to Great Britain. What happened to get the United States to enter the war? The decision to enter the war resulted from continuing German submarine warfare against American merchant shipping and then in February, the British revealed the contents of the "Zimmermann Telegraph," proposing a German-Mexican alliance under which Mexico would recover all the territory it had lost to the U.S. in the 1840s. 4. Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points - Woodrow Wilson wanted to eliminate the causes of World War I so that it would not happen again and “make the world safe for democracy”. His plan had 14 points, but there were 4 main ideas which are as follows. Idea Self-determination Details of Idea Each national group should be in charge of its own destiny. For example, Polish people should live under a Polish government, if that was what they wanted. Was it done? If so, did it work? In Europe – yes In the Middle East – no Short term – yes Long term - no All nations’ ships would be able to sail in international waters without threat of attack by another country’s ships. Yes Freedom of the Seas An organization of nations established at the end of World War I to maintain world stability and peace. No League of Nations The mandate system, which violated the idea of national self-determination, was a region administered by another country until it was judged ready for independence. The Ottoman Empire was divided into mandates, under the direction of the League of Nations. France received Syria, and Britain received Palestine and Iraq. Short term – yes Long term - no Mandate System Saunders Imperialism and World War I VUS 9 5. Treaty of Versailles: What were the major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles? The provisions called for The League of Nations, freedom of the seas, self determination for Europe but not in the Middle East, Africa, or Asia. The Treaty created many new nations including Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, and Poland. The Versailles Treaty divided the Ottoman Empire (Turkey) into mandates, lands to be supervised or governed by the Allies under the direction of the League of Nations. France received Syria, and Britain received Palestine and Iraq. The Treaty of Versailles also provided for the punishment of Germany. Against the wishes of President Wilson, Great Britain and France had insisted that the treaty hold Germany responsible for the war. The peace treaty that ended World War I was never ratified by the United States Congress. Why? The Republicans, who controlled the United States Senate after the 1918 congressional elections, questioned the wisdom of the Treaty of Versailles. They particularly raised objections to United States foreign policy decisions being made by an international organization, like the League of Nations, rather than by American leaders. When the Treaty, and with it the League, was brought to a vote, it was defeated. The U.S. technically remained at war with Germany until 1921, and did not join the League of Nations