Download 5S_2ndNWStudentNotes2013-2014

October 2013
Science
Review Notes
for
Parents and Students
Grade 5
2nd Nine Weeks
2013-2014
Note: The Fifth Grade Standard of Learning test covers material taught in fourth and fifth grade.
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 1
October 2013
Science Review Notes
for Parents and Students
Grade 5 Science: Second Nine Weeks
2013-2014
This resource is intended to be a guide for parents and students to improve content
knowledge and understanding. The information below is detailed information about the
Standards of Learning taught during the 2nd grading period and comes from the Science
Standards of Learning Curriculum Framework, Grade 5 issued by the Virginia Department
of Education. The Curriculum Framework in its entirety can be found at the following
website.
http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/standards_docs/science/index.shtml
Standard 5.1
The student will demonstrate an understanding of scientific reasoning, logic, and the nature of
science by planning and conducting investigations in which
a) items such as rocks, minerals, and organisms are identified using various classification
keys;
b) estimates are made and accurate measurements of length, mass, volume, and
temperature are made in metric units using proper tools;
c) estimates are made and accurate measurements of elapsed time are made using proper
tools;
d) hypotheses are formed from testable questions;
e) independent and dependent variables are identified;
f) constants in an experimental situation are identified;
g) data are collected, recorded, analyzed, and communicated using proper graphical
representations and metric measurements;
h) predictions are made using patterns from data collected, and simple graphical data are
generated;
i) inferences are made and conclusions are drawn;
j) models are constructed to clarify explanations, demonstrate relationships, and solve
needs; and
k) current applications are used to reinforce science concepts.
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 2
October 2013
Overview
The skills in standard 5.1 are intended to define the “investigate” component and
the understanding of the nature of science for all of the other fifth-grade
standards. The intent of standard 5.1 is for students to continue to develop a
range of inquiry skills, achieve proficiency with those skills, and develop and
reinforce their understanding of the nature of science in the context of the
concepts developed at the fifth-grade level. It is also intended that by developing
these skills, students will achieve a greater understanding of scientific inquiry and
the nature of science and will more fully grasp the content-related concepts.

Science assumes that the natural world is understandable. Scientific inquiry can provide
explanations about nature. This expands students’ thinking from just knowledge of facts to
understanding how facts are relevant to everyday life.

Systematic investigations require standard measures and consistent and reliable tools. Metric
measures are a standard way to make measurements and are recognized around the world.

A classification key is an important tool used to help identify objects and organisms. It
consists of a branching set of choices organized in levels, with most levels of the key having two
choices. Each level provides more specific descriptors, eventually leading to identification.

A hypothesis is an educated guess/prediction about what will happen based on what you
already know and what you have already learned from your research. It must be worded so that
it is “testable.” The hypothesis can be written as an “If…, then….” statement, such as “If all light
is blocked from a plant for two weeks, then the plant will die.”

An independent variable is the factor in an experiment that is altered by the experimenter.
The independent variable is purposely changed or manipulated.

A dependent variable is the factor in an experiment that changes as a result of the
manipulation of the independent variable.

The constants in an experiment are those things that are purposefully kept the same
throughout the experiment.

A scientific prediction is a forecast about what may happen in some future situation. It is
based on the application of factual information and principles and recognition of trends and
patterns.


An inference is a tentative explanation based on background knowledge and available data.
A conclusion is a summary statement based on the results of an investigation. Scientific
conclusions are based on verifiable observations (science is empirical).
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
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October 2013
Standard 5.4
The student will investigate and understand that matter is anything that has mass and
takes up space; and occurs as a solid, liquid, or gas. Key concepts include
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
distinguishing properties of each phase of matter;
the effect of temperature on the phases of matter;
atoms and elements;
molecules and compounds; and
mixtures including solutions.
Overview
This standard incorporates various characteristics of matter such as mass,
volume, and the effect of temperature changes on the three basic phases of
matter. Instruction should center on the basic structure of matter and how it
behaves. This standard builds on standard 3.3, which provides a basis for
understanding the structure of matter. It is intended that students will actively
develop and utilize scientific investigation, reasoning, and logic skills (5.1) in the
context of the key concepts presented in this standard.
Key Terms:

Matter is made of particles (atoms and molecules) that are too small to be seen with the
unaided eye. Matter is anything that has mass and volume.

Mass is the amount of matter in an object. The mass of an object does not change. (Weight of
an object changes based on the gravitational pull on it. A person will have the same mass on
Earth, Mars, and our moon. However, his or her weight on our moon will be 1/6 of what it is on
Earth and will be 1/3 as much on Mars.)

Matter can exist in several distinct forms which are called phases. The three basic phases of
matter generally found on Earth are gas, liquid, and solid.
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
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October 2013
Characteristics of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
gas
liquid
solid
Assumes the
Assumes the
Retains a fixed
shape of its
shape of its
shape
container
container
Assumes the
Has a definite
Has a definite
volume of its
volume
volume
container – no
definite volume
Compressible
Not easily
Not easily
(lots of free
compressible
compressible
space between
(little free space
(little free space
particles)
between
between
particles)
particles)
Flows easily
Flows easily
Does not flow
(particles can
(particles can
easily (rigidmove past one
move/slide past
particles cannot
another)
one another)
move/slide past
one another)

All matter, regardless of its size, shape, or color, is made of particles (atoms and molecules) that
are too small to be seen by the unaided eye.
Atom
 The smallest part of an element is an atom. An atom is made up of three kinds of particles —
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
Neutron
Nucleus
Proton
Electron
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
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October 2013
Element

There are more than 100 known elements that make up all matter. A few of the more familiar
elements include: hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), helium (He), carbon (C), sodium (Na), nitrogen (N)
and potassium (K). The smallest part of an element is an atom.
Molecule



A molecule is made up of two or more atoms that are held together. Two atoms of the same
element joined together form a molecule of that element.
Two atoms of the same element can join together to form a molecule of that element.
Molecules are always in motion in each of the three states of matter, and the speed of the
molecules determines the matter’s state.
For example, if the molecules are spread far apart and are moving very fast, bouncing off one
another, the matter of which they are a part is a gas. If they are packed close together and
barely moving, they are a part of a solid. If the molecules are moving freely around each other,
they are a part of a liquid, which can be poured.
Oxygen molecules
A molecule is made up of two or more atoms that
are held together. Two atoms of the same element
joined together form a molecule of that element.
Compound

A compound is made up of atoms of two or more elements joined together. For example,
water is a compound formed from joining two hydrogen molecules and one oxygen molecule.
Oxygen molecule
H2O is the symbol
for water.

Hydrogen molecules
What elements make up the compound table salt?
o Sodium and chloride make up table salt
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
NaCl is the symbol
for salt.
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October 2013
Mixture



A mixture is a combination of two or more substances that do not lose their indentifying
characteristics when combined.
Example: mixed fruit salad, marbles and sand
Hint: If you can separate the material after mixing them; it is a mixture.
Solution



A solution is a mixture in which one substance dissolves in another.
Examples: tea and sugar, powdered drink and water
Hint: If you can’t separate the material after mixing them; it is a solution. For example: try to
get sugar back to its original form after mixing it with tea. You can’t, therefore it is a solution.
What happens to matter as the temperature increases or goes up?


As the temperature increases many kinds of matter change from
solid to a liquid to a gas.
Examples:
When a solid is heated it can change to a liquid.
Ice changes to water when it is heated.
Solid iron can be heated and changed to a liquid.
What happens to matter as the temperature decreases or goes down?

As the temperature decreases many kinds of matter change from gas
to a liquid to a solid.
TEMPERATURE
Low
High
SOLID
LIQUID
FREEZING
POINT
(32ºF, or 0ºC)
GAS
BOILING
POINT
(212ºF or 100ºC)
Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology is the study of materials at the molecular (atomic) scale. Items at
this scale are so small they are no longer visible with the naked eye. Nanotechnology
has shown that the behavior and properties of some substances at the nanoscale (a
nanometer is one-billionth of a meter) contradict how they behave and what their
properties are at the visible scale. Many products on the market today are already
benefiting from nanotechnology such as sunscreens, scratch-resistant coatings, and
medical procedures.
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 7
October 2013
Released Practice Items
Virginia Standards of Learning Grade 5 Science Test
Follow this link to find practice items:
http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/practice_items/index.shtml#science
SOL 5.4 Matter is anything that has mass, takes up space, and occurs as a
solid, liquid or gas.
Note: The answers are shaded in gray.
1. Which of these shows how frozen water changes as the temperature of
the air increases.
A
B
C
D
Gas
liquid
Solid
gas
Liquid
gas
Solid
liquid
solid
liquid
solid
gas
2. Which of these will change solid iron to a liquid?
A Raising the air pressure
B Increasing its temperature
C Crushing the solid iron
D Adding water to the iron
3.
Answers: Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and Oxygen
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 8
October 2013
hypothesis
5.1
inference
5.1
scientific prediction
5.1
A hypothesis is an educated
guess/prediction about what will
happen based on what you already
know and what you have already
learned from your research.
An inference is a tentative
explanation based on background
knowledge and available data.
A scientific prediction is a forecast
about what may happen in some
future situation, based on the
application of factual information
and principles and the recognition of
trends and patterns.
classification key
A classification key is an important
tool used to help identify objects
and organisms.
conclusion
A conclusion is a summary
statement based on the results of
an investigation. Scientific
conclusions are based on verifiable
observations.
dependent variable
A dependent variable is the factor
in an experiment that changes as a
result of the manipulation of the
independent variable.
5.1
5.1
5.1
independent variable
5.1
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
An independent variable is the
factor in an experiment that is
altered by the experimenter. The
independent variable is purposely
changed or manipulated.
Page 9
October 2013
constants
Constants are those things that are
purposefully kept the same throughout
the experiment.
compound
A compound is created when two or
more elements combine to form a new
substance.
5.1
5.4
molecule
A molecule is the smallest part of a
compound.
5.4
mixture
5.4
solution
A Mixture is a combination of two or
more substances that do not lose their
identifying characteristics when
combined.
A solution is a mixture in which one
substance dissolves in another.
5.4
atom
5.4
element
5.4
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
An atom is the smallest part of an
element; it is made up of three types of
particles: protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
Elements are formed when atoms
combine. Each element is given a name
and a symbol. (ie. H = hydrogen, Ca
calcium)
Page 10
October 2013
matter
Matter is anything that has mass and
volume.
5.4
mass
Mass is the amount of matter in an
object. The mass of an object does not
change.
phases of matter
The three basic phases of matter
generally found on Earth are gas, liquid,
and solid.
5.4
5.4
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 11
October 2013
4th Grade Science Review Notes
for 5th Grade Parents and Students
Science: Second Nine Weeks
2013-2014
Fifth grade students will take the Virginia Standards of Learning Science Test at the end
of the fifth grade. Information addressed on the test will include information from the
fourth and fifth grade Science Standards of Learning Curriculum Framework as issued by
the Virginia Department of Education. The Curriculum Framework in its entirety can be
found at the following website.
http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/standards_docs/science/index.shtml
Standard 4.2
The student will investigate and understand characteristics and interaction of moving
objects. Key concepts include
a)
b)
c)
d)
motion is described by an object’s direction and speed;
changes in motion are related to force and mass;
friction is a force that opposes motion; and
moving objects have kinetic energy.
Key Terms:
Speed

Speed describes how fast an object is moving.
Force

A force is any push or pull that causes an object to move, stop, or change speed or
direction.

The greater the force, the greater the change in motion will be. The more massive an object,
the less effect a given force will have on the object.
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
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October 2013
Friction


Friction is the resistance to motion created by two objects moving against each other.
Friction creates heat.
Examples:
1. Rubbing your hands together slowly and then faster and faster will cause them to get
warmer. Why? Friction makes heat.
2. When you push or pull the brakes on your bicycle, the brakes press against the tire. The
tire rubs against the street and makes friction.
Kinetic and Potential Energy

Energy may exist in two states: kinetic or potential.
Kinetic Energy
Definitions:
Example:
Think of bowling.
Potential Energy
energy in motion
stored energy
When swinging the
As you hold the bowling
bowling ball backwards, it ball, it is storing energy.
moves. So it’s kinetic
So it’s potential energy.
energy.
Swinging it forward, it’s
moving. So it’s kinetic
energy again.
Think about a roller coaster for a moment.
When is there the most potential energy?
When is there the most kinetic energy?
Potential energy is stored energy. When the roller coaster reaches the top, it has
the most stored energy.
As the roller coaster goes down the hill, it is releasing the energy. This is kinetic
energy.
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 13
October 2013
Released Practice Items
Virginia Standards of Learning Grade 5 Science Test
Follow this link to find practice items:
http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/practice_items/index.shtml#science
SOL 4.2 Students will investigate and understand characteristics and
interaction of moving objects.
Note: The answers are shaded in gray.
1. When a coin is dropped, it falls to
the ground. As the coin falls, it loses
potential energy and gains what
kind of energy?
A
B
C
D
Kinetic
Chemical
Electrical
Solar
2. Which of these best shows
kinetic energy?
A
B
C
D
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 14
October 2013
Standard 4.3
The student will investigate and understand the characteristics of electricity. Key
concepts include:
a)
b)
c)
d)
conductors and insulators;
basic circuits (open/closed, parallel/series);
static electricity;
the ability of electrical energy to be transformed into light and motion, and
to produce heat;
e) simple electromagnets and magnetism; and
f) historical contributions in understanding electricity.
Key Terms:
Conductor
 Electrical energy moves through materials that are conductors (metals).
Examples: nails, paperclip
Insulator

Insulators (rubber, plastic, wood) do not conduct electricity well.
Open circuit

Open circuits prevent the movement of electrical energy.
Note: The circuit is open and
the light is off!
Closed circuit
 Closed circuits allow the movement of electrical energy.
Note: The circuit is
closed and the
light is on!
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 15
October 2013
Series Circuit

In a series circuit, there is only one pathway for the current.
Parallel Circuit

In a parallel circuit, there are two or more pathways for the current to flow.
Electromagnet
 A current flowing through a wire creates a magnetic field. Wrapping a wire around certain ironbearing metals (iron nail) creates a closed circuit. This is an example of a simple electromagnet.
 Electromagnets are in doorbells, speakers, telephones, and almost every motor.
Below is an example of an electromagnet before it is connected to a battery. Once the loose
ends are attached to the battery terminals then it will act as an electromagnet and can pick up
material such as a paperclip.
Static electricity

Rubbing certain materials together creates static electricity.
Try rubbing a blown up balloon on your head. What happened? Did it create
static electricity?

Lightning is the discharge of static electricity in the atmosphere.
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 16
October 2013
People to Know
Thomas Edison
Benjamin Franklin
1847-1931
1706-1790
Thomas Edison invented the
light bulb.
Benjamin Franklin is known for
his interest in electricity.
Inventor, Thomas Alva
Edison, influenced modern life
through inventions such as
the incandescent light bulb,
the phonograph, and the
motion picture camera.
Ben Franklin suspected that
lightning was an electrical
current in nature, and he
wanted to see if he was right.
Michael Faraday
1791-1867
Michael Faraday discovered the
electromagnet.
Michael Faraday’s major
contributions were in the fields of
chemistry and electricity.
Although he became recognized
as the Father of Modern
One way to test his idea would Chemistry and discovered
be to see if the lightning would benzene, he is probably best
During Edison’s lifetime, he
pass through metal. Franklin
noted for his work in the field of
acquired 1,093 patents, and
decided to use a metal key
electricity and magnetism.
marketed many of his
and looked around for a way
inventions to the public.
to get the key up near the
His idea was to discover how to
lightning. As you probably
make electricity from a magnetic
Edison used to say, “Genius
already know, Franklin used a field. In 1831, he was able to
was 1 percent inspiration and child's toy, a kite.
produce electricity by moving a
99 percent perspiration.” He
magnet inside a wire coil.
believed that inventing useful Franklin’s famous stormy kite
products offered everyone the flight in June of 1752 led him
By making electricity via
opportunity for fame and
to develop many of the terms
mechanical means. He
fortune while benefiting
that we still use today when
discovered that a magnetic force
society.
we talk about electricity:
can alter light - a concept now
battery, conductor, condenser, known as the Faraday Effect.
charge, discharge, uncharged,
negative, minus, plus, electric
shock, and electrician.
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 17
October 2013
Released Practice Items
Virginia Standards of Learning Grade 5 Science Test
Follow this link to find practice items:
http://www.doe.virginia.gov/testing/sol/practice_items/index.shtml#science
Note: Answers are shaded in gray.
SOL 4.3 The student will investigate and understand the characteristics of electricity. Key
concepts include:
g)
h)
i)
j)
conductors and insulators;
basic circuits (open/closed, parallel/series);
static electricity;
the ability of electrical energy to be transformed into light and motion, and to
produce heat;
k) simple electromagnets and magnetism; and
l) historical contributions in understanding electricity.
1. A bar magnet is placed on the table, and a sheet of blank paper is placed over the
magnet. What could be sprinkled over the paper to show the magnetic field of the
bar magnet?
A Salt
B Iron Filings
C Sand
D Soil
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 18
October 2013
2.
3.
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 19
October 2013
potential energy
Potential energy is energy that is
stored.
4.2
kinetic energy
Kinetic energy is energy of motion.
4.2
force
A force is any push or pull that
causes an object to move, stop, or
change speed or direction.
4.2
speed
Speed describes how fast an object
is moving.
4.2
friction
Friction is the resistant to motion
created by two objects moving
against each other.
4.2
electromagnet
An electromagnet is a temporary
magnet made by coiling wire around
an iron core.
4.3
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 20
October 2013
circuit
A circuit is a pathway for the flow of
electricity.
4.3
closed circuit
A closed circuit is a circuit without
interruption, providing a continuous
path through which a current can
flow.
open circuit
An open circuit is a circuit that will
not allow electricity to flow.
4.3
4.3
conductor
A conductor is a material that easily
allows the flow of electricity.
insulator
An insulator is a material through
which electric current DOES NOT
pass easily.
4.3
4.3
series circuit
A series circuit is formed when there
is only one pathway for the electric
current to flow.
parallel circuit
A parallel circuit is formed when
there are two or more pathways for
the electric current to flow.
4.3
4.3
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 21
October 2013
electrical energy
4.3
static electricity
Electrical energy is the energy
associated with electric charges. It
can be transformed into light or
motion and can produce thermal
energy.
Static electricity is electricity
produced by friction.
4.3
Julie Moyer, Elementary Lead Science Teacher
Page 22