Download HERE

THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
• The immune system is our body’s protection
system.
• It is designed to defend against bacteria,
viruses, and toxins that invade your body.
• T cells  signal the invasion
• B cells  make antibodies (chemical fighters)
• Macrophages  white blood cells that EAT
Lymph nodes
• Lymph nodes are filled with white blood cells.
• Lymph nodes are located throughout the body and
swell when you’re fighting an infection because they
work harder and collect dead cells.
• The main job of the lymph nodes is to filter the
lymph (clear fluid that comes from tissues) by
eliminating antibody-coated bacteria.
Bone marrow
• Bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside of bones
(i.e. hip, breast, skull, ribs, vertebrae, shoulder
blades, humerus, and femur). It has blood stem cells
which can develop into any type of blood cell.
Thymus gland
• Precursor cells from the bone marrow travel
to the thymus gland and here they develop
into lymphocytes (white blood cells). Theses
white blood cells will produce antibodies that
fight bacteria and viruses.
Spleen
•
•
•
•
Also produces lymphocytes
Filters blood to removes old red blood cells
Also removes antibody-coated bacteria
Located in the upper-left part of the abdomen
Immune system disorders
• Primary immunodeficiency (born weak)
• Acquired immunodeficiency (becomes weak)
• Autoimmune disorders (destroys itself)
– ALS, multiple sclerosis, lupus, diabetes type 1
• Overactive immune system
– Allergies
– Anaphylactic shock
THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
•
The digestive system is the organ system that takes
in food, digests it, absorbs the nutrients, and excretes the
remaining waste.
•
The digestive system is made up of the
digestive tract and 3 accessory organs.
•
The parts of the digestive system in
humans are shown here.
Know the parts!
THE DIGESTIVE TRACT
The tube in which the food travels through as it is digested
(mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus)
THE ACCESSORY ORGANS
(Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas)
Mouth
• Breaks down food mechanically (teeth and
tongue)
• Also breaks apart food chemically with saliva
(enzymes and water)
• Saliva is produced in the epithelial tissue that
lines the mouth
Esophagus
• A tube connecting your mouth to your
stomach
• Surrounded by smooth muscle tissue which
can contract/relax without conscious thought
• Nerve tissue controls muscle contractions
• Contractions slowly move along food
Stomach
• Holds and churns food
• Lining of inside of stomach has cells that
produce digestive enzymes and acid
• Layers of smooth muscle tissue contract to
mix stomach contents
Small Intestine
•
•
•
•
•
After stomach in digestive tract
Composed of smooth muscle
6m long, and narrow
Goblet cells secrete mucus
Does most digestion of food, and almost all
absorption of nutrients
Large Intestine
• 1.5m long, and wider than small intestine
• Absorbs water after digestion
• Waste left-over goes to rectum where it is
packed and stored temporarily
• Then anus, and out!
Accessory organs
Liver
• Produces bile (which breaks down fat in food)
Gallbladder
• Where bile is stored
Pancreas
• Creates an enzyme called insulin to help regulate
the concentration of sugar in our blood (either
helps store it or send it to cells)
Digestive System Disorders
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cancers
Ulcers
Diarrhea
Constipation
Lactose intolerance
Heartburn / Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Irritable bowel syndrome
THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
Musculoskeletal system
Muscular
system
Skeletal
System
• The musculoskeletal system
includes all of the bones and
muscles in a body.
• It supports, protects, and moves
the body.
Function of the Skeletal System
• Protection
- protect vital organs in the body (eg. skull
protects brain, spine protects spinal cord,
ribs protect heart and lungs
• Blood-cell production
- bone marrow in large bones produce blood
cells and releases them into the blood
stream
• Mineral storage
- bones made up of calcium and phosphorus
giving bones strength and rigidity
• Support for your muscles
• Movement
Components of the Skeletal System
• The skeleton is composed of 3 types of
connective tissue.
– Bone
– Ligaments
– Cartilage
Bone
• The human skeleton is composed of 206
bones
• Hard and dense tissue
• Bone is composed of bone cells within a
matrix of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) and
collagen fibers
• If your diet is not high in minerals, your body
will absorb Ca and P from your bones causing
them to weaken
Structure of Bone
- Canals inside the bones contain nerves and
blood vessels
- Only a small percentage of the bone tissue is
actually living
Ligaments (connect bone to bone)
- are strong tough elastic bands of connective tissue that
can stretch
- Hold bones and movable joints together
- surround the joint to give support and limit the joint's
movement
Cartilage
• hard but slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where
they meet to form a joint.
• made up of cells and collagen fibres and is wear-resistant
• helps reduce the friction of movement by allowing bones to
glide over one another
• Absorbs the energy from the shock of physical movement
• Found in:
– Ears, nose, esophagus, joints,
disks between vertebrae
Muscles
• Bones need muscles to move them
• There are about 600 muscles in the human body
• Made up of bundles of long cells called muscle fibres
that contain specialized proteins
Muscle
Tendons (connect muscle to bone)
• another type of tough connective tissue on each
side of a joint attach to muscles that control
movement of the joint.
Types of Muscles
• Cardiac Muscle
– involuntary
– in heart
• Smooth Muscle
– Involuntary
– in lining of organs (stomach,
esophagus, uterus, intestines)
• Skeletal Muscle
– voluntary
– Attached to bone (bicep, tricep, deltoid)
Antagonistic Muscles
• One contracts while the other relaxes
• Work together to move bones
• Ex. Bicep and tricep, hamstring and quadricep
Problems with the Musculoskeletal
System
•
•
•
•
•
Arthritis
Osteoporosis
Broken bones
Torn ligaments
Torn tendons