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Harker Heights High School
Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 7: Skeletal System
Part II
1
Bone Classification
 Bone Classification:
• Long bones - femur
(leg)
• Short bones – tarsals
(ankle)
•Flat bones - skull
• Irregular bones - vertebrae
(b)
(c)
• Sesamoid bones - patella
(knee cap)
(d)
(a)
(e)
2
Parts of a Long Bone
• Epiphysis
• Distal
• Proximal
• Diaphysis
• Compact bone
• Spongy bone
• Articular cartilage
• Periosteum
• Endosteum
• Medullary cavity
• Trabeculae
• Bone marrow
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Epiphyseal plates
Articular cartilage
Proximal
epiphysis
Spongy bone
Space containing
red marrow
Endosteum
Compact bone
Medullary cavity
Yellow marrow
Diaphysis
Periosteum
Distal
epiphysis
• Red marrow and yellow marrow
Femur
3
7.5: Skeletal Organization
• The actual number of bones in the human skeleton
varies from person to person
• Typically there are about 206 bones
• For convenience the skeleton is divided into the:
• Axial skeleton
• Appendicular skeleton
4
Divisions of the Skeleton
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• Axial Skeleton
• Skull
• Spine
• Rib cage
Cranium
Skull
Face
Hyoid
Clavicle
Scapula
Sternum
Humerus
Ribs
Vertebral
column
• Appendicular Skeleton
• Upper limbs
• Lower limbs
• Shoulder girdle
• Pelvic girdle
Vertebral
column
Hip
bone
Carpals
Sacrum
Radius
Coccyx
Ulna
Femur
Metacarpals
Phalanges
Patella
Tibia
Fibula
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
(a)
(b)
5
7.6: Skull
• Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the
facial bones
6
Vertebral Column
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• Cervical vertebrae (7)
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
• Lumbar vertebrae (5)
• Sacral (4-5 fused segments)
• Sacrum is fused bone
• Coccygeal (3-4 fused segments)
• Coccyx is fused bone
Cervical
curvature
Cervical
vertebrae
Vertebra
prominens
Rib facet
Thoracic
vertebrae
Thoracic
curvature
Intervertebral
Intervertebral
foramina
Lumbar
curvature
Lumbar
vertebrae
Sacrum
Sacral
curvature
Coccyx
(a)
(b)
7
Coccyx
• A.k.a tailbone
• 3-4 fused segments
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Sacral promontory
Superior articular process
Sacrum
Anterior
sacral
foramen
(a)
Sacral canal
Auricular
surface
Tubercle
of median
sacral crest
Posterior sacral
foramen
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
(b)
8
7.8: Thoracic Cage
• The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic
vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal cartilages that attach
the ribs to the sternum.
9
Thoracic Cage
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• Ribs (12)
• Sternum
• Thoracic vertebrae (12)
• Costal cartilages
• Supports shoulder girdle
and upper limbs
• Protects viscera
• Role in breathing
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
Sternal angle
Thoracic vertebra
Clavicular notch
1
2
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4
5
Sternum
Body
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
10
(b)
b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Ribs
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• Humans have 12 pairs of ribs:
• True ribs (7)
• False ribs (5), of which:
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
Sternal angle
Thoracic vertebra
Clavicular notch
1
2
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
• Floating (2)
4
5
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
• There are some anomalies:
• Cervical ribs
• Lumbar ribs
Sternum
Body
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
11
(b)
b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Sternum
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• Three (3) parts of the
sternum:
• Manubrium
• Body
• Xiphoid process
Jugular notch
(suprasternal notch)
Sternal angle
Thoracic vertebra
Clavicular notch
1
2
Manubrium
3
True ribs
(vertebrosternal
ribs)
4
5
Sternum
Body
6
7
Xiphoid process
8
False
ribs
Vertebrochondral
ribs
Ribs
9
Costal
cartilage
10
11
Floating ribs
(vertebral ribs)
12
(a)
12
(b)
b: © Victor B. Eichler, PhD
Appendicular Skeleton
13
Appendicular Skeleton
14
7.9: Pectoral Girdle
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• Also known as the
shoulder girdle
• Clavicles
• Scapulae
• Supports upper limbs
• True shoulder joint is
simply the articulation of
the humerus and scapula
Acromial end
Sternal end
Acromion
process
Clavicle
Head of
humerus
Coracoid
process
Sternum
Scapula Rib
Costal
cartilage
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
(a)
15
Clavicles – Collar Bones
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• Articulate with manubrium
• Articulate with scapulae
(acromion process)
• A-C joint
Acromial end
Sternal end
Acromion
process
Clavicle
Head of
humerus
Coracoid
process
Sternum
Scapula Rib
Costal
cartilage
Humerus
Ulna
Radius
(a)
16
Scapulae – Shoulder Blades
• Spine
• Supraspinous fossa
• Infraspinous fossa
• Acromion process
• Coracoid process
• Glenoid fossa or cavity
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Superior
border
Coracoid
process
Suprascapular
notch
Acromion
process
Acromion
process
Coracoid
process
Supraglenoid
tubercle
Spine
Glenoid
cavity
Infraglenoid
tubercle
Supraspinous
fossa
Infraspinous
fossa
(a)
Glenoid
cavity
Subscapular
fossa
Lateral
(axillary) border
Medial
(vertebral)
border
(b)
(c)
17
7.10: Upper Limb
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• Humerus
• Radius
• Ulna
(Interosseous membrane)
• Carpals
• Metacarpals
• Phalanges
Humerus
Humerus
Olecranon
process
Olecranon
fossa
Head of
radius
Neck of
radius
Ulna
(c)
Radius
Ulna
Ulna
Carpals
Metacarpals
Phalanges
(a) Hand (palm anterior)
(b) Hand (palm posterior)
(d)
© Martin Rotker
18
Humerus – Upper arm
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• Head
• Greater tubercle
• Lesser tubercle
• Anatomical neck
• Surgical neck
• Deltoid tuberosity
• Capitulum
• Trochlea
• Coronoid fossa
• Olecranon fossa
•Lateral epicondyle
•Medial epicondyle
Greater tubercle
Head
Intertubercular
groove
Anatomical
neck
Lesser tubercle
Surgical
neck
Greater tubercle
Deltoid tuberosity
Coronoid
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Olecranon
fossa
Lateral
epicondyle
Medial
epicondyle
Capitulum
Trochlea
(a)
(b)
19
Radius
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• Lateral forearm bone
• Thumb side
• Head
• Radial tuberosity
• Styloid process
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
process
Coronoid process
Head of radius
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Radial tuberosity
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Radius
(b)
Ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process
(a)
Styloid process
Ulnar notch of radius
20
Ulna
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• Medial forearm bone
• Pinkie side
• Trochlear notch
• Olecranon process
• Coronoid process
• Styloid process
Trochlear notch
Olecranon
process
Coronoid process
Head of radius
Olecranon
process
Trochlear
notch
Radial tuberosity
Coronoid
process
Radial
notch
Radius
(b)
Ulna
Head of ulna
Styloid process
(a)
Styloid process
Ulnar notch of radius
21
Wrist and Hand
• Carpal Bones (Wrist) (16 total bones)
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• Scaphoid
• Lunate
• Triquetral
• Pisiform
• Hamate
• Capitate
• Trapezoid
• Trapezium
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
Carpals
(carpus)
1
1
Metacarpals
(metacarpus)
• Metacarpal Bones (Palms) (10)
Phalanges
• Phalangeal Bones (Fingers) (28)
• Proximal phalanx
• Middle phalanx
• Distal phalanx
Radius
Ulna
Lunate
Hamate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
Scaphoid
Capitate
Trapezoid
Trapezium
(a)
2
5
5
3
4
4
3
2
Proximal
phalanx
Middle
phalanx
Distal
phalanx
(b)
22
7.11: Pelvic Girdle
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•Formed by two coxal (ossa coxae) bones
•Composed of three pairs of fused bones
–Ilium
–Ischium
–Pubis
Sacral canal
Ilium
Sacrum
Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
Ischium
(b)
Pubis
Obturator foramen
Sacroiliac joint
Ilium
Sacral promontory
Sacrum
Acetabulum
Pubis
Symphysis
pubis
Pubic tubercle
Ischium
Pubic arch
(a)
23
c: © Martin Rotker
(c)
Pelvic Girdle
• The total weight of the upper body rests on
the pelvis
• It protects several organs
– Reproductive organs
– Urinary bladder
– Part of the large intestine
24
Hip Bones
• Also known as the ossa
coxae:
• Acetabulum
• There are three (3)
bones:
1. Ilium
• Iliac crest
• Iliac spines
• Greater sciatic notch
2. Ischium
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Iliac crest
Iliac fossa
Anterior
superior
iliac spine
Posterior
superior
iliac spine
Ilium
Anterior
inferior
iliac spine
Ilium
Posterior
inferior
iliac spine
Obturator
foramen
Greater
sciatic notch
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
• Ischial spines
• Lesser sciatic notch
• Ischial tuberosity
3. Pubis
• Obturator foramen
• Symphysis pubis
• Pubic arch
Iliac crest
Pubis
Ischium
Ischial spine
Lesser
sciatic notch
Pubic crest
Ischium
Pubis
Pubic tubercle
Ischial
tuberosity
(a)
(b)
25
Differences Between
Male and Female Pelves
• The female inlet is larger and more circular
• The female pelvis as a whole is shallower, and
the bones are lighter and thinner
• The female ilia flare more laterally
• The female sacrum is shorter and less curved
• The female ischial spines are shorter and
farther apart; thus the outlet is larger
• The female pubic arch is more rounded
because the angle of the pubic arch is greater
26
Differences Between
Male and Female Pelves
Male
Female
27
7.12: Lower Limb
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• Femur
• Patella
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Tarsals
• Metatarsals
• Phalanges
Femur
Patella
Femur
Fibula
Tibia
(c)Lateral view
Patella
Fibula
Femur
Tibia
Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
(b)
(d)Posterior view
28
Femur (thigh bone)
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• Longest bone of body
• Head
• Fovea capitis
• Neck
• Greater trochanter
• Lesser trochanter
• Linea aspera
• Condyles
• Epicondyles
Fovea capitis
Neck
Head
Greater
trochanter
Gluteal
tuberosity
Lesser
trochanter
Linea
aspera
Lateral
epicondyle
(a)
Medial
epicondyle
Patellar
surface
Lateral
Medial
condyle condyle
Intercondylar
fossa
(b)
29
Patella
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• A.k.a kneecap
• Anterior surface of the knee
Femur
joint
• Flat sesamoid bone located
in the quadriceps tendon
Femur
Patella
Fibula
Tibia
(c)Lateral view
Patella
Fibula
Femur
Tibia
Lateral
condyle
Medial
condyle
Fibula
Tibia
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
(b)
(d)Posterior view
30
Tibia
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• Aka shin bone
• Medial to fibula
• Condyles
• Tibial tuberosity
• Anterior crest
• Makes the medial malleolus
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula
Intercondylar
eminence
Medial
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral
malleolus
Medial
malleolus
31
Fibula
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• Lateral to tibia
• Long, slender
• Head
• Makes the lateral malleolus
• Non weight bearing
Lateral
condyle
Head of
fibula
Intercondylar
eminence
Medial
condyle
Tibial
tuberosity
Anterior
crest
Fibula
Tibia
Lateral
malleolus
Medial
malleolus
32
Foot
• Tarsal Bones (14)
• Calcaneus – heel bone
• Talus
• Navicular
• Cuboid
• Lateral (3rd) cuneiform
• Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform
• Medial (1st) cuneiform
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Fibula
Tibia
Talus
Medial
cuneiformNavicular
Metatarsals
(metatarsus)
• Metatarsal Bones (10)
• Phalanges (28)
Calcaneus
Phalanges
Calcaneal
tuberosity
(b)
Tarsals
(tarsus)
• Proximal
• Middle
• Distal
33
Foot
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Calcaneus
Talus
Tarsals
(tarsus)
Navicular
Cuboid
Lateral cuneiform
Intermediate cuneiform
Medial cuneiform
5
4
3
2
1
Metatarsals
(metatarsus)
Proximal phalanx
Middle phalanx
Distal phalanx
(a)
Phalanges
34
7.13: Lifespan Changes
• Decrease in height at about age 30
• Calcium levels fall
• Bones become brittle
• Osteoclasts outnumber osteoblasts
• Spongy bone weakens before compact bone
• Bone loss rapid in menopausal women
• Hip fractures common
• Vertebral compression fractures common
35
Important Points in Chapter 7:
Outcomes to be Assessed
7.1: Introduction
 Discuss the living tissues found in bone even though bone appears to
be inert.
7.2: Bone Structure
 Classify bones according to their shapes and name an example from
each group.
 Describe the macroscopic and microscopic structure of a long bone
and list the functions of these parts.
7.3: Bone Development and Growth
 Distinguish between intramembranous and endchondral bones and
explain how such bones develop and grow.
 Describe the effects of sunlight, nutrition, hormonal secretions, and
exercise on bone development and growth.
36
Important Points in Chapter 7:
Outcomes to be Assessed
7.4: Bone Function
 Discuss the major functions of bone.
7.5: Skeletal Organization
 Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeletons, and name
the major parts of each.
7.6: Skull – 7.12: Lower Limb
 Locate and identify the bones and the major features of the bones that
comprise the skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage, pectoral girdle,
upper limb, pelvic girdle, and lower limb.
 Describe the differences between male and female skeletons.
7.13: Lifespan Changes
 Describe lifespan changes in the skeletal system.
37