Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Boundless Study Slides
Document related concepts
Transcript
Boundless Lecture Slides Available on the Boundless Teaching Platform Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Teaching Platform Boundless empowers educators to engage their students with affordable, customizable textbooks and intuitive teaching tools. The free Boundless Teaching Platform gives educators the ability to customize textbooks in more than 20 subjects that align to hundreds of popular titles. Get started by using high quality Boundless books, or make switching to our platform easier by building from Boundless content pre-organized to match the assigned textbook. This platform gives educators the tools they need to assign readings and assessments, monitor student activity, and lead their classes with pre-made teaching resources. Using Boundless Presentations The Appendix The appendix is for you to use to add depth and breadth to your lectures. You can simply drag and drop slides from the appendix into the main presentation to make for a richer lecture experience. Get started now at: http://boundless.com/teaching-platform Free to edit, share, and copy Feel free to edit, share, and make as many copies of the Boundless presentations as you like. We encourage you to take these presentations and make them your own. If you have any questions or problems please email: [email protected] Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com About Boundless Boundless is an innovative technology company making education more affordable and accessible for students everywhere. The company creates the world’s best open educational content in 20+ subjects that align to more than 1,000 popular college textbooks. Boundless integrates learning technology into all its premium books to help students study more efficiently at a fraction of the cost of traditional textbooks. The company also empowers educators to engage their students more effectively through customizable books and intuitive teaching tools as part of the Boundless Teaching Platform. More than 2 million learners access Boundless free and premium content each month across the company’s wide distribution platforms, including its website, iOS apps, Kindle books, and iBooks. To get started learning or teaching with Boundless, visit boundless.com. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and General Chemistry History of Atomic Structure Discoveries Leading to Nuclear Atom Model The Structure of the Atom The Periodic Table Types of Chemical Bonds Boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_c hapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=pow erpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and General Chemistry (continued) Chemical Formulas Naming Compounds Organic Compounds Overview The Early Atom Boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_c hapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=pow erpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and General Chemistry (continued) Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics Applications of Atomic Physics Multielectron Atoms Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks Water Boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_c hapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=pow erpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and General Chemistry (continued) Carbon Boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_c hapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=pow erpoint&utm_medium=direct&utm_source=boundless Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > History of Atomic Structure History of Atomic Structure • Early Ideas about Atoms • The Law of Conservation of Mass • The Law of Definite Composition • The Law of Multiple Proportions • John Dalton and Atomic Theory Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > History of Atomic Structure Early Ideas about Atoms • The ancient Greek philosophers Democritus and Leucippus recorded the concept of the atomos, an indivisible building block of matter, as early as the 5th century BCE. • The idea of an indivisible particle was further elaborated upon and explored by a number of scientists and philosophers, including Galileo, Newton, Boyle, Lavoisier, and Dalton. • John Dalton, an English chemist and meteorologist, is credited with the first modern atomic theory based on his experiments with atmospheric gases. John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/history-of-atomic-structure-215/early-ideas-about-atoms-736- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > History of Atomic Structure The Law of Conservation of Mass • The law of conservation of mass states that mass in an isolated system is neither created nor destroyed by chemical reactions or physical transformations. • According to the law of conservation of mass, the mass of the products in a chemical reaction must equal the mass of the reactants. • The law of conservation of mass is useful for a number of calculations and can be used to solve for unknown masses, such the amount of gas consumed or produced during a reaction. Antoine Lavoisier View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/history-of-atomic-structure-215/the-law-of-conservation-of-mass-737- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > History of Atomic Structure The Law of Definite Composition • The law of definite composition was proposed by Joseph Proust based on his observations on the composition of chemical compounds. • Proust proposed that a compound is always composed of the same proportions of elements by mass. • Though initially controversial, the law of definite composition was supported by Dalton's atomic theory. Joseph Proust View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/history-of-atomic-structure-215/the-law-of-definite-composition-738- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > History of Atomic Structure The Law of Multiple Proportions • The law of multiple proportions is a rule of stoichiometry. • John Dalton formulated the law of multiple proportions as part of his theory that atoms formed the basic indivisible building block of matter. • The law of multiple proportions says that when elements form compounds, the proportions of the elements in those chemical compounds can be expressed in small whole number ratios. • The law of multiple proportions is an extension of the law of definite composition, which states that compounds will consist of defined ratios of elements. View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/history-of-atomic-structure-215/the-law-of-multiple-proportions-739- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > History of Atomic Structure John Dalton and Atomic Theory • Dalton's atomic theory proposed that all matter was composed of atoms, indivisible and indestructible building blocks. While all atoms of an element were identical, different elements had atoms of differing size and mass. • Dalton's atomic theory also stated that all compounds were composed of combinations of these atoms in defined ratios. • Dalton also postulated that chemical reactions resulted in the rearrangement of the reacting atoms. John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/history-of-atomic-structure-215/john-dalton-and-atomic-theory-740- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Discoveries Leading to Nuclear Atom Model Discoveries Leading to Nuclear Atom Model • Cathode Rays • Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Discoveries Leading to Nuclear Atom Model Cathode Rays • Electrons accelerated to high velocities travel in straight lines through an empty cathode ray tube and strike the glass wall of the tube, causing excited atoms to fluoresce or glow. • Researchers realized that something was traveling from the anode when objects placed in the tube in front of it could cast a shadow on the glowing wall. Cathode rays carry electronic currents through the tube. Electrons were first discovered as the constituents of cathode rays. • J.J. Thompson used the cathode ray tube to determine that atoms had small negatively charged particles inside of them, which he called "electrons." Crookes tube View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/discoveries-leading-to-nuclear-atom-model-216/cathode-rays-741- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Discoveries Leading to Nuclear Atom Model Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment • Millikan's oil drop experiment measured the charge of an electron. Before this experiment, existence of subatomic particles was not universally accepted. • Millikan's apparatus contained an electric field created between a parallel pair of metal plates, which were held apart by insulating material. Electrically charged oil droplets entered the electric field and were balanced between two plates by altering the field. Simplified scheme of Millikan's oil-drop experiment View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/discoveries-leading-to-nuclear-atom-model-216/millikan-s-oil-drop-experiment-742- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Discoveries Leading to Nuclear Atom Model • When the charged drops fell at a constant rate, the gravitational and electric forces on it were equal. Therefore, the charge on the oil drop was calculated using formula Q = [Equation 1] Millikan found that the charge of a single electron was 1.6 x 10-19 C. Equation 1 View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/discoveries-leading-to-nuclear-atom-model-216/millikan-s-oil-drop-experiment-742- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Structure of the Atom The Structure of the Atom • Isotopes • Atomic Number and Mass Number • Overview of Atomic Structure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Structure of the Atom Isotopes • Isotopes are atoms of the same element that contain an identical number of protons, but a different number of neutrons. • Despite having different numbers of neutrons, isotopes of the same element have very similar physical properties. • Some isotopes are unstable and will undergo radioactive decay to become other elements. • The predictable half-life of different decaying isotopes allows scientists to date material based on its isotopic composition, such as with Carbon-14 dating. Application of carbon dating View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-structure-of-the-atom-217/isotopes-743- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Structure of the Atom Atomic Number and Mass Number • Atoms of each element contain an equal number of protons and electrons. • The number of protons determines an element's atomic number and is used to distinguish one element from another. • The number of neutrons is variable, resulting in isotopes, which are different forms of the same atom that vary only in the number of neutrons they possess. • Together, the number of protons and the number of neutrons determine an element's mass number. • Since an element's isotopes have slightly different mass numbers, the atomic mass is calculated by obtaining the mean of the mass numbers for its isotopes. Atomic number, chemical symbol, and mass number View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-structure-of-the-atom-217/atomic-number-and-mass-number-744- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Structure of the Atom Overview of Atomic Structure • An atom is composed of two regions: the nucleus, which is in the center of the atom and contains protons and neutrons, and the outer region of the atom, which holds its electrons in orbit around the nucleus. • Protons and neutrons have approximately the same mass, about 1.67 × 10-24 grams, which scientists define as one atomic mass unit (amu) or one Dalton. • Each electron has a negative charge (-1) equal to the positive charge of a proton (+1). • Neutrons are uncharged particles found within the nucleus. Structure of an atom View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-structure-of-the-atom-217/overview-of-atomic-structure-745- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Periodic Table The Periodic Table • The Periodic Table • Molecules • Ions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Periodic Table The Periodic Table • The periodic table lists all the elements, with information about their atomic weights, chemical symbols, and atomic numbers. • The arrangement of the periodic table leads us to visualize certain trends among the atoms. • The vertical columns (groups) of the periodic table are arranged such that all its elements have the same number of valence electrons. All elements within a certain group thus share similar properties. The periodic table View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-periodic-table-218/the-periodic-table-746- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Periodic Table Molecules • Molecules are neutral and do not carry any charge. • A molecule may consist of atoms of a single chemical element, as with oxygen (O2), or of different elements, as with water (H2O). • The geometry and composition of a molecule will determine its chemical and physical properties. • Isomers are molecules with the same atoms in different geometric arrangements. The caffeine molecule View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-periodic-table-218/molecules-747- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Periodic Table Ions • Ions are formed when the number of protons in an atom does not equal the number of electrons. If more protons are present, the ion is positive and is known as a cation; if more electrons are present, the ion is negative and referred to as an anion. • Ions are highly reactive species. They are generally found in a gaseous state and do not occur in abundance on Earth. They are repelled by like electric charges and are attracted to opposite charges. • The electron cloud of an atom determines the size of the atom; added electrons (anions) increase the electron repulsion, increasing the ion's size, while cations (with less electrons) are smaller than the atom because there are fewer electrons Hydrogen ions View on Boundless.com in the cloud to repel each other. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-periodic-table-218/ions-748- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Types of Chemical Bonds Types of Chemical Bonds • Introduction to Bonding • Ionic Bonds • Covalent Bonds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Types of Chemical Bonds Introduction to Bonding • Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together to make compounds or molecules. • Chemical bonds include covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonds. • Atoms with relatively similar electronegativities share electrons between them and are connected by covalent bonds. • Atoms with large differences in electronegativity transfer electrons to form ions. The ions then are attracted to each other. This attraction is known as an ionic bond. Chemical bonds View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/types-of-chemical-bonds-219/introduction-to-bonding-749- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Types of Chemical Bonds Ionic Bonds • Ionic bonds are formed through the exchange of valence electrons between atoms, typically a metal and a nonmetal. • The loss or gain of valence electrons allows ions to obey the octet rule and become more stable. • Ionic compounds are typically neutral. Therefore, ions combine in ways that neutralize their charges. Formation of sodium fluoride View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/types-of-chemical-bonds-219/ionic-bonds-750- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Types of Chemical Bonds Covalent Bonds • Covalent bonds involve two atoms, typically nonmetals, that share electron density to form strong bonding interactions. • Covalent bonds include single, double, and triple bonds and are composed of sigma and pi bonding interactions where 2, 4, or 6 electrons are shared respectively. • Covalent compounds typically have lower melting and boiling points than ionic compounds. View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/types-of-chemical-bonds-219/covalent-bonds-751- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Chemical Formulas Chemical Formulas • Molecular Formulas • Empirical Formulas • Formulas of Ionic Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Chemical Formulas Molecular Formulas • A molecular formula consists of the chemical symbols for the constituent elements followed by numeric subscripts describing the number of atoms of each element present in the molecule. • The empirical formula represents the simplest whole-integer ratio of atoms in a compound. The molecular formula for a compound can be the same as or a multiple of the compound's empirical formula. • Molecular formulas are compact and easy to communicate; however, they lack the information about bonding and atomic arrangement that is provided in a structural formula. Structural formula of butane View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/chemical-formulas-220/molecular-formulas-752- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Chemical Formulas Empirical Formulas • Empirical formulas are the simplest form of notation. • The molecular formula for a compound is equal to, or a whole-number multiple of, its empirical formula. • Like molecular formulas, empirical formulas are not unique and can describe a number of different chemical structures or isomers. • To determine an empirical formula, the mass composition of its elements can be used to mathematically determine their ratio. Butane View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/chemical-formulas-220/empirical-formulas-753- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Chemical Formulas Formulas of Ionic Compounds • The overall ionic formula for a compound must be electrically neutral, meaning it has no charge. • When writing the formula for the ionic compound, the cation comes first, followed by the anion, both with numeric subscripts to indicate the number of atoms of each. • Polyatomic ions are a set of covalently bonded atoms that have an overall charge, making them an ion. • Polyatomic ions form ionic bonds in the typical way, balancing so that the overall compound is electrically neutral. Formation of sodium flouride View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/chemical-formulas-220/formulas-of-ionic-compounds-754- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Naming Compounds Naming Compounds • Naming Ionic Compounds • Naming Molecular Compounds • Naming Acids and Bases • Naming Hydrates • Naming Familiar Inorganic Compounds Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Naming Compounds Naming Ionic Compounds • Most cations and anions can combine to form neutral, solid compounds that are usually known as salts. • The net charge of an ionic compound must be zero. Therefore, the number of cations and anions in an ionic compound must be balanced to make an electrically neutral molecule. • When naming ionic compounds, the cation retains the same name as the element. The anion's name is similar to the elemental name, but the ending of the name has been removed and replaced with "ide." • If a metallic element has cations of different charges, which cation is used has to be indicated by its suffix (an older method) or by Roman numerals in parentheses Names of some ionic compounds View on Boundless.com after its name in writing (the Stock system). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/naming-compounds-221/naming-ionic-compounds-755- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Naming Compounds Naming Molecular Compounds • In nomenclature of simple molecular compounds, the more electropositive atom is written first and the more electronegative element is written last with an -ide suffix. • The Greek prefixes are used to dictate the number of a given element present in a molecular compound. • Prefixes can be shortened when the ending vowel of the prefix "conflicts" with a starting vowel in the compound. • Common exceptions exist for naming molecular compounds, where trivial or common names are used instead of systematic names, such as ammonia (NH3) instead of nitrogen trihydride or water (H2O) instead of dihydrogen oxide. View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/naming-compounds-221/naming-molecular-compounds-756- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Naming Compounds Naming Acids and Bases • Acids are named based on their anion -- the ion attached to the hydrogen. In simple binary acids, one ion is attached to hydrogen. Names for such acids consist of the prefix "hydro-", the first syllable of the anion, and the suffix "-ic". • Complex acid compounds have oxygen in them. For an acid with a polyatomic ion, the suffix "-ate" from the ion is replaced with "-ic." • Polyatomic ions with one extra oxygen (as compared to the typical polyatomic ion) have the prefix "per-" and the suffix "-ic." • Polyatomic ions with one fewer oxygen has the suffix "-ous"; ions with two fewer have the prefix "hypo" and the suffix "-ous." • Strong bases with "-OH" (hydroxide) groups are named like ionic compounds. Nomenclature of common acids View on Boundless.com Weak bases are named like molecular compounds or organic compounds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/naming-compounds-221/naming-acids-and-bases-757- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Naming Compounds Naming Hydrates • Hydrates are named by the ionic compound followed by a numerical prefix and the suffix "-hydrate. " The "· nH2O" notation indicates that "n" (described by a Greek prefix) number of loosely bonded water molecules are associated per formula unit of the salt. • An anhydride is a hydrate that has lost water. A substance that does not contain any water is referred to as anhydrous. • In organic chemistry, a hydrate is a compound of water, or its elements, with another molecule. Glucose, C6H12O6, was originally thought of as a carbohydrate (carbon and water), but this classification does not properly describe its structure and properties. Greek prefixes View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/naming-compounds-221/naming-hydrates-758- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Naming Compounds Naming Familiar Inorganic Compounds • Many frequently used chemicals have familiar common names. A single substance can have several such names. • Some common names for chemical substances have historical roots and have been used for thousands of years. • Common chemical names are used in spoken or informal written communication by chemists. For some simple compounds, their systematic and common names are the same. Examples of traditional chemical names View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/naming-compounds-221/naming-familiar-inorganic-compounds-759- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Organic Compounds Organic Compounds • Introduction to Hydrocarbons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Organic Compounds Introduction to Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons can be classified as either aromatic or aliphatic compounds, depending on the presence of a benzene ring. • Aliphatic compounds can be divided into alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes, based on the presence of double or triple bonds in the chemical structure. • Aromatic hydrocarbons, or arenes, contain a benzene ring, which alters their properties. A benzene molecule View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/organic-compounds-222/introduction-to-hydrocarbons-760- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Overview Overview • Planck's Quantum Hypothesis and Black Body Radiation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Overview Planck's Quantum Hypothesis and Black Body Radiation • A black body in thermal equilibrium emits electromagnetic radiation called black body radiation. • The radiation has a specific spectrum and intensity that depends only on the temperature of the body. • Max Planck, in 1901, accurately described the radiation by assuming that electromagnetic radiation was emitted in discrete packets (or quanta). Planck's quantum hypothesis is a pioneering work, heralding advent of a new era of modern physics and quantum theory. Black body radiation spectrum View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/overview-223/planck-s-quantum-hypothesis-and-black-body-radiation-761- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom The Early Atom • The Discovery of the Parts of the Atom • Early Models of the Atom • The Thomson Model • The Rutherford Model • The Bohr Model of the Atom • Basic Assumptions of the Bohr Model • Bohr Orbits • Energy of a Bohr Orbit • Hydrogen Spectra • de Broglie and the Bohr Model • X-Rays and the Compton Effect • X-Ray Spectra: Origins, Diffraction by Crystals, and Importance • The Compton Effect Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom The Discovery of the Parts of the Atom • The British physicist J. J. Thomson performed experiments studying cathode rays and discovered that they were unique particles, later named electrons. • Rutherford proved that the hydrogen nucleus is present in other nuclei. • In 1932, James Chadwick showed that there were uncharged particles in the radiation he was using. These particles, later called neutrons, had a similar mass of the protons but did not have the same characteristics as protons. Classical Atomic Model View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/the-discovery-of-the-parts-of-the-atom-762- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom Early Models of the Atom • The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. • Scattered knowledge discovered by alchemists over the Middle Ages contributed to the discovery of atoms. • Dalton established his atomic theory based on the fact that the masses of reactants in specific chemical reactions always have a particular mass ratio. Illustration of the Helium Atom View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/early-models-of-the-atom-763- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom The Thomson Model • J. J. Thomson, who discovered the electron in 1897, proposed the plum pudding model of the atom in 1904 before the discovery of the atomic nucleus in order to include the electron in the atomic model. • In Thomson's model, the atom is composed of electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons' negative charges, like negatively charged "plums" surrounded by positively charged "pudding". • The 1904 Thomson model was disproved by Hans Geiger's and Ernest Marsden's 1909 gold foil experiment. Plum Pudding Model of the Atom View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/the-thomson-model-764- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom The Rutherford Model • Rutherford overturned Thomson's model in 1911 with his well-known gold foil experiment, in which he demonstrated that the atom has a tiny, high-mass nucleus. • In his experiment, Rutherford observed that many alpha particles were deflected at small angles while others were reflected back to the alpha source. • This highly concentrated, positively charged region is named the "nucleus" of the atom. Atomic Planetary Model View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/the-rutherford-model-765- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom The Bohr Model of the Atom • According to Bohr: 1) Electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus, 2) The electrons can only orbit stably, without radiating, in certain orbits, and 3) Electrons can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to another. • The significance of the Bohr model is that the laws of classical mechanics apply to the motion of the electron about the nucleus only when restricted by a quantum rule. Therefore, his atomic model is called a semiclassical model. • The laws of classical mechanics predict that the electron should release electromagnetic radiation while orbiting a nucleus, suggesting that all atoms should be unstable! Niels Bohr View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/the-bohr-model-of-the-atom-766- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom Basic Assumptions of the Bohr Model • Classical electrodynamics predicts that an atom described by a (classical) planetary model would be unstable. • To explain the hydrogen spectrum, Bohr had to make a few assumptions that electrons could only have certain classical motions. • After the seminal work by Planck, Einstein, and Bohr, physicists began to realize that it was essential to introduce the notion of "quantization" to explain microscopic worlds. Rutherford-Bohr model View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/basic-assumptions-of-the-bohr-model-767- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom Bohr Orbits • The "Bohr orbits" have a very important feature of quantization: that the angular momentum L of an electron in its orbit is quantized, that is, it has only specific, discrete values. This lead to the equation [Equation 2]. Equation 2 View on Boundless.com Energy-Level Diagram Plot View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/bohr-orbits-768- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom Bohr Orbits • At the time of proposal, Bohr himself did not know why angular momentum should be quantized, but using this assumption he was able to calculate the energies in the hydrogen spectrum. • A theory of the atom or any other system must predict its energies based on the physics of the system, which the Bohr model was able to do. Energy-Level Diagram Plot View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/bohr-orbits-768- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom Energy of a Bohr Orbit • According to Bohr, allowed orbit radius at any n is [Equation 3]. The smallest possible value of r in the hydrogen atom is called the Bohr radius and is equal to 0.053 nm. Equation 3 View on Boundless.com Fig 1 View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/energy-of-a-bohr-orbit-769- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom Energy of a Bohr Orbit • The energy of the n-th level for any atom is [Equation 4] . Equation 4 View on Boundless.com Fig 1 View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/energy-of-a-bohr-orbit-769- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom Energy of a Bohr Orbit • The energy of a photon emitted by a hydrogen atom is given by the difference of two hydrogen energy levels: [Equation 5], which is known as Rydberg formula. Equation 5 View on Boundless.com Fig 1 View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/energy-of-a-bohr-orbit-769- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom Hydrogen Spectra • Atomic and molecular emission and absorption spectra have been known for over a century to be discrete (or quantized). • Lyman, Balmer, and Paschen series are named after early researchers who studied them in particular depth. • Bohr was the first one to provide a theoretical explanation of the hydrogen spectra. Electron transitions and their resulting wavelengths for hydrogen. View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/hydrogen-spectra-770- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom de Broglie and the Bohr Model • Bohr's condition, that the angular momentum is an integer multiple of ħ, was later reinterpreted in 1924 by de Broglie as a standing wave condition. • For what Bohr was forced to hypothesize as the rule for allowed orbits, de Broglie's matter wave concept explains it as the condition for constructive interference of an electron in a circular orbit. • Bohr's model was only applicable to hydrogen-like atoms. In 1925, more general forms of description (now called quantum mechanics) emerged, thanks to Heisenberg and Schrodinger. Waves on a String View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/de-broglie-and-the-bohr-model-771- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom X-Rays and the Compton Effect • Compton derived the mathematical relationship between the shift in wavelength and the scattering angle of the X-rays. • Compton effects (with electrons) usually occur with x-ray photons. • If the photon is of lower energy, in the visible light through soft X-rays range, photoelectric effects are observed. Higher energy photons, in the gamma ray range, may lead to pair production. A Photon Colliding with a Target at Rest View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/x-rays-and-the-compton-effect-772- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom X-Ray Spectra: Origins, Diffraction by Crystals, and Importance • X rays are relatively high-frequency EM radiation. They are produced by transitions between inner-shell electron levels, which produce x rays characteristic of the atomic element, or by accelerating electrons. • x-ray diffraction is a technique that provides the detailed information about crystallographic structure of natural and manufactured materials. • Current research in material science and physics involves complex materials whose lattice arrangements are crucial to obtaining a superconducting material, which can be studied using x-ray crystallography. X-Ray Spectrum View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/x-ray-spectra-origins-diffraction-by-crystals-and-importance-773- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > The Early Atom The Compton Effect • Compton scattering is an example of inelastic scattering because the wavelength of the scattered light is different from the incident radiation. • Like the photoelectric effects, the Compton effect is important because it demonstrates that light cannot be explained purely as a wave phenomenon. Light must behave as if it consists of particles to explain the Compton scattering. • Compton's experiment convinced physicists that light can behave as a stream of particle-like objects (quanta) whose energy is proportional to the frequency. Scattering in the Compton Effect View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/the-early-atom-224/the-compton-effect-774- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics • Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization • Photon Interactions and Pair Production Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization • Strings in musical instruments (guitar, for example) can only produce a very specific set of pitches because only waves of a certain wavelength can "fit" on the string of a given length with fixed ends. • Similarly, once an electron is bound by a Coulomb potential of a nucleus, it no longer can have any arbitrary wavelength because the wave should satisfy a certain boundary condition. • Bohr's quantization assumption can be derived from the condition for constructive intereference of an electron matter wave in a circular orbit. Fig 2 View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/atomic-physics-and-quantum-mechanics-225/wave-nature-of-matter-causes- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atomic Physics and Quantum Mechanics Photon Interactions and Pair Production • The probability of pair production in photon-matter interactions increases with increasing photon energy, and also increases with atomic number of the nucleus approximately as Z. • Energy and momentum should be conserved through the pair production process. Some other conserved quantum numbers such as angular momentum, electric charge, etc., must sum to zero as well. • Nucleus is needed in the pair production of electron and positron to satisfy the energy and momentum conservation laws. Pair Production View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/atomic-physics-and-quantum-mechanics-225/photon-interactions-and-pair- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Applications of Atomic Physics Applications of Atomic Physics • Electron Microscopes • Lasers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Applications of Atomic Physics Electron Microscopes • Electron microscopes are very useful as they are able to magnify objects to a much higher resolution than optical ones. • Higher resolution can be achieved with electron microscopes because the de Broglie wavelengths for electrons are so much smaller than that of visible light. • In electron microscopes, electromagnets can be used as magnetic lenses to manipulate electron beams. Electron Microscope Image View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/applications-of-atomic-physics-226/electron-microscopes-777- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Applications of Atomic Physics Lasers • The gain medium is where the optical amplification process occurs. Gas and semiconductors are commonly used gain media. • The most common type of laser uses feedback from an optical cavity--a pair of highly reflective mirrors on either end of the gain medium. A single photon can bounce back and forth between the mirrors many times, passing through the gain medium and being amplified each time. • Lasers are ubiquitous, finding utility in thousands of highly varied applications in every section of modern society. Wavelengths of Commercially Available Lasers View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/applications-of-atomic-physics-226/lasers-778- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Multielectron Atoms Multielectron Atoms • Multielectron Atoms • The Periodic Table • Electron Configurations Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Multielectron Atoms Multielectron Atoms • Hydrogen is the only atom in the periodic table that has one electron in the orbitals under ground state. • In multielectron atoms, the net force on electrons in the outer shells is reduced due to shielding. Electron Shielding Effect View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/multielectron-atoms-227/multielectron-atoms-779- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Multielectron Atoms • The effective nuclear charge on each electron can be approximated as: [Equation 6], where Z is the number of protons in the nucleus and [Equation 7] is the average number of electrons between the nucleus and the electron in question. Equation 6 View on Boundless.com Equation 7 View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/multielectron-atoms-227/multielectron-atoms-779- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Multielectron Atoms The Periodic Table • A periodic table provides a useful framework for analyzing the chemical behavior of elements. • A periodic table includes only chemical elements with each chemical element assigned a unique atomic number representing the number of protons in its nucleus. • Dmitri Mendeleev is credited with the publication of the first widely recognized periodic table in 1869. Periodic Table of Elements View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/multielectron-atoms-227/the-periodic-table-780- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Multielectron Atoms Electron Configurations • Electrons fill atomic orbitals according to the Aufbau principle in atoms. • For systems with only one electron, an energy is associated with each electron configuration and electrons are able to move from one configuration to another by emission or absorption of a quantum of energy, in the form of a photon. • For atoms or molecules with more than one electron, an infinite number of electronic configurations are needed to exactly describe any multi-electron system, and no energy can be associated with one single configuration. Electron Configuration of Neon Atom View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/multielectron-atoms-227/electron-configurations-781- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Build... Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks • The Periodic Table • Electron Shells and the Bohr Model • Electron Orbitals • Chemical Reactions and Molecules • Ions and Ionic Bonds • Covalent Bonds and Other Bonds and Interactions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Build... The Periodic Table • All matter is made from atoms of one or more elements. Living creatures consist mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON). • Combining elements creates compounds that may have emergent properties. • The periodic table is a listing of the elements according to increasing atomic number that is further organized into columns based on similar physical and chemical properties and electron configuration. • As one moves down a column or across a row, there are some general trends for the properties of the elements. • The periodic table continues to expand today as heavier and heavier elements are created in laboratories around the world. Elements of the human body arranged by percent of total mass View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks-228/the-periodic-table-782- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Build... Electron Shells and the Bohr Model • In the Bohr model of the atom, the nucleus contains the majority of the mass of the atom in its protons and neutrons. • Orbiting the positively-charged core are the negatively charged electrons, which contribute little in terms of mass, but are electrically equivalent to the protons in the nucleus. • In most cases, electrons fill the lower-energy orbitals first, followed by the next higher energy orbital until it is full, and so on until all electrons have been placed. • Atoms tend to be most stable with a full outer shell (one which, after the first, contains 8 electrons), leading to what is commonly called the "octet rule". • The properties of an element are determined by its outermost electrons, or those Orbitals in the Bohr model View on Boundless.com in the highest energy orbital. • Atoms that do not have full outer shells will tend to gain or lose electrons, resulting in a full outer shell and, therefore, stability. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks-228/electron-shells-and-the- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Build... Electron Orbitals • The Bohr model of the atom does not accurately reflect how electrons are spatially distributed around the nucleus as they do not circle the nucleus like the earth orbits the sun. • The electron orbitals are the result of mathematical equations from quantum mechanics known as wave functions and can predict within a certain level of probability where an electron might be at any given time. • The number and type of orbitals increases with increasing atomic number, filling in various electron shells. • The area where an electron is most likely to be found is called its orbital. Diagram of the S and P orbitals View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks-228/electron-orbitals-784- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Build... Chemical Reactions and Molecules • Atoms form chemical bonds with other atoms thereby obtaining the electrons they need to attain a stable electron configuration. • The substances used in the beginning of a chemical reaction are called the reactants and the substances found at the end of the reaction are known as the products. • Some reactions are reversible and will reach a relative balance between reactants and products: a state called equilibrium. • An arrow is typically drawn between the reactants and products to indicate the direction of the chemical reaction. Atoms bond to form molecules View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks-228/chemical-reactions- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Build... Ions and Ionic Bonds • Ions form from elements when they gain or lose an electron causing the number of protons to be unequal to the number of electrons, resulting in a net charge. • If there are more electrons than protons (from an element gaining one or more electrons), the ion is negatively charged and called an anion. • If there are more protons than electrons (via loss of electrons), the ion is positively charged and is called a cation. • Ionic bonds result from the interaction between a positively charged cation and a negatively charged anion. Electron Transfer Between Na and Cl View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks-228/ions-and-ionic-bonds- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Build... Covalent Bonds and Other Bonds and Interactions • A polar covalent bond arises when two atoms of different electronegativity share two electrons unequally. • A non-polar covalent bond is one in which the electrons are shared equally between two atoms. • Hydrogen bonds and Van Der Waals are responsible for the folding of proteins, the binding of ligands to proteins, and many other processes between molecules. Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/atoms-isotopes-ions-and-molecules-the-building-blocks-228/covalent-bonds-and- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Water Water • Water’s Polarity • Water’s States: Gas, Liquid, and Solid • Water’s High Heat Capacity • Water’s Heat of Vaporization • Water’s Solvent Properties • Water’s Cohesive and Adhesive Properties • pH, Buffers, Acids, and Bases Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Water Water’s Polarity • The difference in electronegativities between oxygen and hydrogen atoms creates partial negative and positive charges, respectively, on the atoms. • Water molecules attract or are attracted to other polar molecules. • Molecules that do not dissolve in water are known as hydrophobic (water fearing) molecules. Nonpolar Molecules View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/water-229/water-s-polarity-788- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Water Water’s States: Gas, Liquid, and Solid • As water is boiled, kinetic energy causes the hydrogen bonds to break completely and allows water molecules to escape into the air as gas (steam or water vapor). • When water freezes, water molecules form a crystalline structure maintained by hydrogen bonding. • Solid water, or ice, is less dense than liquid water. • Ice is less dense than water because the orientation of hydrogen bonds causes molecules to push farther apart, which lowers the density. • For other liquids, solidification when the temperature drops includes the lowering of kinetic energy, which allows molecules to pack more tightly and makes the solid denser than its liquid form. Ice Density View on Boundless.com • Because ice is less dense than water, it is able to float at the surface of water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/water-229/water-s-states-gas-liquid-and-solid-789- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Water Water’s High Heat Capacity • Water has the highest heat capacity of all liquids. • Oceans cool slower than the land due to the high heat capacity of water. • To change the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius, it takes 1.00 calorie. View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/water-229/water-s-high-heat-capacity-790- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Water Water’s Heat of Vaporization • The dissociation of liquid water molecules, which changes the substance to a gas, requires a lot of energy. • The boiling point of water is the temperature in which there is enough energy to break the hydrogen bonds between water molecules. • Water is converted from its liquid form to its gaseous form (steam) when the heat of vaporization is reached. • Evaporation of sweat (mostly water) removes heat from the surface of skin, cooling the body. Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/water-229/water-s-heat-of-vaporization-791- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Water Water’s Solvent Properties • Water dissociates salts by separating the cations and anions and forming new interactions between the water and ions. • Water dissolves many biomolecules, because they are polar and therefore hydrophilic. Dissociation of NaCl in water View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/water-229/water-s-solvent-properties-792- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Water Water’s Cohesive and Adhesive Properties • Cohesion holds hydrogen bonds together to create surface tension on water. • Since water is attracted to other molecules, adhesive forces pull the water toward other molecules. • Water is transported in plants through both cohesive and adhesive forces; these forces pull water and the dissolved minerals from the roots to the leaves and other parts of the plant. Surface Tension View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/water-229/water-s-cohesive-and-adhesive-properties-793- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Water pH, Buffers, Acids, and Bases • A basic solution will have a pH above 7.0, while an acidic solution will have a pH below 7.0. • Buffers are solutions that contain a weak acid and its a conjugate base; as such, they can absorb excess H+ ions or OH- ions, thereby maintaining an overall steady pH in the solution. • pH is equal to the negative logarithm of the concentration of H+ ions in solution: pH = - log[H+]. The pH scale View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/water-229/ph-buffers-acids-and-bases-794- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Carbon Carbon • The Chemical Basis for Life • Hydrocarbons • Organic Isomers • Organic Enantiomers • Functional Groups Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics?campaign_content=book_5818_chapter_30&campaign_term=Physics&utm_campaign=powerpoint&utm_medium=di rect&utm_source=boundless Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Carbon The Chemical Basis for Life • All living things contain carbon in some form. • Carbon is the primary component of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. • Carbon's molecular structure allows it to bond in many different ways and with many different elements. • The carbon cycle shows how carbon moves through the living and non-living parts of the environment. Carbon is present in all life View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/carbon-230/the-chemical-basis-for-life-795- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Carbon Hydrocarbons • Hydrocarbons are molecules that contain only carbon and hydrogen. • Due to carbon's unique bonding patterns, hydrocarbons can have single, double, or triple bonds between the carbon atoms. • The names of hydrocarbons with single bonds end in "-ane," those with double bonds end in "-ene," and those with triple bonds end in "-yne". • The bonding of hydrocarbons allows them to form rings or chains. Methane View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/carbon-230/hydrocarbons-796- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Carbon Organic Isomers • Isomers are molecules with the same chemical formula but have different structures. • Isomers differ in how their bonds are positioned to surrounding atoms. • When the carbons are bound on the same side of the double bond, this is the cis configuration; if they are on opposite sides of the double bond, it is a trans configuration. • Triglycerides, which show both cis and trans configurations, can occur as either saturated or unsaturated, depending upon how many hydrogen atoms they have attached to them. Isomers View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/carbon-230/organic-isomers-797- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Carbon Organic Enantiomers • Enantiomers are stereoisomers, a type of isomer where the order of the atoms in the two molecules is the same but their arrangement in space is different. • Many molecules in the bodies of living beings are enantiomers; there is sometimes a large difference in the effects of two enantiomers on organisms. • Enantiopure compounds refer to samples having, within the limits of detection, molecules of only one chirality. • Compounds that are enantiomers of each other have the same physical properties except for the direction in which they rotate polarized light and how they interact with different optical isomers of other compounds. Enantiomers View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/carbon-230/organic-enantiomers-798- Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... > Carbon Functional Groups • Functional groups are collections of atoms that attach the carbon skeleton of an organic molecule and confer specific properties. • Each type of organic molecule has its own specific type of functional group. • Functional groups in biological molecules play an important role in the formation of molecules like DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. • Functional groups include: hydroxyl, methyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, phosphate, and sulfhydryl. Examples of functional groups View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/physics/textbooks/alternative-to-physics-9th-john-d-cutnell-kenneth-w-johnson-1118129172-9781118129173/atomsmolecules-and-ions-atomic-physics-and-general-chemistry-30/carbon-230/functional-groups-799- Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Key terms • acidic having a pH less than 7 • adhesion The ability of a substance to stick to an unlike substance. • aliphatic Of a class of organic compounds in which the carbon atoms are arranged in an open chain. • alkaline having a pH greater than 7; basic • alpha particle A positively charged nucleus of a helium-4 atom (consisting of two protons and two neutrons), emitted as a consequence of radioactivity; α-particle. • alpha particle A positively charged nucleus of a helium-4 atom (consisting of two protons and two neutrons), emitted as a consequence of radioactivity; α-particle. • angular momentum A vector quantity describing an object in circular motion; its magnitude is equal to the momentum of the particle, and the direction is perpendicular to the plane of its circular motion. • anhydride Any compound formally derived from another (or from others) by the loss of a water molecule; a molecule with no water. • anion Ions that are negatively charged because they have more electrons than protons. • aromatic Having a closed ring of alternate single and double bonds with delocalized electrons. • aromatic Having a closed ring of alternate single and double bonds with delocalized electrons. • atom The smallest possible amount of matter that still retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • atom The smallest possible amount of matter that still retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. • atom The smallest possible amount of matter which still retains its identity as a chemical element, consisting of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. • atom The smallest possible amount of matter that still retains its identity as a chemical element, now known to consist of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. • atomic mass The average mass of an atom, taking into account all its naturally occurring isotopes. • atomic mass unit The standard unit that is used for indicating mass of an atom. • atomic number The number, equal to the number of protons in an atom that determines its chemical properties. Symbol: Z • atomic number The number, equal to the number of protons in an atom, that determines its chemical properties. Symbol: Z • atomic number The number of protons in an atom. • atomic orbital The quantum mechanical behavior of an electron in an atom describing the probability of the electron's particular position and energy. • Avogadro's number the number of constituent particles (usually atoms or molecules) in one mole of a given substance. It has dimensions of reciprocal mol and its value is equal to 6.02214129·1023 mol-1 • black body An idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. Although black body is a theoretical concept, you can find approximate realizations of black body in nature. • black body An idealized physical body that absorbs all incident electromagnetic radiation, regardless of frequency or angle of incidence. Although black body is a theoretical concept, you can find approximate realizations of black body in nature. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • bond A link or force between neighboring atoms in a molecule or compound. • buffer a solution composed of a weak acid and its conjugate base that can be used to stabilize the pH of a solution • carbohydrate A sugar, starch, or cellulose that is a food source of energy for an animal or plant; a saccharide • carbon cycle the physical cycle of carbon through the earth's biosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and atmosphere; includes such processes as photosynthesis, decomposition, respiration and carbonification • cathode An electrode through which electric current flows out of a polarized electrical device. • cathode rays Streams of electrons observed in vacuum tubes • cation Ions that are positively charged because they have more protons than electrons. • CCD A charge-coupled device (CCD) is a device for the movement of electrical charge, usually from within the device to an area where the charge can be manipulated, for example conversion into a digital value. The CCD is a major technology required for digital imaging. • centripetal Directed or moving towards a center. • chirality The phenomenon in chemistry, physics, and mathematics in which objects are mirror images of each other, but are not identical. • cohesion Various intermolecular forces that hold solids and liquids together. • common name The name by which a species is known to the general public, rather than its taxonomic or scientific name. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • covalent bond A type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons. • covalent bond An interaction between two atoms, which involves the sharing of one or more electrons to help each atom satisfy the octet rule. This interaction typically forms between two non-metals. • covalent bond A type of chemical bond where two atoms are connected to each other by the sharing of two or more electrons. • crookes tube An early experimental electrical discharge tube, invented by English physicist William Crookes and others around 1869-1875, in which cathode rays, streams of electrons, were discovered • crystallography The experimental science of determining the arrangement of atoms in solids. • de Broglie wavelength The wavelength of a matter wave is inversely proportional to the momentum of a particle and is called a de Broglie wavelength. • density A measure of the amount of matter contained by a given volume. • diffraction The bending of a wave around the edges of an opening or an obstacle. • dipole Any object (such as a magnet, polar molecule or antenna), that is oppositely charged at two points (or poles). • dissociation The process by which a compound or complex body breaks up into simpler constituents such as atoms or ions, usually reversibly. • Doppler shift is the change in frequency of a wave for an observer moving relative to its source. • double-helix structure The structure formed by double-stranded molecules of nucleic acids such as DNA and RNA. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • electromagnetic force a long-range fundamental force that acts between charged bodies, mediated by the exchange of photons • electron The subatomic particle having a negative charge and orbiting the nucleus; the flow of electrons in a conductor constitutes electricity. • electron shell The collective states of all electrons in an atom having the same principal quantum number (visualized as an orbit in which the electrons move). • electron shell The collective states of all electrons in an atom having the same principal quantum number (visualized as an orbit in which the electrons move). • electron shell The collective states of all electrons in an atom having the same principal quantum number (visualized as an orbit in which the electrons move). • electron shell The collective states of all electrons in an atom having the same principal quantum number (visualized as an orbit in which the electrons move). • electronegative Tending to attract electrons within a chemical bond. • electronegativity The tendency of an atom or molecule to attract electrons and thus form bonds. • electropositive Tending to not attract electrons (repel) within a chemical bond. • element Any one of the simplest chemical substances that cannot be decomposed in a chemical reaction or by any chemical means, and are made up of atoms all having the same number of protons. • element Any one of the simplest chemical substances that cannot be decomposed in a chemical reaction or by any chemical means and made up of atoms all having the same number of protons. • element Pure chemical substances consisting of only one type of atom with a defined set of chemical and physical properties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • emergent properties Properties found in compound structures that are different from those of the individual components and would not be predicted based on the properties of the individual components. • empirical formula A notation indicating the ratios of the various elements present in a compound, without regard to the actual numbers. • empirical formula A formula that indicates the simplest whole number ratio of all the atoms in a molecule. • enantiomer One of a pair of stereoisomers that is the mirror image of the other, but may not be superimposed on this other stereoisomer. • fatty acid Any of a class of aliphatic carboxylic acids, of general formula CnH2n+1COOH, that occur combined with glycerol as animal or vegetable oils and fats. • gamma ray A very high frequency (and therefore very high energy) electromagnetic radiation emitted as a consequence of radioactivity. • gamma ray A very high frequency (and therefore very high energy) electromagnetic radiation emitted as a consequence of radioactivity. • group A vertical column in the periodic table, which signifies the number of valence shell electrons in an element's atom. • half-life The time it takes for half of the original concentration of an isotope to decay back to its more stable form. • heat capacity The capability of a substance to absorb heat energy • heat of vaporization The energy required to transform a given quantity of a substance from a liquid into a gas at a given pressure (often atmospheric pressure). • hydrate A solid compound containing or linked to water molecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • hydration shell The term given to a solvation shell (a structure composed of a chemical that acts as a solvent and surrounds a solute species) with a water solvent; also referred to as a hydration sphere. • hydrogen bond A weak bond in which a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to an electronegative atom (usually nitrogen or oxygen) in the same or different molecule. • hydrogen-like having a single electron • hydrophilic having an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by water • hydrophilic having an affinity for water; able to absorb, or be wetted by water • hydrophobic lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water • hydrophobic lacking an affinity for water; unable to absorb, or be wetted by water • inelastic scattering a fundamental scattering process in which the kinetic energy of an incident particle is not conserved • intermolecular forces Refers to interactions between two or more molecules. • intramolecular Refers to interactions within a molecule. • ion An atom or group of atoms bearing an electrical charge, such as the sodium and chlorine atoms in a salt solution. • ion An atom, or group of atoms, bearing an electrical charge, such as the sodium and chlorine atoms in a salt solution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • ionic bond A strong chemical bond caused by the electrostatic attraction between two oppositely charged ions. • ionic bond An attraction between two ions used to create an ionic compound. This attraction usually forms between a metal and a non-metal. • isomer Molecules with the same number of atoms in different geometric arrangements. • isomer Any of two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but with different structure. • isotope Any of two or more forms of an element where the atoms have the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons within their nuclei. • law of conservation of mass A law that states that mass cannot be created or destroyed; it is merely rearranged. • law of definite composition A law that states that chemical compounds are formed of constant and defined ratios of elements as determined by mass. • law of multiple proportions A law stating that if two elements form a compound, then the ratio of the mass of the second element and the mass of the first element will be small whole number ratios. • law of multiple proportions The law stating that reactants will always combine in set whole number ratios. • macromolecule a very large molecule, especially used in reference to large biological polymers (e.g., nucleic acids and proteins) • mass number The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons in an atom. • matter wave A concept reflects the wave-particle duality of matter. The theory was proposed by Louis de Broglie. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • matter wave A concept reflects the wave-particle duality of matter. The theory was proposed by Louis de Broglie. • Maxwell's equations A set of equations describing how electric and magnetic fields are generated and altered by each other and by charges and currents. • molecular formula A formula that describes the exact number and type of atoms in a single molecule of a compound. • molecule The smallest particle of a specific compound that retains the chemical properties of that compound; two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds. • molecule Two or more atoms that are held together by a chemical bond. • monatomic ion An ion made of only one atom, for example Cl-. • neutron A subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom. It has no charge. It is equal in mass to a proton or it weighs 1 amu. • nomenclature A set of rules used for forming the names or terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. • nucleus the massive, positively charged central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons • nucleus the massive, positively charged central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons • octet rule An atom is most stable when there are eight electrons in its valence shell. • octet rule A rule stating that atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to have a full valence shell of 8 electrons. (Hydrogen is excluded because it can hold a maximum of 2 electrons in its valence shell. ) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • octet rule A rule stating that atoms lose, gain, or share electrons in order to have a full valence shell of 8 electrons (has some exceptions). • oil drop experiment Experiment performed by Robert Millikan and Harvey Fletcher in 1909 to measure the charge of the electron. • orbital A specification of the energy and probability density of an electron at any point in an atom or molecule. • period A horizontal row in the periodic table, which signifies the total number of electron shells in an element's atom. • periodic table A tabular chart of the chemical elements according to their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties are in the same column. • periodic table A tabular chart of the chemical elements according to their atomic numbers so that elements with similar properties are in the same column. • photoelectric effect The occurrence of electrons being emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids, or gases) as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation. • photoelectric effects In photoelectric effects, electrons are emitted from matter (metals and non-metallic solids, liquids or gases) as a consequence of their absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation. • photon The quantum of light and other electromagnetic energy, regarded as a discrete particle having zero rest mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime. • photon The quantum of light and other electromagnetic energy, regarded as a discrete particle having zero rest mass, no electric charge, and an indefinitely long lifetime. • Planck constant a physical constant that is the quantum of action in quantum mechanics. It has a unit of angular momentum. The Planck constant was first described as the proportionality constant between the energy of a photon (unit of electromagnetic radiation) and the frequency of its associated electromagnetic wave in his derivation of the Planck's law • polarity The intermolecular forces between the slightly positively-charged end of one molecule to the negative end of another or the same molecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • polyatomic ion A charged species (ion) composed of two or more atoms covalently bonded. Also known as a molecular ion. • polyatomic ion A set of covalently bonded atoms that have an overall charge, making them an ion. • positron The antimatter equivalent of an electron, having the same mass but a positive charge. • product A chemical substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction. • proton Positively charged subatomic particle forming part of the nucleus of an atom and determining the atomic number of an element. It weighs 1 amu. • quantization The process of explaining a classical understanding of physical phenomena in terms of a newer understanding known as quantum mechanics. • quantization The process of explaining a classical understanding of physical phenomena in terms of a newer understanding known as quantum mechanics. • radioactive isotopes an atom with an unstable nucleus, characterized by excess energy available that undergoes radioactive decay and creates most commonly gamma rays, alpha or beta particles. • radiocarbon dating Determining the age of an object by comparing the ratio of the 14C concentration found in it to the amount of 14C in the atmosphere. • reactant Any of the participants present at the start of a chemical reaction. Also, a molecule before it undergoes a chemical change. • reactant Any of the participants present at the start of a chemical reaction. • reaction A transformation in which one or more substances is converted into another by combination or decomposition Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • saturated hydrocarbon Compounds that consist entirely of single bonds, so that each carbon atom is connected to four other atoms • scintillation A flash of light produced in a transparent material by the passage of a particle. • semiclassical a theory in which one part of a system is described quantum-mechanically whereas the other is treated classically. • single bond A type of covalent bond where only two electrons are shared between atoms. • specific heat the amount of heat, in calories, needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius • spectral radiance measures of the quantity of radiation that passes through or is emitted from a surface and falls within a given solid angle in a specified direction. • spectrum A condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary infinitely within a continuum. The word saw its first scientific use within the field of optics to describe the rainbow of colors in visible light when separated using a prism. • standing wave A wave form which occurs in a limited, fixed medium in such a way that the reflected wave coincides with the produced wave. A common example is the vibration of the strings on a musical stringed instrument. • stereoisomer one of a set of the isomers of a compound in which atoms are arranged differently about a chiral center; they exhibit optical activity • stimulated emission The process by which an atomic electron (or an excited molecular state) interacting with an electromagnetic wave of a certain frequency may drop to a lower energy level, transferring its energy to that field. • Stock system A system of naming that includes using Roman numerals to indicate the charge on transition metals. • structural formula A formula that indicates not only the number of atoms, but also their arrangement in space. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Thomson scattering an elastic scattering of electromagnetic radiation by a free charged particle, as described by classical electromagnetism. It is just the low-energy limit of Compton scattering • unsaturated hydrocarbons A molecule where some of the carbons are connected to fewer than four neighboring atoms. Usually the molecule contains double or triple bonds. • valence electrons The electrons of an atom that can participate in the formation of chemical bonds with other atoms. They are the furthest electrons from the nucleus. • valence shell the outermost shell of electrons in an atom; these electrons take part in bonding with other atoms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Black body radiation spectrum Typical spectrum from a black body at different temperatures (shown in blue, green and red curves). As the temperature decreases, the peak of the black-body radiation curve moves to lower intensities and longer wavelengths. Black line is a prediction of a classical theory for an object at 5,000K, showing catastropic discrepancy at shorter wavelengh. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Black body." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_body View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Conservation of Atoms - YouTube This video explains how atoms are conserved in a chemical reaction. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Application of carbon dating The age of carbon-containing remains less than 50,000 years old, such as this pygmy mammoth, can be determined using carbon dating. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_03.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Joseph Proust Portrait of Joseph Proust Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Joseph Proust." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Proust View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Rutherford-Bohr model The Rutherford–Bohr model of the hydrogen atom (Z = 1) or a hydrogen-like ion (Z > 1), where the negatively charged electron confined to an atomic shell encircles a small, positively charged atomic nucleus, and where an electron jump between orbits is accompanied by an emitted or absorbed amount of electromagnetic energy (hν). The orbits in which the electron may travel are shown as gray circles; their radius increases as n2, where n is the principal quantum number. The 3 → 2 transition depicted here produces the first line of the Balmer series, and for hydrogen (Z = 1) it results in a photon of wavelength 656 nm (red light). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Bohr model." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Scattering in the Compton Effect The Compton Effect is the name given to the scattering of a photon by an electron. Energy and momentum are conserved, resulting in a reduction of both for the scattered photon. Studying this effect, Compton verified that photons have momentum. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Photon Momentum." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42568/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The periodic table The periodic table shows the atomic mass and atomic number of each element. The atomic number appears above the symbol for the element and the approximate atomic mass appears below it. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_04.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Elements of the human body arranged by percent of total mass There are 25 elements believed to play an active role in human health. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen make up approximately 96% of the mass in a human body. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions Web Site. "201 Elements of the Human Body-01." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Intro to the History of Atomic Theory - The Thomson Model Rutherford, Thomson, electrons, nuclei, and plums. I don't mean to be a bohr, but do you think pudding should have a role in serious scientific inquiry? Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Mendeleev's 1869 Periodic Table Mendeleev's 1869 periodic table presents the periods vertically and the groups horizontally. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Mendeleev%2527s_1869_periodic_table.png/487pxMendeleev%2527s_1869_periodic_table.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Plum Pudding Model of the Atom A schematic presentation of the plum pudding model of the atom; in Thomson's mathematical model the "corpuscles" (in modern language, electrons) were arranged non-randomly, in rotating rings Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Plum pudding model." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_pudding_model View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Aufbau Principle In the Aufbau Principle, as electrons are added to atoms, they are added to the lowest orbitals first. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Aufbau principle." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aufbau_principle View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron Transfer Between Na and Cl In the formation of an ionic compound, metals lose electrons and nonmetals gain electrons to achieve an octet. In this example, sodium loses one electron to empty its shell and chlorine accepts that electron to fill its shell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_10.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... X-Ray Diffraction Bragg's Law of diffraction: illustration of how x-rays interact with crystal lattice. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Bragg_diffraction_2.svg/640px-Bragg_diffraction_2.svg.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Hydrogen bonds in DNA Hydrogen bonds connect two strands of DNA together to create the double-helix structure. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print%250A%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/Figure_02_03_08.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Cohesion & Adhesion Water's cohesive and adhesive properties allow this water strider (Gerris sp.) to stay afloat. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/Figure_02_02_06.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Nonpolar Molecules Oil and water do not mix. As this macro image of oil and water shows, oil does not dissolve in water but forms droplets instead. This is due to it being a nonpolar compound. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/Figure_02_02_01.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Charge of an Electron: Millikan How did scientists discover how much negative charge an electron had? Robert Millikan and Harvey Fletcher used the oil drop experiment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Simplified scheme of Millikan's oil-drop experiment This apparatus has a parallel pair of horizontal metal plates. A uniform electric field is created between them. The ring has three holes for illumination and one for viewing through a microscope. A specific type of oil is sprayed into the chamber, where drops become electrically charged. The droplets enter the space between the plates and can be controlled by changing the voltage across the plates. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Simplified scheme of Millikan's oil-drop experiment." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Simplified_scheme_of_Millikan%25E2%2580%2599s_oil-drop_experiment.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Methane Methane has a tetrahedral geometry, with each of the four hydrogen atoms spaced 109.5° apart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/Figure_02_03_01f.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Examples of functional groups The functional groups shown here are found in many different biological molecules, where "R" is the organic molecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Basic%2520CMYK%250A%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520%2520." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/Figure_02_03_07.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Hydrogen ions The relationship between a molecule, its cation, and its anion is shown. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Ions." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ions.svg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Adenosine Triphosphate, ATP Adenosine Triphosphate, or ATP, is the most commonly used cofactor in nature. Its biosynthesis involves the fixation of nitrogen to provide feedstocks that eventually produce the carbon-nitrogen bonds it contains. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "ATP structure." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ATP_structure.svg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Dissociation of NaCl in water When table salt (NaCl) is mixed in water, spheres of hydration form around the ions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/Figure_02_02_03.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Atoms bond to form molecules Two or more atoms may bond with each other to form a molecule. When two hydrogens and an oxygen share electrons via covalent bonds, a water molecule is formed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_08.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling (a) Because of the distribution of speeds and kinetic energies, some water molecules can break away to the vapor phase even at temperatures below the ordinary boiling point. (b) If the container is sealed, evaporation will continue until there is enough vapor density for the condensation rate to equal the evaporation rate. This vapor density and the partial pressure it creates are the saturation values. They increase with temperature and are independent of the presence of other gases, such as air. They depend only on the vapor pressure of water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42219/1.5/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bohr diagrams Bohr diagrams indicate how many electrons fill each principal shell. Group 18 elements (helium, neon, and argon are shown) have a full outer, or valence, shell. A full valence shell is the most stable electron configuration. Elements in other groups have partially-filled valence shells and gain or lose electrons to achieve a stable electron configuration. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_06.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Orbitals in the Bohr model The Bohr model was developed by Niels Bohrs in 1913. In this model, electrons exist within principal shells. An electron normally exists in the lowest energy shell available, which is the one closest to the nucleus. Energy from a photon of light can bump it up to a higher energy shell, but this situation is unstable and the electron quickly decays back to the ground state. In the process, a photon of light is released. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_05.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... From the Molecular Formula to the Empirical Formula - YouTube This video shows how to go from the molecular formula of a compound to its corresponding empirical formula. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Buffers in the body This diagram shows the body's buffering of blood pH levels: the blue arrows show the process of raising pH as more CO2 is made; the purple arrows indicate the reverse process, lowering pH as more bicarbonate is created. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/Figure_02_02_08.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron Shielding Effect A multielectron atom with inner electrons shielding outside electrons from the positively charged nucleus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Effective_Nuclear_Charge.svg/350px-Effective_Nuclear_Charge.svg.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Examples of traditional chemical names This table provides examples of names of some popular chemical compounds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/intro/int-5.html View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Nomenclature of common acids This chart provides the nomenclature of some common anions and acids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/intro/int-5.html#SEC3 View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Naming Compounds - Part 1 - YouTube This video explains how to name covalent and ionic compounds. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Butane The structural formula of butane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Chemical%252520formula." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Cation and Anion Formation - Ionic Compounds Part 2 - YouTube This video shows you how monoatomic ions get their charge, and how to quickly find the charge of ions by looking at the periodic table. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Formation of sodium flouride The transfer of electrons between two atoms to create two ions that attract each other because they are oppositely charged. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "NaF." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NaF.gif View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate CoCl2·6H2O has the systematic name cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Cobalt(II)-chloride-hexahydrate-sample." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cobalt(II)-chloride-hexahydrate-sample.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Adhesion Capillary action in a glass tube is caused by the adhesive forces exerted by the internal surface of the glass exceeding the cohesive forces between the water molecules themselves. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/Figure_02_02_05.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Thomson's Model vs. Rutherford's Model Top: Expected results -- alpha particles pass through the plum pudding model of the atom undisturbed. Bottom: Observed results -- a small portion of the particles were deflected, indicating a small, concentrated positive charge. (Note that the image is not to scale; in reality the nucleus is vastly smaller than the electron shell. ) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Geiger-Marsden experiment." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger-Marsden_experiment View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Fig 2 The third and fourth allowed circular orbits have three and four wavelengths, respectively, in their circumferences. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42606/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Naming Compounds - Part 2 - YouTube This video explains how to use a chemical name to write the formula for that compound. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy This image from Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy, published in 1808, depicts various atoms and molecules. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "John Dalton." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... de Broglie's Matter Waves Justify Bohr's Magic Electron Orbital Radii I include a summary of the hydrogen atom's electronic structure and explain how an electron can interfere with itself in an orbit just like it can in a doubleslit experiment. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Waves on a String (a) Waves on a string have a wavelength related to the length of the string, allowing them to interfere constructively. (b) If we imagine the string bent into a closed circle, we get a rough idea of how electrons in circular orbits can interfere constructively. (c) If the wavelength does not fit into the circumference, the electron interferes destructively; it cannot exist in such an orbit. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42606/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Formation of sodium fluoride The transfer of electrons and subsequent attraction of oppositely charged ions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "NaF." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NaF.gif View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Crookes tube A Crookes tube is a rarefied tube evacuated to a pressure below 10−6 atm. It was used in discovery of cathode rays. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Cathode rays." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_rays View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Protons, neutrons, and electrons Both protons and neutrons have a mass of 1 amu and are found in the nucleus. However, protons have a charge of +1, and neutrons are uncharged. Electrons have a mass of approximately 0 amu, orbit the nucleus, and have a charge of -1. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Structure of Methane Methane has a tetrahedral geometry, with each of the four hydrogen atoms spaced 109.5° apart. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/Figure_02_03_01f.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Isomers Molecules that have the same number and type of atoms arranged differently are called isomers. (a) Structural isomers have a different covalent arrangement of atoms. (b) Geometric isomers have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond. (c) Enantiomers are mirror images of each other. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/Figure_02_03_04.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... John Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy Chemical structures from Dalton's A New System of Chemical Philosophy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Atomic theory." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theory View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... X-Ray Spectrum X-ray spectrum obtained when energetic electrons strike a material, such as in the anode of a CRT. The smooth part of the spectrum is bremsstrahlung radiation, while the peaks are characteristic of the anode material. A different anode material would have characteristic x-ray peaks at different frequencies. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42599/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The periodic table The periodic table is a tabular display of all the chemical elements. The atoms are grouped in order of increasing atomic number. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Periodic%20table%20of%20the%20elements." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Periodic_table_of_the_elements.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Chemistry 3.1 Introduction to the Periodic Table - YouTube An introduction to the periodic table which identifies metals, ,nonmetals, and metalloids by location and compares and contrasts the physical properties of metals and nonmetals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Discovery of the Electron: Cathode Ray Tube Experiment - YouTube J.J. Thompson discovered the electron, the first of the subatomic particles, using the cathode ray tube experiment. Thompson's work disproved John Dalton's theory of the atom. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Polar and Nonpolar Covalent Bonds Whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar depends both on bond type and molecular shape. Both water and carbon dioxide have polar covalent bonds, but carbon dioxide is linear, so the partial charges on the molecule cancel each other out. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_11.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Periodic Properties: Part 3, Ionic Radius, Predicting Ionic Charges - YouTube A continuation of the discussion of periodic properties, including ionic radius and how to predict ionic charges. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Atomic Planetary Model Basic diagram of the atomic planetary model; electrons are in green, and the nucleus is in red Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Rutherford model." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The caffeine molecule Caffeine is a complicated molecule, composed of many atoms bonded to each other in a particular arrangement. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Caffeine Molecule." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Caffeine_Molecule.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Diagram of the S and P orbitals The s subshells are shaped like spheres. Both the 1n and 2n principal shells have an s orbital, but the size of the sphere is larger in the 2n orbital. Each sphere is a single orbital. p subshells are made up of three dumbbell-shaped orbitals. Principal shell 2n has a p subshell, but shell 1 does not. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_07.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Surface Tension The weight of the needle is pulling the surface downward; at the same time, the surface tension is pulling it up, suspending it on the surface of the water and keeping it from sinking. Notice the indentation in the water around the needle. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/Figure_02_02_04.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron Beam A beam of electrons deflected in a circle by a magnetic field. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Electron." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron#Discovery View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron transitions and their resulting wavelengths for hydrogen. Energy levels are not to scale. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Hydrogen spectral series." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen_spectral_series View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Intro to the History of Atomic Theory - Intro Rutherford, Thomson, electrons, nuclei, and plums. I don't mean to be a bohr, but do you think pudding should have a role in serious scientific inquiry? Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Illustration of the Helium Atom This is an illustration of the helium atom, depicting the nucleus (pink) and the electron cloud distribution (black). The nucleus (upper right) in helium-4 is in reality spherically symmetric and closely resembles the electron cloud, although for more complicated nuclei this is not always the case. The black bar is one angstrom (10-10 m, or 100 pm). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Atom." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Niels Bohr Niels Bohr, Danish physicist, used the planetary model of the atom to explain the atomic spectrum and size of the hydrogen atom. His many contributions to the development of atomic physics and quantum mechanics; his personal influence on many students and colleagues; and his personal integrity, especially in the face of Nazi oppression, earned him a prominent place in history. (credit: Unknown Author, via Wikimedia Commons) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42596/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Wavelengths of Commercially Available Lasers Laser types with distinct laser lines are shown above the wavelength bar, while below are shown lasers that can emit in a wavelength range. The height of the lines and bars gives an indication of the maximal power/pulse energy commercially available, while the color codifies the type of laser material. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "List of laser types." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laser_types View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Names of some ionic compounds Common, or trivial, names of compounds are sometimes used in informal conversations between chemists, especially older chemists. Systematic names are formal names that are always used in print. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/intro/int-5.html View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Structural isomers The chemical formula for propanol (C3H7OH) describes several different molecules, which vary by the position of the oxygen. Each molecule is a structural isomer of the others. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Structural isomers." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Structural_isomers.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... X-Ray Diffraction X-ray diffraction from the crystal of a protein, hen egg lysozyme, produced this interference pattern. Analysis of the pattern yields information about the structure of the protein. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42599/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Optical and Electron Microscopes Diagram of the basic components of an optical microscope and an electron microscope. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Wave nature of matter: Electron microscopes." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m39574/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Pair Production Feynman diagram for pair production. A photon decays into an electron-positron pair. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Pair production." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_production View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Carbon is present in all life All living things contain carbon in some form, and carbon is the primary component of macromolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. Carbon exists in many forms in this leaf, including in the cellulose to form the leaf's structure and in chlorophyll, the pigment which makes the leaf green. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia Commons. "A leaf with laminar structure and pinnate venation." Public domain http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf#mediaviewer/File:Leaf_1_web.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Enantiomers D-alanine and L-alanine are examples of enantiomers or mirror images. Only the L-forms of amino acids are used to make proteins. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/Figure_02_03_06.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Hydrocarbon Chains When carbon forms single bonds with other atoms, the shape is tetrahedral. When two carbon atoms form a double bond, the shape is planar, or flat. Single bonds, like those found in ethane, are able to rotate. Double bonds, like those found in ethene cannot rotate, so the atoms on either side are locked in place. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/Figure_02_03_02.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Ice Density Hydrogen bonding makes ice less dense than liquid water. The (a) lattice structure of ice makes it less dense than the freely flowing molecules of liquid water, enabling it to (b) float on water. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/Figure_02_02_02.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Structure of an atom Elements, such as helium, depicted here, are made up of atoms. Atoms are made up of protons and neutrons located within the nucleus, with electrons in orbitals surrounding the nucleus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/Figure_02_01_01.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Cis and Trans Fatty Acids These space-filling models show a cis (oleic acid) and a trans (eliadic acid) fatty acid. Notice the bend in the molecule cause by the cis configuration. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/Figure_02_03_05.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Energy-Level Diagram Plot An energy-level diagram plots energy vertically and is useful in visualizing the energy states of a system and the transitions between them. This diagram is for the hydrogen-atom electrons, showing a transition between two orbits having energies E4 and E2. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42596/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Introduction To Ionic Compounds Video Series by Leah4sci - YouTube This video explains the basics of ions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Chemical bonds This pictures shows examples of chemical bonding using Lewis dot notation. Hydrogen and carbon are not bonded, while in water there is a single bond between each hydrogen and oxygen. Bonds, especially covalent bonds, are often represented as lines between bonded atoms. Acetylene has a triple bond, a special type of covalent bond that will be discussed later. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Chemical bond." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Greek prefixes Greek prefixes are used by chemists to indicate numbers when naming hydrates. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Steve Lower. CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/intro/int-5.html#5B View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Atomic number, chemical symbol, and mass number Carbon has an atomic number of six, and two stable isotopes with mass numbers of twelve and thirteen, respectively. Its average atomic mass is 12.11. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Interactive: Build an Atom Build an atom out of protons, neutrons, and electrons, and see how the element, charge, and mass change. Then play a game to test your ideas! Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Interactive: Crookes Tube Connect the two electrodes to a high voltage source and see them produce cathode rays. J.J. Thomson used a similar experimental setup to discover the first sub-atomic particle. See what you can determine about the stream of particles that were called cathode rays. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Interactive: What is a Chemical Reaction? Explore reactions in which chemical bonds are formed and broken with this model. Press run, then try heating and cooling the atoms to see how temperature affects the balance between bond formation and breaking. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Models of the Atom Timeline - YouTube This video is about the different ways that scientists have pictured the atoms over the years. It starts with Democritus and Leucippus, the first philosophers to discuss atoms. The video also covers the work of Dalton, Thompson, Rutherford, Niels Bohr, and Schrodinger. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Structural formula of butane The chemical structure of butane indicates not only the number of atoms, but also their arrangement in space. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Chemical formula." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Intro to the History of Atomic Theory - The Rutherford Model Rutherford, Thomson, electrons, nuclei, and plums. I don't mean to be a bohr, but do you think pudding should have a role in serious scientific inquiry? Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Isobutane The structural formula of isobutane. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Chemical%252520formula." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The main group elements Within the p-block at the boundary between the metallic elements (grey elements) and nonmetal elements (green elements) there is positioned boron and silicon that are metalloid in character (pink elements), i.e., they have low electrical conductivity that increases with temperature. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Periodic Trends for the Main Group Elements." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m31489/latest/#id5055553 View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Hydrocarbon Rings Carbon can form five-and six membered rings. Single or double bonds may connect the carbons in the ring, and nitrogen may be substituted for carbon. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Print." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/Figure_02_03_03.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A Photon Colliding with a Target at Rest A photon of wavelength \lambda comes in from the left, collides with a target at rest, and a new photon of wavelength \lambda' emerges at an angle \theta. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Compton effect." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_effect View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Oil drop apparatus A very similar oil drop apparatus was used by Millikan. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Oil-drop-experiment-apparatus." CC BY-SA http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oil-drop-experiment-apparatus.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... John Dalton and the Law of Definite Proportions - YouTube This video examines the law of definite proportions and the law of multiple proportions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Antoine Lavoisier A portrait of Antoine Lavoisier, the scientist credited with the discovery of the law of conservation of mass. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Conservation of mass." GNU FDL http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Periodic Table of Elements The standard form of the periodic table, where the colors represent different categories of elements Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Periodic_table.svg/790px-Periodic_table.svg.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Dmitri Mendeleev Dmitri Mendeleev is known for publishing a widely recognized periodic table. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg/482px-Medeleeff_by_repin.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron Configuration of Neon Atom Electron configuration of neon atom showing only outer electron shell. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Electron_shell_010_Neon_-_no_label.svg/600px-Electron_shell_010_Neon__no_label.svg.png View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The pH scale The pH scale measures the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/Figure_02_02_07.jpg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Classical Atomic Model Atomic model before the advent of Quantum Mechanics. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "The Atom - Grade 10 [CAPS]." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m38126/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron Microscope Image An image of an ant in a scanning electron microscope. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "Electron microscope." CC BY http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope#cite_note-erni-1 View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A benzene molecule The benzene molecules and its derivatives are the basis for aromatic structures. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY-SA http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Benzene-2D-full.svg View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Fig 1 A schematic of the hydrogen spectrum shows several series named for those who contributed most to their determination. Part of the Balmer series is in the visible spectrum, while the Lyman series is entirely in the UV, and the Paschen series and others are in the IR. Values of nf and ni are shown for some of the lines. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Connexions. "Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42596/latest/ View on Boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are examples of Dalton's theories of atomic structure and reactivity EXCEPT: A) The fundamental structure of atoms can change during chemical reactions. B) All atoms of a given element are identical. C) The atoms of different elements differ in mass and size. D) Atoms are indestructible. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are examples of Dalton's theories of atomic structure and reactivity EXCEPT: A) The fundamental structure of atoms can change during chemical reactions. B) All atoms of a given element are identical. C) The atoms of different elements differ in mass and size. D) Atoms are indestructible. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct definition for the Law of Conservation of Mass as expressed by Lavoisier in 1789? A) Despite chemical reactions or physical transformations, mass is conserved within an isolated system. B) The mass that is lost during a chemical reaction is a result of phase changes during the reaction. C) Mass is conserved during a chemical reaction except when a gas is produced. D) Mass is conserved within an isolated system except during chemical reactions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct definition for the Law of Conservation of Mass as expressed by Lavoisier in 1789? A) Despite chemical reactions or physical transformations, mass is conserved within an isolated system. B) The mass that is lost during a chemical reaction is a result of phase changes during the reaction. C) Mass is conserved during a chemical reaction except when a gas is produced. D) Mass is conserved within an isolated system except during chemical reactions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct definition for the Law of Definite Composition? A) Elements can mix in any ratio to form chemical compounds. B) Chemical compounds are formed of constant and defined ratios of elements, as determined by mass. C) Atoms always combine in the same constant and defined ratio when forming compounds. D) The composition of a compound can always be explicitly defined. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct definition for the Law of Definite Composition? A) Elements can mix in any ratio to form chemical compounds. B) Chemical compounds are formed of constant and defined ratios of elements, as determined by mass. C) Atoms always combine in the same constant and defined ratio when forming compounds. D) The composition of a compound can always be explicitly defined. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct definition of the law of multiple proportions? A) The same compound can be formed by the combination of the same atoms in multiple different proportions, which can be expressed as a ratio of two small whole numbers. B) If two elements can form multiple compounds, the ratios of the masses of the two elements in those compounds can be expressed as a ratio of two small whole numbers. C) The same atoms cannot combine in multiple proportions. D) In any given reaction, the ratio of the masses of the two reacting components can always be expressed as a small whole number. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct definition of the law of multiple proportions? A) The same compound can be formed by the combination of the same atoms in multiple different proportions, which can be expressed as a ratio of two small whole numbers. B) If two elements can form multiple compounds, the ratios of the masses of the two elements in those compounds can be expressed as a ratio of two small whole numbers. C) The same atoms cannot combine in multiple proportions. D) In any given reaction, the ratio of the masses of the two reacting components can always be expressed as a small whole number. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are main points of Dalton's Atomic Theory EXCEPT: A) Equal mass quantities of two different compounds should have the same number of atoms. B) All atoms of an element are identical. C) The atoms of different elements differ in size and mass. D) Compound are produced through different whole-number combinations of atoms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are main points of Dalton's Atomic Theory EXCEPT: A) Equal mass quantities of two different compounds should have the same number of atoms. B) All atoms of an element are identical. C) The atoms of different elements differ in size and mass. D) Compound are produced through different whole-number combinations of atoms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A cathode ray is a beam of which of the following subatomic particles? A) Electrons. B) Electrons and protons. C) Protons. D) Neutrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A cathode ray is a beam of which of the following subatomic particles? A) Electrons. B) Electrons and protons. C) Protons. D) Neutrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following were major findings of Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment EXCEPT: A) The charge of an electron is approximately 1.6x10-19 C. B) There are particles smaller than atoms, termed subatomic particles. C) Charge can be quantized. D) The charge of a proton and an electron is of equivalent magnitude but of the opposite sign. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following were major findings of Millikan's Oil Drop Experiment EXCEPT: A) The charge of an electron is approximately 1.6x10-19 C. B) There are particles smaller than atoms, termed subatomic particles. C) Charge can be quantized. D) The charge of a proton and an electron is of equivalent magnitude but of the opposite sign. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements concerning isotopes is true? A) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses. B) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the exact same atomic mass. C) Isotopes are atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass. D) Isotopes are atoms of different elements that have different atomic masses Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements concerning isotopes is true? A) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have different atomic masses. B) Isotopes are atoms of the same element that have the exact same atomic mass. C) Isotopes are atoms of different elements that have the same atomic mass. D) Isotopes are atoms of different elements that have different atomic masses Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following measurements used in radiometric dating can be used to determine the age of fossils? A) The increase in the amount of an unstable radioisotope according to its known half-life B) The decrease in the amount of an unstable radioisotope according to its known half-life C) The current half-life of a stable radioisotope in the sample D) The amount of a radioisotope leached into surrounding environments according to its known half-life Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following measurements used in radiometric dating can be used to determine the age of fossils? A) The increase in the amount of an unstable radioisotope according to its known half-life B) The decrease in the amount of an unstable radioisotope according to its known half-life C) The current half-life of a stable radioisotope in the sample D) The amount of a radioisotope leached into surrounding environments according to its known half-life Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... If an atom has a mass number of 18, what can be said about the number of protons and neutrons it contains? A) It has 8 protons and 10 neutrons. B) It has 10 protons and 8 neutrons. C) It cannot be determined from the information given. D) It has 9 protons and 9 neutrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... If an atom has a mass number of 18, what can be said about the number of protons and neutrons it contains? A) It has 8 protons and 10 neutrons. B) It has 10 protons and 8 neutrons. C) It cannot be determined from the information given. D) It has 9 protons and 9 neutrons. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... If an atom has _______ protons, what is its atomic number? A) It depends on the number of neutrons in the atom. B) It depends on the number of electrons in the atom. C) 8 D) 16 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... If an atom has _______ protons, what is its atomic number? A) It depends on the number of neutrons in the atom. B) It depends on the number of electrons in the atom. C) 8 D) 16 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative masses of the three subatomic particles? A) Protons and electrons weigh the same, neutrons weigh much less. B) Protons and neutrons weigh the same, electrons weigh much less. C) Neutrons and electrons weigh the same, protons weigh much less. D) Protons, neutrons and electrons all weight the same. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative masses of the three subatomic particles? A) Protons and electrons weigh the same, neutrons weigh much less. B) Protons and neutrons weigh the same, electrons weigh much less. C) Neutrons and electrons weigh the same, protons weigh much less. D) Protons, neutrons and electrons all weight the same. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative charges of the three subatomic particles? A) Neutrons are positive, electrons are neutral, protons are negative. B) Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, electrons are negative. C) Electrons are positive, protons are neutral, neutrons are negative. D) Protons and neutrons have a charge of +1, while electrons have a much smaller charge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements correctly describes the relative charges of the three subatomic particles? A) Neutrons are positive, electrons are neutral, protons are negative. B) Protons are positive, neutrons are neutral, electrons are negative. C) Electrons are positive, protons are neutral, neutrons are negative. D) Protons and neutrons have a charge of +1, while electrons have a much smaller charge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements accurately describes the locations of the three subatomic particles that make up an atom? A) The protons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the neutrons orbit the nucleus. B) The neutrons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the protons orbit the nucleus. C) The protons, neutrons and electrons are all in the nucleus. D) The protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, while the electrons orbit the nucleus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements accurately describes the locations of the three subatomic particles that make up an atom? A) The protons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the neutrons orbit the nucleus. B) The neutrons and electrons are in the nucleus, while the protons orbit the nucleus. C) The protons, neutrons and electrons are all in the nucleus. D) The protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, while the electrons orbit the nucleus. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following describe the properties of the periodic table of elements EXCEPT: A) All of the elements in a vertical column have the same number of valence electrons. B) The elements are arranged based on increasing atomic numbers. C) All of the elements in a horizontal row have the same number of neutrons. D) Information such as atomic weights, chemical symbols, and common isotopes are displayed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following describe the properties of the periodic table of elements EXCEPT: A) All of the elements in a vertical column have the same number of valence electrons. B) The elements are arranged based on increasing atomic numbers. C) All of the elements in a horizontal row have the same number of neutrons. D) Information such as atomic weights, chemical symbols, and common isotopes are displayed. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which property cannot be predicted for an element based on its location in the periodic table? A) The number of isotopes for that element B) The number of valence electrons C) The total number of electron shells D) The atomic weight Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which property cannot be predicted for an element based on its location in the periodic table? A) The number of isotopes for that element B) The number of valence electrons C) The total number of electron shells D) The atomic weight Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A column in the periodic table is called: A) A group B) A halogen C) A period D) All of these answers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A column in the periodic table is called: A) A group B) A halogen C) A period D) All of these answers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are properties of molecules EXCEPT: A) All molecules are made up of the same type of atoms. B) Molecules are made up of atoms held together by covalent bonds. C) Molecules are neutral and do not carry a charge. D) The geometry and composition of a molecule will determine its chemical and physical properties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are properties of molecules EXCEPT: A) All molecules are made up of the same type of atoms. B) Molecules are made up of atoms held together by covalent bonds. C) Molecules are neutral and do not carry a charge. D) The geometry and composition of a molecule will determine its chemical and physical properties. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following statements are true about the different classes of ions EXCEPT: A) Anions are generally larger than their parent atom or molecule. B) Zwitterions are ions with an charge greater than +2. C) Cations are formed via the loss of an electron from an atom or molecule. D) A polyatomic ion consists of two or more atoms with a net charge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following statements are true about the different classes of ions EXCEPT: A) Anions are generally larger than their parent atom or molecule. B) Zwitterions are ions with an charge greater than +2. C) Cations are formed via the loss of an electron from an atom or molecule. D) A polyatomic ion consists of two or more atoms with a net charge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are characteristic of ions EXCEPT: A) Ions are usually formed via the loss or gain of an inner-shell electron. B) Ions are highly reactive species. C) Ions have different numbers of protons and electrons. D) The formation of ions is motivated by the achievement of a more stable electronic configuration. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are characteristic of ions EXCEPT: A) Ions are usually formed via the loss or gain of an inner-shell electron. B) Ions are highly reactive species. C) Ions have different numbers of protons and electrons. D) The formation of ions is motivated by the achievement of a more stable electronic configuration. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Both covalent bonds and ionic bonds involve: A) The interaction of electrons in the atoms' valence shells. B) The equal sharing of electrons within the bond. C) Weak intermolecular forces. D) All of these answers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Both covalent bonds and ionic bonds involve: A) The interaction of electrons in the atoms' valence shells. B) The equal sharing of electrons within the bond. C) Weak intermolecular forces. D) All of these answers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Ionic bonds are formed between: A) Two metals. B) Two atoms with a large difference in their electronegativity. C) Two atoms with the same number of valence electrons. D) Two atoms with the same charge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Ionic bonds are formed between: A) Two metals. B) Two atoms with a large difference in their electronegativity. C) Two atoms with the same number of valence electrons. D) Two atoms with the same charge. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is a characteristic feature of covalent bonds but not ionic bonds? Covalent bonding, but not ionic bonding, ___________. A) involves only valance electrons B) changes in strength depending upon electronegativity differences C) requires specific orientation for orbital overlap D) links atoms in a molecule or compound together Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is a characteristic feature of covalent bonds but not ionic bonds? Covalent bonding, but not ionic bonding, ___________. A) involves only valance electrons B) changes in strength depending upon electronegativity differences C) requires specific orientation for orbital overlap D) links atoms in a molecule or compound together Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Predict the molecular formula of the compound with the structural formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH. A) C2H5O B) O2C4H10 C) C4H10O2 D) (CH2H2OH)2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Predict the molecular formula of the compound with the structural formula HOCH2CH2CH2CH2OH. A) C2H5O B) O2C4H10 C) C4H10O2 D) (CH2H2OH)2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... If the molecular formula of butane is C4H10, what is its empirical formula? A) C4H10 B) CH2 C) C2H5 D) C6H12 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... If the molecular formula of butane is C4H10, what is its empirical formula? A) C4H10 B) CH2 C) C2H5 D) C6H12 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Hexane is a compound found in gasoline.It has six carbon atoms and fourteen hydrogen atoms per molecule.Its formula is written as: A) C14H6 B) C6H14 C) C6H14 D) C6H14 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Hexane is a compound found in gasoline.It has six carbon atoms and fourteen hydrogen atoms per molecule.Its formula is written as: A) C14H6 B) C6H14 C) C6H14 D) C6H14 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Alanine, one of the essential amino acids, has three carbon atoms, seven hydrogen atoms, two oxygen atoms, and one nitrogen atom per molecule. How is its molecular formula written? A) Ca3H7NO2 B) C3H7NO2 C) C3H7NeO2 D) CHNO2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Alanine, one of the essential amino acids, has three carbon atoms, seven hydrogen atoms, two oxygen atoms, and one nitrogen atom per molecule. How is its molecular formula written? A) Ca3H7NO2 B) C3H7NO2 C) C3H7NeO2 D) CHNO2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The empirical formula of beryllium fluoride is: A) BeF B) BeF2 C) Be2F2 D) Be2F4 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The empirical formula of beryllium fluoride is: A) BeF B) BeF2 C) Be2F2 D) Be2F4 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Construct the most likely empirical formula of the ionic compound formed by the reaction of bromine with magnesium. A) BrMg B) MgBr2 C) Mg2Br D) MnBr2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Construct the most likely empirical formula of the ionic compound formed by the reaction of bromine with magnesium. A) BrMg B) MgBr2 C) Mg2Br D) MnBr2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Predict the empirical formula of the ionic compound caesium oxide. A) CsO2 B) Cs2O C) Ca2O D) CaO2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Predict the empirical formula of the ionic compound caesium oxide. A) CsO2 B) Cs2O C) Ca2O D) CaO2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct name (according to the Stock system) for the ionic compound with the following formula: CuI2? A) Copper(2) iodide B) Copper(II) iodide C) Cuprous iodide D) Cupric iodide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct name (according to the Stock system) for the ionic compound with the following formula: CuI2? A) Copper(2) iodide B) Copper(II) iodide C) Cuprous iodide D) Cupric iodide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What is the appropriate chemical name for the ionic compound with the following formula: MgBr2? A) Magnesium bromide B) Magnesium dibromide C) Bromo magneside D) Manganese bromide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What is the appropriate chemical name for the ionic compound with the following formula: MgBr2? A) Magnesium bromide B) Magnesium dibromide C) Bromo magneside D) Manganese bromide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for ferric sulfate? A) FeSO4 B) Fe2(SO4)3 C) Fe(SO4)2 D) Fe2SO4 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for ferric sulfate? A) FeSO4 B) Fe2(SO4)3 C) Fe(SO4)2 D) Fe2SO4 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which combination of ion name and formula is correct? A) Sulfate, SO32- B) Cyanide, C2N3- C) Permanganate, MnO3- D) Nitrite, NO2- (should be NO subscript 2 superscript -) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which combination of ion name and formula is correct? A) Sulfate, SO32- B) Cyanide, C2N3- C) Permanganate, MnO3- D) Nitrite, NO2- (should be NO subscript 2 superscript -) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following gives the ions present and their relative numbers in sodium carbonate? A) 2 Li+ and 1 CO32- B) 2 Na+ and 1 CO32- C) 1 Na+ and 1 CO32- D) 1 Na+ and 2 CO32- Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following gives the ions present and their relative numbers in sodium carbonate? A) 2 Li+ and 1 CO32- B) 2 Na+ and 1 CO32- C) 1 Na+ and 1 CO32- D) 1 Na+ and 2 CO32- Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following gives the ions present and their relative numbers in iron (III) phosphate? A) 3 Fe2+ and 2 PO4 3- B) 2 Fe2+ and 3 PO4 3- C) 1 Fe3+ and 1 PO4 3- D) 3 Fe3+ and 2 PO4 3- Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following gives the ions present and their relative numbers in iron (III) phosphate? A) 3 Fe2+ and 2 PO4 3- B) 2 Fe2+ and 3 PO4 3- C) 1 Fe3+ and 1 PO4 3- D) 3 Fe3+ and 2 PO4 3- Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are rules for naming molecular compounds EXCEPT: A) Compounds are named according to the names of their constituent elements in alphabetical order. B) For ionic compounds, cations are written first followed by the anionic species with a -ide suffix. C) For compounds containing hydrogen, the hydrogen is listed as the first element in the name. D) If the ending vowel of the prefix conflicts the the starting vowel of the compound, it can be dropped. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are rules for naming molecular compounds EXCEPT: A) Compounds are named according to the names of their constituent elements in alphabetical order. B) For ionic compounds, cations are written first followed by the anionic species with a -ide suffix. C) For compounds containing hydrogen, the hydrogen is listed as the first element in the name. D) If the ending vowel of the prefix conflicts the the starting vowel of the compound, it can be dropped. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct chemical name for the compound with the molecular formula FeBr3 A) Iron(III) trisbromide B) Iron tribromide C) Iron(II) tribromide D) Iron(III) tribromide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct chemical name for the compound with the molecular formula FeBr3 A) Iron(III) trisbromide B) Iron tribromide C) Iron(II) tribromide D) Iron(III) tribromide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What is the correct name for NO2? A) dinitrogen oxide B) nitrogen oxide C) nitroxide D) nitrogen dioxide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What is the correct name for NO2? A) dinitrogen oxide B) nitrogen oxide C) nitroxide D) nitrogen dioxide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which combination of name and formula below is correct? A) ammonia, NH B) HBr2, hydrogen bromide C) Sulfur dioxide, SO2 D) carbon monoxide, CO2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which combination of name and formula below is correct? A) ammonia, NH B) HBr2, hydrogen bromide C) Sulfur dioxide, SO2 D) carbon monoxide, CO2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What is the formula for sulfur tetrabromide? A) S2Br8 B) SBr4 C) S4Br D) SBr Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What is the formula for sulfur tetrabromide? A) S2Br8 B) SBr4 C) S4Br D) SBr Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Chemistry « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Chemistry/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct name for the acid with formula HBrO4? A) Bromic acid. B) Perbromic acid. C) Bromous acid. D) Hypobromous acid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct name for the acid with formula HBrO4? A) Bromic acid. B) Perbromic acid. C) Bromous acid. D) Hypobromous acid. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for the base lithium hydroxide? A) Li(OH)2 B) LiOH C) Li2OH D) Li2(OH)2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is the correct chemical formula for the base lithium hydroxide? A) Li(OH)2 B) LiOH C) Li2OH D) Li2(OH)2 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The correct name for MgSO4· 5H2O is: A) Magnesium tetrasulfate pentahydrate B) Magnesium sulfate pentahydrate C) Magnesium sulfate hydrate D) Magnesium sulfate hexahydrate Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The correct name for MgSO4· 5H2O is: A) Magnesium tetrasulfate pentahydrate B) Magnesium sulfate pentahydrate C) Magnesium sulfate hydrate D) Magnesium sulfate hexahydrate Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... In the compound copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, how many water molecules are there for each copper(II) sulfate molecule? A) 5 B) 4 C) 6 D) 7 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... In the compound copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate, how many water molecules are there for each copper(II) sulfate molecule? A) 5 B) 4 C) 6 D) 7 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are true of common chemical names EXCEPT: A) A single substance can have several common names. B) Common chemical names are always different than their systematic names. C) Common chemical names are used in spoken or informal written communication by chemists. D) Many common names have historical roots dating back thousands of years. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following are true of common chemical names EXCEPT: A) A single substance can have several common names. B) Common chemical names are always different than their systematic names. C) Common chemical names are used in spoken or informal written communication by chemists. D) Many common names have historical roots dating back thousands of years. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Define the term hydrocarbon. A) A compound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon. B) A compound formed from carbon atoms and water molecules. C) An atom composed solely of hydrogen and carbon. D) A mixture containing hydrogen gas and elemental carbon. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Define the term hydrocarbon. A) A compound composed solely of hydrogen and carbon. B) A compound formed from carbon atoms and water molecules. C) An atom composed solely of hydrogen and carbon. D) A mixture containing hydrogen gas and elemental carbon. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Styrene is a molecule consisting of an aromatic ring bound to an alkene. Which category of hydrocarbons does styrene belong to? A) Aliphatic. B) Aromatic. C) Aliphatic and aromatic. D) None of these answers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Styrene is a molecule consisting of an aromatic ring bound to an alkene. Which category of hydrocarbons does styrene belong to? A) Aliphatic. B) Aromatic. C) Aliphatic and aromatic. D) None of these answers. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Max Planck accurately described the black body radiation by assuming that electromagnetic radiation A) was emitted in discrete packets B) could take continuous values of energy C) did not depend on temperature D) was not an equilibrium process Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Max Planck accurately described the black body radiation by assuming that electromagnetic radiation A) was emitted in discrete packets B) could take continuous values of energy C) did not depend on temperature D) was not an equilibrium process Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Estimates of charge and mass of electrons were made by A) J. W. Hittorf in 1869 B) Rutherford in 1917 C) James Chadwick in 1932 D) J. J. Thomson in 1896 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Estimates of charge and mass of electrons were made by A) J. W. Hittorf in 1869 B) Rutherford in 1917 C) James Chadwick in 1932 D) J. J. Thomson in 1896 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Rutherford proved that the hydrogen nucleus A) is the lightest nucleus B) is present in other nuclei C) can not be destroyed D) contains both protons and neutrons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Rutherford proved that the hydrogen nucleus A) is the lightest nucleus B) is present in other nuclei C) can not be destroyed D) contains both protons and neutrons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Dalton believed that A) basic elements are earth, air, fire, and water B) matter is composed of discrete and indivisible units called atoms C) atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons D) atomic nucleus is surrounded by electrons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Dalton believed that A) basic elements are earth, air, fire, and water B) matter is composed of discrete and indivisible units called atoms C) atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons D) atomic nucleus is surrounded by electrons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Ancient Greek philosophers speculated that the basic elements were A) earth, air, fire, and water B) metals and nonmetals C) protons, electrons, and neutrons D) polar or nonpolar Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Ancient Greek philosophers speculated that the basic elements were A) earth, air, fire, and water B) metals and nonmetals C) protons, electrons, and neutrons D) polar or nonpolar Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... In Thomson's model, the atom is composed of A) electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons' negative charges B) protons surrounded by a soup of negative charge to balance the protons' positive charges C) immaterial vortices D) protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... In Thomson's model, the atom is composed of A) electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons' negative charges B) protons surrounded by a soup of negative charge to balance the protons' positive charges C) immaterial vortices D) protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Rutherford confirmed that the atom A) had a concentrated center of positive charge and relatively large mass B) had a concentrated center of negative charge and relatively large mass. C) was composed of immaterial vortices D) consisted of protons and neutrons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Rutherford confirmed that the atom A) had a concentrated center of positive charge and relatively large mass B) had a concentrated center of negative charge and relatively large mass. C) was composed of immaterial vortices D) consisted of protons and neutrons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Geiger and Marsden shot alpha particles with large kinetic energies toward A) a thin foil of tin B) a thin foil of gold C) hydrogen gas D) helium gas Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Geiger and Marsden shot alpha particles with large kinetic energies toward A) a thin foil of tin B) a thin foil of gold C) hydrogen gas D) helium gas Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... According to model of atom proposed by Niels Bohr, A) atom is composed of immaterial vortices B) electrons in atoms stably orbit the nucleus without radiating, in certain orbits C) atom has a very small nucleus containing a very high negative charge D) electrons release electromagnetic radiation while orbiting a nucleus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... According to model of atom proposed by Niels Bohr, A) atom is composed of immaterial vortices B) electrons in atoms stably orbit the nucleus without radiating, in certain orbits C) atom has a very small nucleus containing a very high negative charge D) electrons release electromagnetic radiation while orbiting a nucleus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... According to model of atom proposed by Niels Bohr, A) all atoms are unstable B) electrons can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to another C) electrons have positive charge D) electrons and protons form atomic nuclei Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... According to model of atom proposed by Niels Bohr, A) all atoms are unstable B) electrons can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to another C) electrons have positive charge D) electrons and protons form atomic nuclei Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Niels Bohr suggested that A) the electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus stably, without radiating, in certain orbits B) the atoms are composed of immaterial vortices C) the atoms are surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons' negative charges D) the electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus constantly radiating energy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Niels Bohr suggested that A) the electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus stably, without radiating, in certain orbits B) the atoms are composed of immaterial vortices C) the atoms are surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons' negative charges D) the electrons in atoms orbit the nucleus constantly radiating energy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Niels Bohr suggested that electrons A) can not move from one orbit to another B) constantly lose energy C) can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to another D) constantly gain energy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Niels Bohr suggested that electrons A) can not move from one orbit to another B) constantly lose energy C) can only gain and lose energy by jumping from one allowed orbit to another D) constantly gain energy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bohr proposed that the angular momentum L of an electron in its orbit A) can have only two values (+1 and -1) B) has only specific, discrete values C) varies continuosly D) can have only three values (+1, 0, and -1) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bohr proposed that the angular momentum L of an electron in its orbit A) can have only two values (+1 and -1) B) has only specific, discrete values C) varies continuosly D) can have only three values (+1, 0, and -1) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The Lyman series is entirely in the UV, while the Paschen series A) are entitely in the visible B) are in the the UV and in the visible C) in the visible and in the near-IR D) are entirely in the IR Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The Lyman series is entirely in the UV, while the Paschen series A) are entitely in the visible B) are in the the UV and in the visible C) in the visible and in the near-IR D) are entirely in the IR Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bohr's quantization is based on the assumption that A) the electron behaves as particle and a whole number of wavelengths must fit B) the electron is described by a wave and a fractional number of wavelengths must fit C) the photon is described by a wave and a whole number of wavelengths must fit D) the electron is described by a wave and a whole number of wavelengths must fit Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bohr's quantization is based on the assumption that A) the electron behaves as particle and a whole number of wavelengths must fit B) the electron is described by a wave and a fractional number of wavelengths must fit C) the photon is described by a wave and a whole number of wavelengths must fit D) the electron is described by a wave and a whole number of wavelengths must fit Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bohr's condition, that the angular momentum is an integer multiple of ħ, was later reinterpreted by A) Einstein as theory of relativity B) Heisenberg as uncertainty principle C) de Broglie as a standing wave condition D) Pauli as exclusion principle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bohr's condition, that the angular momentum is an integer multiple of ħ, was later reinterpreted by A) Einstein as theory of relativity B) Heisenberg as uncertainty principle C) de Broglie as a standing wave condition D) Pauli as exclusion principle Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bohr's model was only applicable to A) helium-like atoms B) transition metals C) main group elements D) hydrogen-like atoms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bohr's model was only applicable to A) helium-like atoms B) transition metals C) main group elements D) hydrogen-like atoms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Compton derived the mathematical relationship between the shift in wavelength and the scattering angle of the X-rays by assuming that A) each scattered X-ray photon interacted with only one atom B) inelastic interactions between X-ray photons and electrons C) each scattered X-ray photon interacted with only one electron D) elastic interactions between X-ray photons and atoms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Compton derived the mathematical relationship between the shift in wavelength and the scattering angle of the X-rays by assuming that A) each scattered X-ray photon interacted with only one atom B) inelastic interactions between X-ray photons and electrons C) each scattered X-ray photon interacted with only one electron D) elastic interactions between X-ray photons and atoms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Compton effects (with electrons) usually occur with A) x-ray photons B) x-ray phonons C) Auger electrons D) atoms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Compton effects (with electrons) usually occur with A) x-ray photons B) x-ray phonons C) Auger electrons D) atoms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The most famous example of x-ray diffraction is the discovery of the A) superconductivity in a lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite material in 1986 B) exfoliated graphene in 2004 C) fullerene molecule in 1985 D) double-helix structure of DNA in 1953 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The most famous example of x-ray diffraction is the discovery of the A) superconductivity in a lanthanum-based cuprate perovskite material in 1986 B) exfoliated graphene in 2004 C) fullerene molecule in 1985 D) double-helix structure of DNA in 1953 Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bremsstrahlung, or braking radiation, refers to X-rays produced by A) the acceleration of electrons B) the deceleration of electrons C) the deceleration of protons D) the acceleration of photons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Bremsstrahlung, or braking radiation, refers to X-rays produced by A) the acceleration of electrons B) the deceleration of electrons C) the deceleration of protons D) the acceleration of photons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The angles for coherent and incoherent scattering of light from a crystal lattice are determined using A) Ohm's Law B) Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle C) Bragg's Law D) Schrödinger equation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The angles for coherent and incoherent scattering of light from a crystal lattice are determined using A) Ohm's Law B) Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle C) Bragg's Law D) Schrödinger equation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Compton scattering is an example of inelastic scattering because the A) wavelength of the scattered light is identical to the wavelength of the incident radiation B) angle of the scattered light is different from the incident radiation C) color of the scattered light is identical to the color of the incident radiation D) wavelength of the scattered light is different from the incident radiation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Compton scattering is an example of inelastic scattering because the A) wavelength of the scattered light is identical to the wavelength of the incident radiation B) angle of the scattered light is different from the incident radiation C) color of the scattered light is identical to the color of the incident radiation D) wavelength of the scattered light is different from the incident radiation Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Compton scattering is an A) elastic scattering of a photon by a free charged particle B) inelastic scattering of a photon by a free charged particle C) inelastic scattering of a phonon by a free charged particle D) elastic scattering of an electron by an atom Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Compton scattering is an A) elastic scattering of a photon by a free charged particle B) inelastic scattering of a photon by a free charged particle C) inelastic scattering of a phonon by a free charged particle D) elastic scattering of an electron by an atom Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The Compton effect is important because it demonstrates that A) light is a wave phenomenon B) photons can be scattered by electrons C) it demonstrates that light cannot be explained purely as a wave phenomenon D) electrons are negatively charged Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The Compton effect is important because it demonstrates that A) light is a wave phenomenon B) photons can be scattered by electrons C) it demonstrates that light cannot be explained purely as a wave phenomenon D) electrons are negatively charged Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Once an electron is bound by a Coulomb potential of a nucleus, it no longer can have any arbitrary wavelength because A) mass of an electron is negligible small when compared with the mass of a nucleus B) the wave should satisfy a certain boundary condition C) it is impossible to simultaneously determine position and momentum of an electron D) strong attractive forces forming between protons in a nucleus and an electron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Once an electron is bound by a Coulomb potential of a nucleus, it no longer can have any arbitrary wavelength because A) mass of an electron is negligible small when compared with the mass of a nucleus B) the wave should satisfy a certain boundary condition C) it is impossible to simultaneously determine position and momentum of an electron D) strong attractive forces forming between protons in a nucleus and an electron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Quantization of energy levels in bound systems is often explained using analogy of A) light diffracted by the prism B) strings in musical instruments C) rainbow formed after the rain D) waves in the river Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Quantization of energy levels in bound systems is often explained using analogy of A) light diffracted by the prism B) strings in musical instruments C) rainbow formed after the rain D) waves in the river Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The probability of pair production in photon-matter interactions increases A) with decreasing photon energy and with increasing atomic number of the nucleus B) with increasing photon energy and with decreasing atomic number of the nucleus C) with decreasing photon energy and with decreasing atomic number of the nucleus D) with increasing photon energy and with increasing atomic number of the nucleus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The probability of pair production in photon-matter interactions increases A) with decreasing photon energy and with increasing atomic number of the nucleus B) with increasing photon energy and with decreasing atomic number of the nucleus C) with decreasing photon energy and with decreasing atomic number of the nucleus D) with increasing photon energy and with increasing atomic number of the nucleus Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Pair production refers to the creation of A) an electron and a proton B) an elementary particle and its antiparticle C) an electron pair D) an electron and a photon Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Pair production refers to the creation of A) an electron and a proton B) an elementary particle and its antiparticle C) an electron pair D) an electron and a photon Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron microscope can achieve A) better than 50 nm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000 times B) better than 0.5 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 1, 000,000,000 times C) better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000 times D) better than 0.05 mm resolution and magnifications of up to about 1000 times Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron microscope can achieve A) better than 50 nm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000 times B) better than 0.5 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 1, 000,000,000 times C) better than 50 pm resolution and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000 times D) better than 0.05 mm resolution and magnifications of up to about 1000 times Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron microscopes provide higher resolution than optical microscopes because A) the de Broglie wavelengths for electrons are so much smaller than that of visible light B) magnetic lenses instead of optical lenses are used C) light-sensitive sensors, such as a charge-coupled device camera, are used for detection D) powerful electromagnets are installed Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Electron microscopes provide higher resolution than optical microscopes because A) the de Broglie wavelengths for electrons are so much smaller than that of visible light B) magnetic lenses instead of optical lenses are used C) light-sensitive sensors, such as a charge-coupled device camera, are used for detection D) powerful electromagnets are installed Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The gain medium is where A) the voltage breakdown process occurs B) the optical amplification process occurs C) Rayleigh scattering process occurs D) Raman scattering process occurs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The gain medium is where A) the voltage breakdown process occurs B) the optical amplification process occurs C) Rayleigh scattering process occurs D) Raman scattering process occurs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A laser consists of A) a gain medium and a mechanism to supply energy to it B) a gain medium and an emitter C) highly reflective mirrors and an emitter D) a power supply and an emitter Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A laser consists of A) a gain medium and a mechanism to supply energy to it B) a gain medium and an emitter C) highly reflective mirrors and an emitter D) a power supply and an emitter Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Commonly used gain media include A) semiconductors and dielectrics B) gas and semiconductors C) gas and dielectrics D) gas and highly reflective mirrors Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Commonly used gain media include A) semiconductors and dielectrics B) gas and semiconductors C) gas and dielectrics D) gas and highly reflective mirrors Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The only atom in the periodic table that has one electron in the orbitals under ground state is A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) hydrogen D) helium Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The only atom in the periodic table that has one electron in the orbitals under ground state is A) nitrogen B) oxygen C) hydrogen D) helium Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Multielectron atoms are A) atoms with more than one proton B) atoms with more than one neutron C) atoms with one electron or less D) atoms with more than one electron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Multielectron atoms are A) atoms with more than one proton B) atoms with more than one neutron C) atoms with one electron or less D) atoms with more than one electron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... In multielectron atoms, the net force on electrons in the outer shells A) is increased due to shielding. B) is not affected by shielding C) remains the same in magnitude and changes sign to opposite D) is reduced due to shielding. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... In multielectron atoms, the net force on electrons in the outer shells A) is increased due to shielding. B) is not affected by shielding C) remains the same in magnitude and changes sign to opposite D) is reduced due to shielding. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The first widely recognized periodic table was published in A) 1864 by Lothar Meyer B) 1865 by John Newlands C) 1864 by William Odling D) 1869 by Dmitri Mendeleev Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The first widely recognized periodic table was published in A) 1864 by Lothar Meyer B) 1865 by John Newlands C) 1864 by William Odling D) 1869 by Dmitri Mendeleev Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The table can be deconstructed into A) five rectangular blocks B) four triangular blocks C) three triangular blocks D) four rectangular blocks Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The table can be deconstructed into A) five rectangular blocks B) four triangular blocks C) three triangular blocks D) four rectangular blocks Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their A) electron configurations B) recurring chemical properties C) all of the listed D) atomic numbers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A periodic table is a tabular display of the chemical elements, organized on the basis of their A) electron configurations B) recurring chemical properties C) all of the listed D) atomic numbers Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... According to Aufbau principle A) a maximum of two electrons are put into orbitals in the order of decreasing orbital energy B) two electrons are put in the same orbital with the opposite spins C) a maximum of two electrons are put into orbitals in the order of increasing orbital energy D) atoms combine in a way that they have eight electrons in outer shell Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... According to Aufbau principle A) a maximum of two electrons are put into orbitals in the order of decreasing orbital energy B) two electrons are put in the same orbital with the opposite spins C) a maximum of two electrons are put into orbitals in the order of increasing orbital energy D) atoms combine in a way that they have eight electrons in outer shell Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The electron configuration is the A) distribution of protons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals B) distribution of neutrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals C) distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals D) transfer of electrons from one atom to another during formation of ionic bond Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... The electron configuration is the A) distribution of protons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals B) distribution of neutrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals C) distribution of electrons of an atom or molecule in atomic or molecular orbitals D) transfer of electrons from one atom to another during formation of ionic bond Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following statements about the periodic table are true EXCEPT: A) The periodic table was invented by Dmitri Medeleev B) The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number C) Each isotope of every element has its own position on the periodic table D) The periodic table allows elements to be grouped by their chemical properties Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... All of the following statements about the periodic table are true EXCEPT: A) The periodic table was invented by Dmitri Medeleev B) The periodic table is arranged by increasing atomic number C) Each isotope of every element has its own position on the periodic table D) The periodic table allows elements to be grouped by their chemical properties Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following electron configurations fulfills the octet rule? A) The valence shell is half filled B) The valence shell is one less than filled C) The valence shell is completely filled D) The valence shell has one electron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following electron configurations fulfills the octet rule? A) The valence shell is half filled B) The valence shell is one less than filled C) The valence shell is completely filled D) The valence shell has one electron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration according to the Bohr Model? A) Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full, while shell 4 has one electron. B) Shells 1 and 2 are full, while shell 3 has one electron. C) Shells 1 and 2 are full, while shell 3 has three electrons. D) Shells 1, 2, 3, and 4 are full, while shell 5 has one electron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Potassium has an atomic number of 19. What is its electron configuration according to the Bohr Model? A) Shells 1, 2, and 3 are full, while shell 4 has one electron. B) Shells 1 and 2 are full, while shell 3 has one electron. C) Shells 1 and 2 are full, while shell 3 has three electrons. D) Shells 1, 2, 3, and 4 are full, while shell 5 has one electron Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax OER. "Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Describe the shape and quantity of the 2s and 2p orbitals. A) There is one spherical p orbital and three dumbell-shaped s orbitals. B) There are three spherical s orbitals and one dumbell-shaped p orbital. C) There are three spherical p orbitals and one dumbell-shaped s orbital. D) There is one spherical s orbital and three dumbell-shaped p orbitals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Describe the shape and quantity of the 2s and 2p orbitals. A) There is one spherical p orbital and three dumbell-shaped s orbitals. B) There are three spherical s orbitals and one dumbell-shaped p orbital. C) There are three spherical p orbitals and one dumbell-shaped s orbital. D) There is one spherical s orbital and three dumbell-shaped p orbitals. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements is true? A) The Bohr model of the atom describes electrons as probability density wave functions B) The quantum mechanical model of the atom describes electrons as particles in defined orbits C) The Bohr model of the atom describes the location of the atoms in the periodic table D) The quantum mechanical model of the atom describes electrons as probability density wave functions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following statements is true? A) The Bohr model of the atom describes electrons as probability density wave functions B) The quantum mechanical model of the atom describes electrons as particles in defined orbits C) The Bohr model of the atom describes the location of the atoms in the periodic table D) The quantum mechanical model of the atom describes electrons as probability density wave functions Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following happens during a reaction? A) Chemical bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms. B) Ionic bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms. C) Ionic bonds are formed but not broken between atoms. D) Covalent bond are formed but not broken between atoms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following happens during a reaction? A) Chemical bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms. B) Ionic bonds are broken and/or formed between atoms. C) Ionic bonds are formed but not broken between atoms. D) Covalent bond are formed but not broken between atoms. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is true of compounds? A) Compounds have double bonds between all of the atoms. B) Compounds are always made from the same kinds of elements. C) Compounds have atoms of more than one type of element. D) Compounds are always human-made Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is true of compounds? A) Compounds have double bonds between all of the atoms. B) Compounds are always made from the same kinds of elements. C) Compounds have atoms of more than one type of element. D) Compounds are always human-made Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Cesium contains one electron in its outer (valence) shell. Is it more likely to form _______ or an anion? A) an anion B) a cation C) It is equally likely to form either a cation or an anion. D) The answer cannot be determined from the information given. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Cesium contains one electron in its outer (valence) shell. Is it more likely to form _______ or an anion? A) an anion B) a cation C) It is equally likely to form either a cation or an anion. D) The answer cannot be determined from the information given. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following forces is responsible for the attraction that operates in ionic bonds? A) gravity B) electromagnetic force C) strong nuclear force D) weak nuclear force Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following forces is responsible for the attraction that operates in ionic bonds? A) gravity B) electromagnetic force C) strong nuclear force D) weak nuclear force Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... How do covalent bonds form between atoms? A) Covalent bonds are formed via an electrostatic interaction between two ions B) Covalent bonds are formed via the sharing of electrons between two atoms C) Covalent bonds are formed via an equal sharing of two electrons between two atoms D) Covalent bonds are formed via the sharing of only one pair of electrons between atoms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... How do covalent bonds form between atoms? A) Covalent bonds are formed via an electrostatic interaction between two ions B) Covalent bonds are formed via the sharing of electrons between two atoms C) Covalent bonds are formed via an equal sharing of two electrons between two atoms D) Covalent bonds are formed via the sharing of only one pair of electrons between atoms Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Rank the following bonds in order of increasing strength: A) ionic bonds B) covalent bonds C) hydrogen bonds A) B < A < C B) A < B < C C) B < C < A D) C < A < B Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Rank the following bonds in order of increasing strength: A) ionic bonds B) covalent bonds C) hydrogen bonds A) B < A < C B) A < B < C C) B < C < A D) C < A < B Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Due to its polarity, water molecules: A) Repel ions. B) All of these. C) Attract other water molecules. D) Attract lipids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Due to its polarity, water molecules: A) Repel ions. B) All of these. C) Attract other water molecules. D) Attract lipids. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Why is ice able to float on water while other solids cannot float on their liquid forms? A) The orientation of hydrogen bonds pushes molecules closer together, making ice denser than water. B) The orientation of hydrogen bonds pushes molecules farther apart, making ice less dense than water. C) The kinetic energy in other solids increases with temperature, making them denser than ice. D) The molecules in other solids are packed less tightly, making them denser than ice. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Why is ice able to float on water while other solids cannot float on their liquid forms? A) The orientation of hydrogen bonds pushes molecules closer together, making ice denser than water. B) The orientation of hydrogen bonds pushes molecules farther apart, making ice less dense than water. C) The kinetic energy in other solids increases with temperature, making them denser than ice. D) The molecules in other solids are packed less tightly, making them denser than ice. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which property of water helps to maintain body temperature? A) lower density of ice than water B) polarity C) high specific heat capacity D) cohesion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which property of water helps to maintain body temperature? A) lower density of ice than water B) polarity C) high specific heat capacity D) cohesion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A molecule with a high heat of vaporization will have a high: A) solubility B) density C) boiling point D) melting point Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... A molecule with a high heat of vaporization will have a high: A) solubility B) density C) boiling point D) melting point Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of these is water able to dissolve? A) fats B) All of these C) salts D) oils Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of these is water able to dissolve? A) fats B) All of these C) salts D) oils Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which property of water allows water droplets to form on a surface? A) adhesion B) cohesion C) solubility D) polarity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which property of water allows water droplets to form on a surface? A) adhesion B) cohesion C) solubility D) polarity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is acidic? A) NaOH (aq) B) water C) H2CO3 (aq) D) blood Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following is acidic? A) NaOH (aq) B) water C) H2CO3 (aq) D) blood Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What buffers blood to maintain its pH between 7.35 to 7.45? A) carbonic acid and bicarbonate B) carbon dioxide C) oxygen pressure D) water Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What buffers blood to maintain its pH between 7.35 to 7.45? A) carbonic acid and bicarbonate B) carbon dioxide C) oxygen pressure D) water Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Why is carbon important for the formation of biomolecules? A) Carbon's protons bond with hydrogen and oxygen very easily. B) Carbon can form covalent bonds with four different atoms. C) Carbon can fill its outer electron shells before it can fill its inner ones. D) Carbon's nucleus is highly reactive causing it to change easily into different macromolecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Why is carbon important for the formation of biomolecules? A) Carbon's protons bond with hydrogen and oxygen very easily. B) Carbon can form covalent bonds with four different atoms. C) Carbon can fill its outer electron shells before it can fill its inner ones. D) Carbon's nucleus is highly reactive causing it to change easily into different macromolecule. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "BIO102: Introduction to Evolutionary Biology and Ecology « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/courses/bio102/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Carbon is present in the atmosphere as ________. A) carbonate ion B) carbon dioxide C) carbon dust D) carbon monoxide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Carbon is present in the atmosphere as ________. A) carbonate ion B) carbon dioxide C) carbon dust D) carbon monoxide Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com OpenStax OER. "Biology." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/col11448/latest Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... How is carbon important to animals? A) Animals convert food into carbon through the process of cellular respiration. B) Animals breathe in carbon and give off oxygen. C) Animals can store energy as pure carbon to use when needed. D) Animals break down carbon in the form of glucose to make energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... How is carbon important to animals? A) Animals convert food into carbon through the process of cellular respiration. B) Animals breathe in carbon and give off oxygen. C) Animals can store energy as pure carbon to use when needed. D) Animals break down carbon in the form of glucose to make energy. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of these hydrocarbons is found in the biological molecules called steroids? A) hydrocarbon rings B) hydrocarbon chains C) alphatic hydrocarbons D) tetrahedral hydrocarbons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of these hydrocarbons is found in the biological molecules called steroids? A) hydrocarbon rings B) hydrocarbon chains C) alphatic hydrocarbons D) tetrahedral hydrocarbons Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of these represents a pair of isomers? A) lard and starch B) methane and butane C) peanut oil and safflower oil D) butene and isobutene Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of these represents a pair of isomers? A) lard and starch B) methane and butane C) peanut oil and safflower oil D) butene and isobutene Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following represents an example of an enantiomer? A) D and L forms of amino acids B) Saturated and unsaturated fats C) Glucose and fructose D) Fatty acids and amino acids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Which of the following represents an example of an enantiomer? A) D and L forms of amino acids B) Saturated and unsaturated fats C) Glucose and fructose D) Fatty acids and amino acids Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What is the relationship between macromolecules and functional groups? A) Functional groups can change the type of macromolecule from one to another B) Functional groups gives the macromolecule its specific job to do. C) Functional groups make all macromolecules hydrophobic D) All functional groups work with all types of macromolecules Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... What is the relationship between macromolecules and functional groups? A) Functional groups can change the type of macromolecule from one to another B) Functional groups gives the macromolecule its specific job to do. C) Functional groups make all macromolecules hydrophobic D) All functional groups work with all types of macromolecules Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/ Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... Attribution • Wikipedia. "Electron microscope." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_microscope#cite_note-erni-1 • Connexions. "Wave nature of matter: Electron microscopes." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m39574/latest/ • Wikipedia. "CCD." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCD • Wikipedia. "de Broglie wavelength." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/de%20Broglie%20wavelength • Wiktionary. "empirical formula." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/empirical+formula • Wiktionary. "ratio." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ratio • Wikipedia. "Empirical formula." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formula • Wikipedia. "Empirical formula." CC BY-SA 3.0 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empirical_formula • Wiktionary. "electron shell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron+shell • Wiktionary. "atomic orbital." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atomic+orbital • Wikipedia. "Electron configuration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_configuration • Wikipedia. "Electronic configuration." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_configuration • Steve Lower's Website. CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/intro/int-5.html • Wiktionary. "common name." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/common+name • Wikipedia. "Naming ionic compounds." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_ionic_compounds#Naming_acids • Wikibooks. "Chemistry Friends/Acids and Bases." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Chemistry_Friends/Acids_and_Bases#Naming_Acids • Wiktionary. "anion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wikipedia. "polyatomic ion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polyatomic%20ion • Wikipedia. "Ionic compound." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_compound • Steve Lower's Website. CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/intro/int-5.html • Wikipedia. "Naming ionic compounds." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_ionic_compounds#Naming_simple_ionic_compounds • Wikipedia. "ionic compound." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ionic%20compound • Wikipedia. "Laser." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laser#Uses • Wikipedia. "stimulated emission." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/stimulated%20emission • Wikipedia. "valence electrons." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/valence%20electrons • Wikipedia. "Ionic bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionic_bond • Wikipedia. "Bohr model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model • Wiktionary. "centripetal." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/centripetal • Wikipedia. "period." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/period • Wiktionary. "group." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/group • Wiktionary. "atomic number." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atomic+number • Wikipedia. "Periodic trends." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_trends • Wikipedia. "Periodic table." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table • Wikipedia. "Chemical formula." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula • Wikipedia. "Chemical formula." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula • Wiktionary. "molecule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molecule Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wikipedia. "Chemical formula." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_formula • Wiktionary. "anion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anion • Wiktionary. "cation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cation • Wikipedia. "Naming ionic compounds." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_ionic_compounds • Wikipedia. "Naming ionic compounds." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_ionic_compounds • Wikipedia. "Hydrates." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrates • Wiktionary. "carbohydrate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbohydrate • Wiktionary. "anhydride." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anhydride • Wiktionary. "hydrate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrate • Wikipedia. "Cathode rays." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathode_rays • Wikipedia. "crookes tube." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/crookes%20tube • Wikipedia. "cathode rays." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cathode%20rays • Wikipedia. "Oil drop experiment." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oil_drop_experiment • Wikibooks. "FHSST Physics/Electrostatics/Electrical Potential." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/FHSST_Physics/Electrostatics/Electrical_Potential#Millikan.27s_Oil-drop_Experiment • Wikipedia. "oil drop experiment." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/oil%20drop%20experiment • Wiktionary. "quantized." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quantized • Wiktionary. "electron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron • Wikipedia. "Atomic theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theory • Wiktionary. "atom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atom Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wikipedia. "Conservation of mass." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_mass • Wiktionary. "product." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/product • Wiktionary. "reactant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reactant • Wikipedia. "Law of definite proportions." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_definite_proportions • Wiktionary. "ratio." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ratio • Wiktionary. "carbonate." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbonate • Wiktionary. "element." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/element • Wikipedia. "Chemical bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_bond • Wiktionary. "bonding orbital." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bonding+orbital • Wiktionary. "bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bond • Connexions. "Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42596/latest/ • Wikipedia. "quantization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/quantization • Wikipedia. "Geiger-Marsden experiment." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geiger-Marsden_experiment • Wikipedia. "Rutherford model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rutherford_model • Wiktionary. "alpha particle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alpha+particle • Wikipedia. "Law of multiple proportions." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_multiple_proportions • Wikipedia. "Coulomb's law." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%2527s_law • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//chemistry/definition/law-of-multiple-proportions • Wiktionary. "atom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atom Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wikipedia. "Molecule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule • Wikipedia. "molecular geometry." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/molecular%20geometry • Wikipedia. "Pair production." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_production • Wiktionary. "gamma ray." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gamma+ray • Wiktionary. "positron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/positron • Wikibooks. "Introductory Chemistry Online/Chemical Bonding and Nomenclature." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Introductory_Chemistry_Online/Chemical_Bonding_and_Nomenclature#.C2.A0.C2.A03.11_Nomen clature_of_Molecular_Compounds • Wikipedia. "IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUPAC_nomenclature_of_inorganic_chemistry • Wikipedia. "Naming ionic compounds." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naming_ionic_compounds#Naming_molecular_compounds • Wikipedia. "Chemical nomenclature." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature • Steve Lower's Website. CC BY-SA http://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/intro/int-5.html#SEC3 • Wiktionary. "nomenclature." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nomenclature • Wiktionary. "electronegative." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electronegative • Wikipedia. "Ion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion • Wiktionary. "electron cloud." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron+cloud • Wiktionary. "zwitterion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/zwitterion • Wiktionary. "ion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ion • Wikipedia. "Atomic theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theory • Wikipedia. "John Dalton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dalton • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//chemistry/definition/atomic-mass-unit Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wiktionary. "atom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atom • Connexions. "Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42596/latest/ • Wiktionary. "spectrum." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/spectrum • Wikipedia. "photon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photon • Wikipedia. "Bohr model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/photoelectric-effect • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/black-body • Wikipedia. "Compton effect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_effect • Wikipedia. "Doppler shift." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler%20shift • Wikipedia. "Thomson scattering." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson%20scattering • Wikipedia. "inelastic scattering." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/inelastic%20scattering • Wikipedia. "Periodic table." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_table • Wiktionary. "periodic table." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/periodic+table • Wiktionary. "element." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/element • Wiktionary. "atomic number." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atomic+number • Connexions. "The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42606/latest/ • Wikipedia. "Bohr model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model • Wikipedia. "matter wave." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/matter%20wave • Wiktionary. "standing wave." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/standing+wave Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wikipedia. "Plum pudding model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_pudding_model • Wiktionary. "nucleus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleus • Wikipedia. "Atom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atom • Wikipedia. "Atomic theory." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_theory • Connexions. "Discovery of the Atom." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42589/latest/ • Wiktionary. "nucleus." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nucleus • Wiktionary. "electromagnetic force." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electromagnetic+force • Wikipedia. "Avogadro's number." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avogadro's%20number • Connexions. "Bohr's Theory of the Hydrogen Atom." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42596/latest/ • Wikipedia. "Bohr model." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohr_model • Wikipedia. "semiclassical." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/semiclassical • Wikipedia. "Maxwell's equations." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell's%20equations • Wikipedia. "Compton effect." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_effect • Wiktionary. "gamma ray." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gamma+ray • Wikipedia. "photon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photon • Wikipedia. "photoelectric effects." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/photoelectric%20effects • Connexions. "The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42606/latest/ • Wikipedia. "matter wave." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/matter%20wave • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/angular-momentum Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wikipedia. "quantization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/quantization • Connexions. "X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m42599/latest/ • Wikipedia. "double-helix structure." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/double-helix%20structure • Wiktionary. "crystallography." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crystallography • Wiktionary. "diffraction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diffraction • Wikipedia. "Blackbody radiation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackbody_radiation#Planck.27s_law_of_blackbody_radiation • Wikipedia. "Planck constant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_constant • Wikipedia. "Planck's law." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%2527s_law • Wikipedia. "spectral radiance." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/spectral%20radiance • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//physics/definition/black-body • Wikipedia. "Planck constant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%20constant • Wikipedia. "Covalent bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covalent_bond • Wiktionary. "electronegativity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electronegativity • Wikipedia. "Neutron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron • Connexions. "Neutron Diffraction." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m43582/latest/ • Wikipedia. "Proton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton • Wikipedia. "Electron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron#Discovery • Wikipedia. "scintillation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/scintillation • Wiktionary. "cathode." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cathode Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wiktionary. "alpha particle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alpha+particle • Wikipedia. "Hydrocarbon." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrocarbon • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//chemistry/definition/unsaturated-solution • Wiktionary. "saturated." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/saturated • Wiktionary. "unsaturated." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/unsaturated • Wiktionary. "aromatic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aromatic • University of California Davis. CC BY-SA http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Wikitexts/UCD_Chem_2A/ChemWiki_Module_Topics/Electrons_in_Atoms/Multi-electron_Atoms • Wikipedia. "Electron shielding." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_shielding • Wikipedia. "Effective nuclear charge." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective_nuclear_charge • Wiktionary. "valence shell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/valence+shell • Wiktionary. "electron shell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron+shell • Wiktionary. "hydrogen-like." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrogen-like • Connexions. "Fundamental force types." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m14044/latest/ • Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "neutron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/neutron • Wiktionary. "electron." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron • Wiktionary. "proton." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/proton • Wiktionary. "atom." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atom • Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wikibooks. "A-level Chemistry/OCR/Atoms, Bonds and Groups/Atoms and Reactions/Atoms." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-level_Chemistry/OCR/Atoms,_Bonds_and_Groups/Atoms_and_Reactions/Atoms • Wiktionary. "atomic number." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/atomic+number • Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//biology/definition/atomic-mass--2 • Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia. "Radiocarbon dating." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating • Wiktionary. "isotope." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isotope • Wikipedia. "Carbon-12." CC BY-SA 4.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon-12 • Connexions. "Periodic Trends for the Main Group Elements." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m31489/latest/ • Connexions. "The Periodic Table - Grade 10 [CAPS]." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m38133/latest/ • Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia. "Ununpentium." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ununpentium • Wikipedia. "Block (periodic table)." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_(periodic_table) • Wikipedia. "Periodic trends." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Periodic_trends • Wiktionary. "periodic table." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/periodic+table • Wikipedia. "Synthetic Element." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_element • Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "electron shell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron+shell • Wiktionary. "octet rule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/octet+rule • Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latestFree to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wiktionary. "orbital." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/orbital • Wiktionary. "electron shell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/electron+shell • Connexions. "The Periodic Table - Grade 10 [CAPS]." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m38133/latest/ • Wiktionary. "reactant." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reactant • Wiktionary. "molecule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/molecule • Wiktionary. "reaction." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reaction • Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "ionic bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ionic+bond • Wiktionary. "ion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ion • Wikibooks. "Biochemistry/Metabolism and energy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biochemistry/Metabolism_and_energy#Ionic_bonds • Wiktionary. "dipole." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dipole • Wiktionary. "hydrogen bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrogen+bond • Wiktionary. "covalent bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/covalent+bond • Connexions. "Atoms, Isotopes, Ions, and Molecules: The Building Blocks." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44390/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikibooks. "Biochemistry/Metabolism and energy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Biochemistry/Metabolism_and_energy#Ionic_bonds • Connexions. "Water." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "hydrophobic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrophobic Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com • Wiktionary. "hydrophilic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrophilic Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wiktionary. "polarity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/polarity • Connexions. "Water." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "density." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/density • Wiktionary. "specific heat." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/specific+heat • Wiktionary. "heat capacity." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heat+capacity • Connexions. "Water." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Water." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Water#High_Heat_Capacity • Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Unique Properties/Cohesive Behavior/Melting Point and Boiling Point." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Unique_Properties/Cohesive_Behavior/Melting_Point_and_Boiling_Point • Connexions. "Water." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia. "heat of vaporization." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/heat%20of%20vaporization • Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Unique Properties/Versatility as a Solvent." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Unique_Properties/Versatility_as_a_Solvent • Wikibooks. "Structural Biochemistry/Water." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structural_Biochemistry/Water#Universal_Solvent • Wiktionary. "dissociation." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dissociation • Wikipedia. "hydration shell." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/hydration%20shell • Wikipedia. "Clathrate compound." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clathrate_compound • Connexions. "Water." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Connexions. "Water." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "adhesion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adhesion • Wiktionary. "cohesion." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cohesion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Connexions. "Water." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44392/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "acidic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acidic • Wiktionary. "alkaline." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alkaline • Wiktionary. "buffer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/buffer • Wiktionary. "octet rule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/octet+rule • Wiktionary. "macromolecule." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/macromolecule • Wiktionary. "carbon cycle." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbon+cycle • Connexions. "Carbon." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikispaces. "climate-jigsaw - The Carbon Cycle." CC BY http://climate-jigsaw.wikispaces.com/The+Carbon+Cycle • Connexions. "Carbon." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "aromatic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aromatic • Wiktionary. "aliphatic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aliphatic • Wiktionary. "covalent bond." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/covalent+bond • Connexions. "Carbon." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "isomer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isomer • Wiktionary. "fatty acid." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fatty+acid • Wikibooks. "Organic Chemistry/Alkanes/Stereoisomers." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Organic_Chemistry/Alkanes/Stereoisomers • Connexions. "Carbon." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wikipedia. "Enantiomer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enantiomer Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Atoms, Molecules, and Ions; Atomic Physics; and... • Wiktionary. "stereoisomer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stereoisomer • Wiktionary. "enantiomer." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/enantiomer • Wiktionary. "chirality." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chirality • Connexions. "Carbon." CC BY 3.0 http://cnx.org/content/m44393/latest/?collection=col11448/latest • Wiktionary. "hydrophobic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrophobic • Wiktionary. "hydrophilic." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hydrophilic • Wikipedia. "Functional Group." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_group Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com
