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Social Studies 10R Study guide for test #1 Topics: 1. Neolithic Revolution [Agricultural Revolution] Change from hunter-gatherers to farming Change from nomadic life to permanent settlements Domestication of plants and animals Led to development of villages and later cities Food surplus lead to increased population 2. Characteristics of Civilizations Cities [public works] Record keeping- writing systems allowed history to be recorded Job specialization/social classes Complex organizations [government and religion] 3. River Valley Civilizations Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Yellow Rivers provided irrigation and transportation Allowed early civilizations to grow and succeed 4. Mesopotamia [Fertile Crescent] “Land between two rivers” –Tigris and Euphrates Location of earliest civilization a. Sumer Organized into city-states Polytheistic [belief in many gods] o Built ziggurats [temples] to worship gods Writing system [Cuneiform]- wedge shaped writing done by scribes; each shape represents an idea b. Babylonia Code of Hammurabi o First written set of laws o Based on principle of “an eye for an eye” c. Phoenicians Created the alphabet based on sounds Traded with groups along the Mediterranean 5. Egypt Developed along the Nile River o Nile provided fertile soil and water for irrigation Deserts provided natural barriers History is divided into 3 kingdoms Viewed pharaohs as gods Ra, sun god, most important Belief in afterlife o Mummification to preserve body Hieroglyphics- writing system Built pyramids as tombs for pharaohs o Needed an organized government, supply of stone, excellent math and engineering skills 6. Ancient Greece Questions/Themes to Consider: 1. How did geography impact the people of ancient Greece? Mountains divided Greece into different subregions-protected and isolated Seas provided a means of transportation, communication and trade among city-states and foreign lands 2. What were the different forms of government in the city-states? Monarchy- rule by king Aristocracy- rule by nobility Oligarchy- rule by a small group of citizens Direct Democracy- state rule by its citizens 3. In what ways were Athens and Sparta different? Athens Both Sparta Free to travel and choose Polis (high city with Punishment for leaving is own profession temples) death Encouraged cultural Gods Foreigners not allowed in diffusion Language uninvited-would lead to Education was important Olympics death [boys only] Soldiers Direct democracy Military training only The arts were Oligarchy [rule by a small emphasized powerful group] Women had few rights Weak left to die Women had more rights 4. How was Athenian democracy limited? Citizenship was limited to a small number of Athenians o Women, slaves, and foreigners were not citizens and had few rights 5. How did Pericles contribute to the Golden Age of Greece? Expansion of democracy Flowering of the arts Strengthening of navy 6. What were the characteristics of Greek Architecture and sculpture? Harmony Order Balance Proportion 7. What were the causes and effects of the Persian and Peloponnesian Wars? Persian War: Cause- Athens sent help to Ionia in their revolt against Persia; Darius was seeking revenge on Athens Effects- Delian League formed; Athens became dominant citystate; golden age of Athens Peloponnesian War: Cause- hostility between Athens and other city-states-especially Sparta Effects- Athens lost its empire, power, and wealth; other citystates were severely weakened; Philip of Macedonia was able to invade