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APES Topic Outline Review I. Earth Systems and Resources (10-15%) A. Earth Science Concepts i. Geologic Time Scale ii. Plate Tectonics iii. Earthquakes iv. Volcanism v. Seasons vi. Solar Intensity & Latitude B. The Atmosphere i. Composition ii. Structure iii. Weather & climate a. Atmospheric circulation & Coriolis Effect b. Atmosphere – ocean interactions; ENSO C. Global Water resources & Use i. Freshwater/saltwater ii. Ocean circulation; agricultural, industrial & domestic use iii. Surface & groundwater issues iv. Global problems; conservation D. Soil & Soil Dynamics i. Rock cycle ii. Formation a. Composition; physical & chemical properties iii. Main soil types iv. Erosion and other soil problems v. Soil conservation II. Living World (10-15%) A. Ecosystem Structure i. Biological populations & communities ii. Ecological niches iii. Interactions among species iv. Keystone species v. Species diversity and edge effect vi. Major terrestrial & aquatic biomes (describe key components for each) B. Energy Flow i. Photosynthesis & cellular respiration ii. Food webs and trophic levels iii. Ecological pyramids C. Ecosystem Diversity i. Biodiversity ii. Natural selection iii. Evolution (identify, draw & explain) iv. Ecosystem services D. Natural Ecosystem Change i. Climate shifts ii. Species movement iii. Ecological succession, primary & secondary (draw & explain) E. Natural Biogeochemical cycles (identify cycle parts & draw each cycle) i. Carbon ii. Nitrogen iii. Phosphorus 1. What is special about this cycle? iv. Sulfur v. Water vi. conservation of matter & entropy III. Population (10-15%) A. Population Biology Concepts i. Population ecology ii. Carrying capacity iii. Reproductive strategies TYPE DESCRIBE DRAWING TYPE iv. Survivorship B. Human Population i. Human population dynamics 1. Historic population size 2. Distribution DESCRIBE 3. Fertility rates 4. Growth rates and doubling times 5. Demographic transition Preindustrial Transitional Industrialization Postindustrial 6. Age-structure diagrams / histograms C. Population size i. Strategies for sustainability ii. case studies iii. national policies IV. Land and Water Use (10-15%) A. Agriculture i. Feeding a growing population a. human nutritional requirements b. types of agriculture / sustainable agriculture Conventional Tillage Farming Conservation-Tilling Farming Terracing Contour Farming Strip Cropping Alley Cropping/ Agroforestry Windbreaks/Shelter belts PAM compost B. Green Revolution C. Genetic engineering and crop production DESCRIBE TYPE D. Deforestation / forestry E. Irrigation F. Controlling pests i. Types of pesticides (big 10) Describe Effects Name Describe Effects Name ii. Costs & Benefits of pesticide use iii. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) G. Laws H. Forestry i. Tree plantations ii. Old Growth forests iii. Forest fires iv. Forest management v. National Forests I. Rangelands i. Overgrazing ii. Deforestation iii. Rangeland management iv. Federal rangelands J. Other land use i. Urban land development a. Planned development b. Suburban sprawl c. Urbanization K. Transportation infrastructure i. Federal highway system ii. Canals and channels iii. Roadless areas iv. Ecosystem impact L. Public and Federal Lands i. Management ii. Wilderness areas iii. National parks v. Wildlife refuges vi. Forests vii. Wetlands M. Land Conservation options i. Preservation ii. Remediation iii. Mitigation iv. Restoration v. Sustainable land-use strategies N. Mining i. Mineral formation ii. Extraction iii. Global reserves iv. Relevant laws and treaties O. Fishing i. Fishing techniques Description Type ii. Overfishing iii. Aquaculture iv. Relevant laws and treaties for fishing P. Global Economics i. Globalization ii. World bank iii. Tragedy of the commons iv. Relevant laws and treaties v. Misc info. V. Energy Resources and Consumption A. Energy Concepts i. Energy forms ii. Power iii. Units iv. Conversions v. Laws of Thermodynamics B. Energy Consumption i. History a. Industrial Revolution b. Exponential Growth c. Energy crisis ii. Present global energy use iii. Future energy needs C. Fossil Fuel Resources and Use i. Formation of coal, oil and natural gas ii. Extraction/ purification methods iii. World reserves and global demand iv. Synfuels vi. Environmental advantages/disadvantages of sources D. Nuclear Energy i. Nuclear fission process ii. Nuclear fuel iii. Electricity production in a coal burning power plant (diagram & explain) iv. Nuclear reactor (diagram & explain each part) v. Environmental advantages/disadvantages vi. Safety issues & major disasters vii. Radiation and human health vii. Radioactive wastes ix. Nuclear fusion E. Hydroelectric power i. Dams (diagram & explain) ii. Flood control iii. Salmon iv. Silting v. other impacts F. Energy Conservation i. Energy Efficiency ii. CAFÉ standards iii. Hybrid electric vehicles iv. Mass transit G. Renewable Energy TYPE SOLAR ENERGY SOLAR ELECTRICITY HYDROGEN FUEL CELL ENERGY BIOMASS ENERGY WIND ENERGY SMALL SCALE HYDRO TIDAL & WAVE ENERGY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY DESCRIPTION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES VI. Pollution ( 25-30%) . A. Air Pollution i. Sources, primary and secondary ii. Major air pollutants (main types with causes & effects of each) iii. Measurement units iv. Smog: acid deposition – causes and effects v. Heat Islands and temperature inversions vi. Indoor pollutants; sick building syndrome, types of pollutants. Health effects etc. vii. Remediation and reduction strategies viii. Clean Air Act and other relevant laws B. Water pollution i. Types ii. Sources iii. Causes and effects iii. Eutrophication iv. Ground-water pollution v. Maintaining water quality vi. Water purification vii. Sewage treatment/septic systems viii. List and describe 4 water quality tests and what they determine about water quality. viii. Clean Water Act and other relevant laws C. Noise Pollution i. Sources ii. Effects iii. Control measures D. Solid waste i. Types ii. Disposal iii. Reduction E. Impacts on the Environment and Human Health i. Hazards to Human health a. Environmental risk analysis b. Acute and chronic effects ACUTE CHRONIC C. Dose-response relationships: LD50 and Threshold (draw, graph & label) d. Air pollutants e. Smoking and other risks F. Hazardous chemicals in the Environment i. Types of hazardous waste ii. Treatment/ disposal of hazardous waste G. Cleanup of contaminated sites i. Biomagnifications ii. Bioaccumulation iii. Relevant laws H. Economic Impacts I. Cost- Benefit analysis (diagram & label) II. Externalities III. Marginal costs IV. Sustainability VI. Global Change (10-15%) A. Stratospheric Ozone i. Formation of stratospheric ozone ii. Ultraviolet radiation iii. Causes and effects of ozone depletion iv. Strategies for reducing ozone depletion v. Relevant laws and treaties B. Global Warming i. Greenhouse gases and the greenhouse effect ii. Impacts and consequences of global warming iii. Reducing climate change iv. Relevant laws and treaties C. Loss of Biodiversity i. Habitat Loss a. Overuse b. Pollution c. Introduced species List 1 species introduced to an area in order to contain an invasive species d. Endangered and extinct species ii. Maintenance through conservation iii. Relevant Laws and Treaties IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS, TREATIES & SUMMITS Antarctic Treaty Cairo Conference on population & development Clean Air Acts Convention of climate change & Kyoto Protocol Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Endangered Species Act Energy Policy Act Lacey Act Federal Food, Drug & cosmetics Act (FFDCA) Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) National Wildlife Refuge System Act National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) Rio Earth Summit Soil Conservation Act Solid Waste Disposal Act Surface Mining Control & Reclamation Act (SMCRA) Taylor Grazing Act Emergency Planning & Community Right-To-Know Act (EPCRA) Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) Toxic substance Control Act US Clean Water Act Wild & Scenic Rivers Act Wilderness Act Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation Liability Act (CERCLA) IMPORTANT APES CASE STUDIES Bophal, India Kesterson National Wildlife Refuge Prince William Sound (1989) Milwaukee, Wisconsin (1993) Aral Sea Mono Lake Ogallala Aquifer Minamata, Japan Aswan High Dam, Egypt Chesapeake Bay, Maryland/Virginia Love Canal Housing Development, New York Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania Chernobyl, Ukraine Yucca Mountain, Nevada Three Gorges Dam, China Clinch River, Tennessee Colorado River Basin Columbia River Basin Missouri River Basin Mississipi River Basin Cayohoga River, Ohio Lake Erie (Great Lakes) World Summits Lake Washington Georges Bank Old Growth Forests (Pacific NW) Antartic Food web Evergalades Isle Royale Pred-Prey Dynamics Floods of 1993 (USA) American Dust Bowl Copper Basin, Tennessee Tongass National Forest Green Revolution LA & Mexico City Pollution Ozone Layer Cause & Recovery Herbicides in Vietnam Times Beach Missouri APES IMPORTANT KEY FACTS/CONCEPTS TO KNOW ECOLOGY Per Capita Sustainable Point-Non Point Environmental degradation Trophic Pyramids 2 laws of energy (Thermodynamics) Electro magnetic spectrum Abiotic/Biotic Community structure ALL Biochemical Cycles Inter/ Intraspecific Competition Tolerance Limits Exotic/Introduced Species Succession K & R Strategists BIOMES Climotograms ENDANGERED SPECIES Research Reports Invasive Species Causes of Extinction Wildlife management AIR Criteria Pollutants Weather/Climate Global Wind patterns El Nino Stratospheric/Tropospheric Ozone Acid Deposition Greenhouse Gasses Indoor Air Pollution Layers/ Composition of atmosphere POPULATION Annual Percent growth rate Rule of 70 Histograms Demographic transition Carrying Capacity HEALTH Risk assessment Bioaccumulation/ Biomagnification Water versus Air diseases Emergent diseases LD50 PESTICIDES IPM Treadmill GEOLOGY/SOIL Rock Cycle Plate tectonics Soil structure /Pyramid Horizons Desertifiction Salinization Mining & Mineral resources WATER Water Diversion Water pollution Over Fishing Water Shortage ENERGY Conventional Alternative SOLID WASTE Landfills Reduce/Reuse/Recycle FORESTRY Land Use Management