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Republic of the Philippines
Samar State University
College of Education
Catbalogan, Samar
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
The Integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from damage,
comprising the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, and nails). The integumentary
system has a variety of functions; it may serve to waterproof, cushion and protect the deeper
tissues, excrete wastes, regulate temperature and is the attachment site for sensory receptors
to detect pain, sensation, pressure and temperature. In humans the integumentary system
additionally provides vitamin D synthesis.
The integumentary system is the largest organ system. The skin is the largest organ in the body:
12-15% of body weight, with a surface area of 1-2 meters.
The skin covers the entire outer surface of the body. Structurally, the skin consists of two layers
which differ in function, histological appearance and their embryological origin. Epidermis is
formed by an epithelium and is of ectodermal origin. The underlying thicker layer, the dermis,
consists of connective tissue and develops from the mesoderm. Beneath the two layers we find
a subcutaneous layer of loose connective tissue, the hypodermis or subcutis, which binds the
skin to underlying structures. Hair, nails and sweat and sebaceous glands are of epithelial origin
and collectively called the appendages of the skin.
THREE LAYERS OF THE SKIN
Epidermis: This is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells. It does not contain blood
vessels. Its main job is protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis.
Dermis: The dermis is the midlayer of skin, composing of loose collective tissues such as
collagen with elastin arranged in a diffusely bundled and woven pattern. These layers serve to
give elasticity to the integument, not allowing stretching and conferring flexibility, while also
resisting distortions, wrinkling, and sagging.
Subdermis (Hypodermis): The subdermis is the layer of tissue directly underneath the dermis.
It is mainly composed of connective and adipose tissue. Its physiological functions include
insulation, the storage of energy, and aiding in the anchoring of the skin.
Functions of the integumentary system:
The integumentary system has multiple roles in homeostasis. All body systems work in an
interconnected manner to maintain the internal conditions essential to the function of the body.
The skin has an important job of protecting the body and acts as the body's first line of defense
against infection, temperature change, and other challenges to homeostasis. Functions include:
Protect; the body's internal living tissues and organs, against invasion by infectious organisms,
the body from dehydration, the body against abrupt changes in temperature and protect the body
against sunburns
Help excrete waste materials through perspiration
Act as a receptor for touch, pressure, pain, heat, and cold
Generate vitamin D through exposure to ultraviolet light
Store water, fat, glucose, and vitamin D
Participate in temperature regulation
DISEASES OF SKIN
Psoriasis
Another disease of the integumentary system is
psoriasis, which is a chronic, non-contagious,
autoimmune disease. In this disease, red and scaly
patches or lesions can be observed on the skin.
These scaly patches are called psoriatic plaques and
are areas of inflammation and increased skin
production. The excessive production of skin
conduces to accumulation of skin cells that take on a
silvery-white appearance. These plaques can be
mostly found on the elbows and knees, however,
they can even affect the scalp and genitals.
Warts
These diseases of integumentary system are
characterized by tiny, round, rough tumor found
typically on the hands and feet. Warts are conduced
by the human papilloma virus, which causes
different types of warts like the common wart, flat
wart, plantar wart, genital wart, mosaic wart, etc.
Warts can be contagious, and spreads from one
person to another via contact. They resemble a
cauliflower or solid blister on the skin and can be
contagious. In fact, when situated on the feet, they
can be quite exacerbating, however, they usually
disappear after a few months. If they don't, they can
be removed safely as well.
Dermatitis
The word dermatitis is a general term used to
describe inflammation of the skin. There are
different types of dermatitis, including seborrheic dermatitis and atopic dermatitis (eczema).
This disorder can have scores of causes and can surface in various forms, starting out as an itchy
rash and spreading to increase with redness and swelling. This skin disorder is not lifethreatening or contagious, however, it can cause one to feel really uncomfortable and selfconscious.
Athletes Foot
Athlete's foot or tinea pedis is a fungal infection of
the skin that causes scaling, flaking and itching of
various areas of the skin. This condition is
transmitted mostly in moist areas where people
walk barefoot, for example bathhouses, showers,
etc. This condition typically affects the feet,
however, can spread to other areas such as the
groin. By maintaining good hygiene, one can
prevent the occurrence of Athletes foot.
Acne is a skin condition that occurs when your hair
follicles become plugged with oil and dead skin
cells. Acne usually appears on your face, neck,
chest, back and shoulders. Effective treatments are
available, but acne can be persistent. The pimples
and bumps heal slowly, and when one begins to go
away, others seem to crop up.Acne is most
common among teenagers, with a reported
prevalence of 70 to 87 percent. Increasingly,
younger children are getting acne as well.
Albinism is a defect of melanin production that
results in little or no color (pigment) in the skin,
hair, and eyes.Albinism occurs when one of several
genetic defects makes the body unable to produce
or distribute melanin, a natural substance that gives
color to your hair, skin, and iris of the eye.The
defects may be passed down through families.The
most severe form of albinism is called oculocutaneous albinism. People with this type of
albinism have white or pink hair, skin, and iris color, as well as vision problems.
Herpes simplex is a viral disease caused by the
herpes simplex virus. Infections are categorized
based on the part of the body infected. Oral herpes
involves the face or mouth. It may result in small
blisters in groups often called cold sores or fever
blisters or may just cause a sore throat.
A blister, which is also called a vesicle by medical
professionals, is a raised portion of skin that is
filled with fluid. You are probably familiar with
blisters from wearing uncomfortable shoes for too
long. This common cause of blistering produces
vesicles when friction between your skin and the
shoe causes layers of skin to separate and fill with
fluid.
Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin is a common
form of skin cancer that develops in the thin, flat
squamous cells that make up the outer layer of the
skin.Most squamous cell carcinomas of the skin
result from prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV)
radiation, either from sunlight or from tanning beds
or lamps. Avoiding UV light helps reduce your risk of
squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and other forms
of skin cancer.Squamous cells are found in many
places in your body and squamous cell carcinoma can
occur in anywhere squamous cells are found. Squamous cell carcinoma of theskin refers to
cancer that forms in the squamous cells found in the skin.
Melanoma is a type of skin cancer which forms from
melanocytes (pigment-containing cells in the skin). In
women, the most common site is the legs, and
melanomas in men are most common on the back
Hair
- is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis, or skin. Hair is one
of the defining characteristics of mammals. The human body, apart from areas of glabrous skin,
is covered in follicles which produce thick terminal and fine vellus hair. Most common interest
in hair is focused on hair growth, hair types and hair care, but hair is also an important
biomaterial primarily composed of protein, notably keratin. Attitudes towards hair, such as
hairstyles and hair removal, vary widely across different cultures and historical periods, but it is
often used to indicate a person's personal beliefs or social position, such as their age, gender,
or religion.
Overview
The word "hair" usually refers to two distinct structures:
the part beneath the skin, called the hair follicle or when pulled from the skin, called the bulb.
This organ is located in the dermis and maintains stem cells which not only re-grow the hair
after it falls out, but also are recruited to regrow skin after a wound.
the shaft, which is the hard filamentous part that extends above the skin surface. A cross
section of the hair shaft may be divided roughly into three zones.
Hair fibers have a structure consisting of several layers, starting from the outside:
the cuticle, which consists of several layers of flat, thin cells laid out overlapping one another as
roof shingles,
thecortex, which contains the keratin bundles in cell structures that remain roughly rod-like.
themedulla, a disorganized and open area at the fiber's center.
Classification systems
There are various systems that people use to classify their curl patterns. Being knowledgeable
of an individual's hair type is a good start to knowing how to take care of one's hair.
PARTS OF HAIR
HAIR SHAFT
- the part of a hair projecting beyond the skin. It is the nongrowing portion of a hair that
protrudes from the skin, from the follicle.
HAIR FOLLICLE
- A sac from which a hair grows and into which the sebaceous (oil) glands open. The follicle is lined by
cells derived from the epidermal (outside) layer of the skin. Each follicle normally goes through a fiveyear cycle of growth and rest, with about 90% of the follicles growing hair at any one time, averaging
about six inches (15 cm) of growth per year. Derived from the Latin word follis, for bag.
HAIR BULB
- The lower expanded extremity of a hair that fits like a cap over the hair papilla at the
bottom of the hair follicle.
DERMAL PAPILLA
- Any of the superficial projections of the corium or dermis that interlock with recesses in the
overlying epidermis, contain vascular loops and specialized nerve endings, and are arranged in ridgelike
lines most prominent in the hand and foot. Also called papilla of corium.
HAIR MATRIX
- he hair matrix produces the actual hair shaft as well as the inner and outer root sheaths. The
outer root sheath of the hair follicle encloses the inner root sheath and hair shaft.[1] It is continuous with
the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis (skin)
DISEASES OF HAIR
Hair Loss
Also called: Alopecia
You lose up to 100 hairs from your scalp every day.
That's normal, and in most people, those hairs grow
back. But many men -- and some women -- lose hair
as they grow older. You can also lose your hair if you
have certain diseases, such as thyroid problems,
diabetes, or lupus. If you take certain medicines or
have chemotherapy for cancer, you may also lose
your hair. Other causes are stress, a low protein diet, a family history, or poor nutrition.
Treatment for hair loss depends on the cause. In some cases, treating the underlying cause will
correct the problem. Other treatments include medicines and hair restoration.
Gray Hair
Some people consider gray hair as something that makes
them looked distinguished; for others, it's a reminder that
they're getting older. However you feel about it, gray or
white hair is pretty much inevitable with age (if you're
fortunate enough to still have hair in your later years).
Scientists have put a lot of effort into investigating the
cause of gray hair, and they believe they've gotten to the
root of the problem. Hair gets its color from a pigment
called melanin, which is produced by melanocyte cells in
the hair follicles. Researchers have discovered that
melanocytes endure cumulative damage over the years, which eventually leaves them unable
to produce melanin. Studies have cited DNA damage and
a buildup of hydrogen peroxide in the follicles as possible
causes of this disruption in melanin production.
Hair Damage
Blow-drying, straightening, highlighting, and perming
regularly can wreak havoc on hair, leaving it brittle,
broken, and unmanageable. Split ends and dry hair are
just two casualties of overstyling.
Excessive styling and heat can cause split ends, which
occur when the protective outermost layer of hair (the
cuticle) is damaged and peels back. Some treatments for
split ends include:
Brush gently with a soft, flexible hairbrush; don't
overbrush.
DISEASES OF NAILS
Paronychia - Infections of the nail fold can be caused
by bacteria, fungi and some viruses. The proximal and
lateral nail folds act as a barrier, or seal, between the
nail plate and the surrounding tissue. If a tear or a
break occurs in this seal, the bacterium can easily
enter. this type of infection is characterized by pain,
redness and swelling of the nail folds. People who have
their hands in water for extended periods may develop
this condition, and it is highly contagious.
Pseudomonas - bacterial infection can occur between
the natural nail plate and the nail bed, and/or between
an artificial nail coating and the natural nail plate.
Many people have been led to believe that the classic
'green' discoloration of this type of infection is some
type of mold. In actuality, mold is not a human
pathogen. The discoloration is simply a by-product of
the infection and is caused primarily by iron
compounds. Pseudomonas thrive in moist places; it
feeds off the dead tissue and bacteria in the nail plate,
while the moisture levels allow it to grow. The after
effects of this infection will cause the nail plate to
darken and soften underneath an artificial coating.
A fungal or yeast infection which results in
Onychomycosis, can invade through a tear in the proximal
and lateral nail folds as well as the eponychium. This type
of infection is characterized by onycholysis (nail plate
separation) with evident debris under the nail plate. It
normally appears white or yellowish in color, and may also
change the texture and shape of the nail. The fungus
digests the keratin protein of which the nail plate is
comprised. As the infection progresses, organic debris
accumulates under the nail plate often discoloring it.
Other infectious organisms may be involved, and if left
untreated, the nail plate may separate from the
nail bed and crumble off.
Tinea Unguis,or ringworm of the nails, is
characterized by nail thickening, deformity, and
eventually results in nail plate loss.
Onychatrophiais an atrophy or wasting away of the nail plate which causes it to lose its luster,
become smaller and sometimes shed entirely. Injury or disease may account for this
irregularity.
Onychogryposis are claw-type nails that are
characterized by a thickened nail plate and are
often the result of trauma. This type of nail plate
will curve inward, pinching the nail bed and
sometimes require surgical intervention to relieve
the pain.
Onychorrhexis are brittle nails which often split
vertically, peel and/or have vertical ridges. This
irregularity can be the result of heredity, the use
of strong solvents in the workplace or the home,
including household cleaning solutions. Although
oil or paraffin treatments will re-hydrate the nail
plate, one may wish to confer with a physician to
rule out disease.
Brittle Nails are characterized by a vertical splitting or
separation of the nail plate layers at the distal (free)
edge of the nail plate. In most cases, nail splitting and
vertical ridges are characteristic of the natural aging
process. This nail problem is also the result of
overexposure to water and chemical solvents such as
household cleaning solutions. As we age, the nail
bed's natural flow of oils and moisture is greatly
reduced. This oil and moisture is the cement that
holds the nail plate layers together and gives the plate
its inherent flexibility. At the first signs of splitting or
peeling, re-hydrate the nail plate layers with a good
quality cuticle and nail oil that contains Jojoba and
Vitamin E as two of the botanical oils. Jojoba oil has a
very tiny molecule which can penetrate the nail plate
surface, open up the layers and draw the Vitamin E in
after it. The molecular structure of Vitamin E is too
large to penetrate the nail plate layers or the surface
layer of the skin without the benefits of Jojoba oil.
Parts Of Hair
Parts of Nail
NAILS
-The flattened, horny type structures formed from the protein keratin made from
epidermal tissue located at the end of each finger and each toe are called "finger nails" and
"toe nails" respectively.
Each nail is composed of a root, body and a free edge. The root is located and attached closest
to the finger or the toe, with a nail fold overlaying the root. The body of the nail has a structure
underneath it called the nail bed. The area that the nails are formed or grow out of are called
the nail matrix. A lunula or sometimes referred to as the "moon" is the crescent shaped area at
the base of the nail. It has a lighter colour than that of the nail matrix as it mixes with the matrix
cells and the nail fold. Outward growth of the nails from the tip of the fingers and toes create a
"free" edge as they are not attached.
The condition: Onychomycosis or nail fungus is an organism that attacks and digests the keratin
in the nails of the fingers and toes. The condition is both a fungus and a yeast infection. It can
be destroyed by use of essential oils such as myrrh or oil of oregano; or probiotics, antibiotic
and anti-fungal agents.
Nails need to be well cared for and nourished just as the rest of the body. Start nail care from
the inside, out.
Parts of the Nail
Nail Matrix - The matrix is the source of the cells that become the keratinized layers of the nail
plate. It is located deep in the nail sinus. As new cells grow, it pushes out the nail plate replacing it
with new keratin at the proximal part of the nail plate that lies adjacent to the matrix. Poor
circulation, inadequate nutrition and localized or systemic diseases can affect the growth of the new
cells to make up the nail plate.
Nail Bed - The nail bed lies underneath most of the nail plate and is a continuation of the skin
around the nail. It contributes to the keratin of the nail plate although it is to a lesser degree than
the matrix. Blood in the dermal capillaries of the nail bed give the nail its characteristic light pink
color.
Nail Plate- This the largest part of the nail and is composed of laminated layers of keratin. It is
similar in structure to human hair and skin and is made up of dead cells.
-The proximal edge of
the nail plate is the nail root which emanates from the nail sinus. It extends across the fingers and
toes to protrude from the tip (depending on the length). This free end of the nail is also known as
the distal edge, while the sides are known as the lateral edges. The nail plate is smooth and curved
and light pink in color due to underlying dermal capillaries in the nail bed. Changes in the nail color
may be linked to various diseases which are discussed under
Discolored Nails.-At times, ridges, lines, changes in thickness and discoloration may arise as a
result of disease. This is discussed further under Fingernail Ridges.
Non-pathlogical changes of the nail plate, include :
1. longitudinal lines or ridges which occurs with age.
2. beading, which is the loss of the smooth curved surface of the nail plate, may normally occur
with age although severe beading may be indicative of disease.
3. white dots, specks or lines on the nail plate (striae leukonychia) is a sign of airspaces within the
nail plate and is not related to a calcium deficiency.
Nail Folds
1. The nail folds surround and supports the nail plate on all 3 sides. It is the junction of the skin
and nail plate and may sometimes be slightly darker in color thereby forming a clearly
demarcated margin from the surrounding skin.
2. The proximal fold lies over the nail root and matrix. The lateral nail folds extend from the
proximal folds and runs alongside the nail plate to terminate near the tip of the finger or toe.
3. The most distal part of the lateral nail fold is often prone to trauma from mechanical injury, nail
biting and ingrown nails as well as bacterial and fungal infections. Inflammation and swelling of
the folds is known as paronychia.
Nail Cuticle
1. Also known as the eponychium, it is the part of the skin that overlaps onto the proximal part of
the nail plate. It provides some, although minor, support for the nail plate but more
importantly, the cuticle seals the nail sinus to prevent injury and infection of the nail root or
matrix.
2. The cuticle is usually thin, translucent and extends a short distance over the lunula or nail bed. It
has neat margins. Ragged cuticles or uneven cuticles may be the sign of excessive manicuring,
poor nail care with overuse of the hands or it can be a sign of certain connective tissue diseases.
Nail Lunula
The white crescent–shaped area located at the base of fingernails and toenails is
known as the lunula. Differences in the shape, form, or color of lunulae can be indicative of
injury or a serious health issue, such as a deficiency, infection, or disease. Medical attention
should be sought when persistent changes in lunulae, or nail moons, occur.
The lunula is the only visible part of the nail matrix, or the living part of the fingernail, and
appears white in color. A majority of the nail matrix is positioned underneath and behind
the actual nail bed. Responsible for producing the protein keratin, which forms the nail
plate, the nail matrix is vulnerable to injury. When the nail is injured, the nail matrix can
become damaged, resulting in lunula discoloration and hindered nail growth.