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http://watchingtheworldwakeup.blogspot.com/2008/08/unbearable-lightness-ofaspen-part-1.html Euglenozoans Forams Diatoms Ciliates Who are the Eukaryotes? Red algae Green algae Land plants Amoebas Fungi Animals Nanoarchaeotes Methanogens Thermophiles Proteobacteria (Mitochondria)* Chlamydias Who are the “protists”? Spirochetes Gram-positive bacteria Cyanobacteria (Chloroplasts)* Domain Bacteria What do they mean microbial Eukaryotes? COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE Domain Archaea Who are the single celled Eukaryotes? Domain Eukarya Review! Who are the Prokaryotes? Lynn Margulis Figure 25.3 Cytoplasm DNA Ancestral prokaryote Plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Engulfing of aerobic bacterium Engulfing of photosynthetic bacterium Nucleus Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Mitochondrion Ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote Plastid Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote Figure 25.3 Cytoplasm DNA Archaean cell Ancestral prokaryote Plasma membrane Endoplasmic reticulum Cyanobacterium Engulfing of aerobic bacterium Engulfing of photosynthetic bacterium Nucleus Nuclear envelope Mitochondrion Mitochondrion Ancestral heterotrophic eukaryote Proteobacterium Plastid Ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote Figure 20.21 Plantae Ancestral cell populations Thermophiles Proteobacteria Domain Bacteria Cyanobacteria Domain Archaea Methanogens Domain Eukarya So sometimes whole organisms were engulfed-but genes were also being swapped 1. In the intro to the article they list the kinds of Eukaryotes that have bacterial genes. Who are they? 2. What did we learn about the movement of genes between the mitochondrial genome and the nuclear genome when we read about mitochondrial disease? 3. So when we first started finding Prokaryotic genes in the nuclear genome of Eukaryotes, many argued that their source Top of p 869 they talk about Paulinella … Why? http://schaechter.asmblog.or g/schaechter/2012/06/howan-endosymbiont-earnstenure.html by S. Marvin Friedman Plastids and mitochondria are organelles in eukaryotic cells that originated from bacterial endosymbionts via invasion or enslavement or a synergistic amalgamation, depending on your viewpoint. Since these events occurred more than one billion years ago, it has not been possible to trace the evolutionary steps in the transition from endosymbiont to mature organelle, a process referred to as organellogenesis. Enter the protozoan amoeba, Paulinella chromatophora. …Where does one draw the line between the two? It’s becoming more and more difficult to decide. 4. There is a big section in the middle of this paper “Bacterial genes in eukaryotes: How many are of organellar origin?” What is he arguing here? What is point of this section? 5. Why might Protists be more likely to acquire bacterial genetic material? 6. Why might it be kind of handy for Eukaryotes to retain their ability to acquire “ready to use genes from other sources.”? (top left p 871) 7. At the top of p 871, the authors describe a model or mechanism by which bacteria may end up incorporated into Protists. Describe. What is the problem with this model? The weak-link model… 8. Why are plants and animals or multicellular organisms in general much less likely to acquire bacterial genes? 9. But what do they mean…“In non-vascular and seedless vascular plants, female gametes are weakly protected in archegonia and exposed to external environments during fertilization.”? (Middle of p871) 10. How about animals, what kinds of animals are more “exposed” and when? 11. Can you decipher Fig. 1??
