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Transcript
Chapter 1, Section 1 – Earth’s Interior I. Exploring Inside Earth a. Two main methods of exploring Earth’s interior: i. Direct evidence – rock samples ii. Indirect evidence – seismic waves 1. examine the speed and paths of seismic waves b. Seismic waves i. Produced from earthquakes ii. Measured with seismographs iii. Two most common types: 1. P waves (primary waves) – able to move through liquid 2. S waves (secondary waves) iv. Seismic waves do not travel in straight lines or have a constant speed II. A Journey to the Center of Earth a. 3 main layers of Earth: i. Crust: top layer of Earth 1. includes water and dry land 2. solid 3. 5-70 km thick ii. Mantle: layer of hot rock below crust 1. 2,867 km thick 2. made up of three separate layers: a. lithosphere – uppermost part of mantle and crust (thick, rock solid) b. Asthenosphere: middle layer of mantle, solid, but more flexible than lithosphere (can bend like plastic) c. Lower mantle: solid material that extends to core iii. Core: innermost layer of mantle 1. made of iron and nickel 2. two parts: a. liquid (molten metal) outer core b. solid metal inner core (under too much pressure for iron and nickel molecules to spread out) b. Core and magnetic field i. Created by movements in liquid, outer core ii. Has north and south poles iii. Magnetic field changes as molten metal moves III. Temperature a. Temp. is cool just below surface, but begins to rapidly increase in the deeper layers b. Temp. then increases more steadily and slowly c. Heat is left over from formation of Earth IV. Pressure a. pressure increases as depth increases