Download lecture 9/28, evoln., sp. relationships

ES101 9/28/10
Ecology V
BRING CLICKERS TO LAB TOMORROW
Tutor: Frangelica Odell, M&W, 6-8pm, MH201
• Forest Lab due this week
• Be sure to see comments on lab 1 and email
your grade to your instructor
• Exam 1, one week from today
Ecology IV
ES101 9/28/10
BRING CLICKERS TO LAB TOMORROW
Tutor: Frangelica Odell, M&W, 6-8pm, MH201
• Exam 1, one week from today
- Will be a combination of mult. choice, matching
and essays.
- We will use some of the clicker questions from
lectures and lab this week on the exam.
WE RECOMMEND USING THE POWERPOINT
FILES POSTED ON CAMPUSWEB TO HELP
YOU REVIEW THE MATERIAL
WE RECOMMEND USING THE POWERPOINT
FILES POSTED ON CAMPUSWEB TO HELP
YOU REVIEW THE MATERIAL
EXTRA CREDIT OPPORTUNITY – 25pts
• Attend the film “River of Waste” tonight at 6:30 in
Pierce Hall, AND,
Write and submit a 2pg summary of the film –
DEADLINE: one week from today at 11:55pm
• Energy flows in one direction – towards disorder
– life requires energy from sun
• Nutrients can go in a cycle
• Nutrients – elements needed for life
• Macronutrients – need A LOT:
• Carbon: Backbone of organic molecules;
carbohydrates, fats, sugars, etc
• Nitrogen: Amino acidsproteins; enzymes; DNA
• Phosphorus: DNA; Cell membranes
Carbon Cycle
Carbon in Air - CO2
photosynthesis
Combustion
= burning of
fossil fuels
respiration
Plants
Diffusion
Animals
decomposition
Dead material
Soil
Burial, compaction
Geologic deposits
(fossil fuels, etc.)
Water
All of the following processes can add CO2 to the
air except
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
respiration
photosynthesis
decomposition
diffusion
combustion
Evolution drives all life forms
• Evolution = change in genes of a species over
time
• Species evolve in response to physical AND
biological environment (=other species)
• Natural selection =
Envt determines which individuals survive and
reproduce
Nat. seln. results in adaptations –
features of organisms that help them survive
and reproduce in their environment
Lynx/hare exs:
• size of feet
• thickness of fur
• ability to jump
Natural Selection
•
•
Proposed by Charles Darwin in 1859
Causes populations to change over time so
that they survive better and leave more
offspring
Conditions for Nat. Seln.
1. Variation in a population (ex: diff. Colors)
2. Variation is passed to offspring via genes
3. Variation is related to survival and reproduction
selection by
nature
If longer ears means more blood
circulation, and thus more heat loss,
which hare will survive best in the Arctic?
A.
B. .
C.
.
.
A
B
C
If longer ears means more blood
circulation, and thus more heat loss,
which hare will survive best in the Arctic?
A
B
C
A has shorter ears, therefore
will lose less heat, survive
better in colder temperatures
Niche –
combination of biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors that determine where a species
will live
Result of natural selection!
http://io.uwinnipeg.ca/~simmons/1116/images/niche.jpg
Type of species relationships:
Type of species relationships:
Determined by who benefits (+) or is hurt (-) or
not affected (0) by the relationship
Type of species relationships:
Determined by who benefits (+) or is hurt (-) or
not affected (0) by the relationship
Relationship
Species A
Species B
Predator-prey
(and parasitism)
+
-
Competition
-
-
Mutualism
+
+
Commensalism
+
0
Predator-Prey: Predator takes energy
from the prey – may or may not kill it
http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/
Predator-Prey
Both species show adaptations to each other =
co-evolution;
.
Predator-Prey
Both species show adaptations to each other =
co-evolution; ex.: eye position
Predator-Prey
Both species show adaptations to each other =
co-evolution; ex.: eye position
impala
http://www.grizzlydiscoveryctr.com/gdcwolfpics.html
Predator-prey:
Parasitism
Deer tick –
carries Lyme
disease – both
tick and Lyme
bacteria are
parasites on
deer, humans
Insects create
galls in plants –
lay eggs in
plant tissue
Which of the following best describes the effect of
competition on the two species involved?
1.
2.
3.
4.
+
+
+
-
0
+
-
Competition
Species compete for limited resources:
Ex.: 1. Plants compete for sun, soil nutrients
2. Birds compete for nesting spaces
Result: Have to use energy to compete!
So: Evolve to avoid competition by specializing or
find ways to “fight the enemy”
Mutualism (symbiosis):
Both species benefit from the relationship
Bottle Gentian and bumblebee
Remora and Manta: Remora attaches to
Manta, cleans off parasites, gets food scraps
Mutualism: Lichen
fungus provides structure, some nutrients;
algae photosynthesizes
http://mgd.nacse.org/hyperSQL/lichenland/html/biology/meeting.html
Commensalism: One species benefits, the other
species is not affected
Epiphyte: Plant that lives
up off the ground –
Bromeliad and tree
Q (can discuss): A vireo is a bird that nests in oak
trees. The vireo eats insects that eat the oak
leaves. What is the relationship between the vireo
and the tree?
1.
2.
3.
4.
Predator-prey
Competition
Mutualism
Commensalism
http://i.pbase.com/g6/01/744201/2/81770442.Uelav1zB.jpg
Keystone species
= Species that make it possible for many species to
survive in an area (=high diversity)
 Remove the keystone species, many species
disappear
www.exzooberance.com/.../beaver
http://www.inkycircus.com/jargon/images/starfish.jpg