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Introduction to Psychology Unit Four: Personality (Modules 17, 18, 19, 20, 21) Module 17: Psychodynamic and humanistic perspectives on personality Learning Goals: - What is "personality"? - What was Sigmund Freud's psychodynamic perspective on personality? Is it valid? - What is the humanistic perspective on personality? Is it valid? Terms to know: - personality - free association - conscious, preconscious, unconscious - id, superego, ego - defense mechanisms: repression, regression, denial, reaction formation, projection, rationalization, displacement - psychosexual stages - Alfred Adler, inferiority complex - Carl Jung, collective unconscious - Karen Horney - projective tests: TAT, Rohrschach - Abraham Maslow, self-actualization - Carl Rogers, unconditional positive regard Module 17 Self-Check: pp. 338 - 340 Module 18: Trait and social-cognitive perspectives on personality Learning Goals: - What are the "Big Five Personality Traits"? - What is a personality inventory? - What is the social-cognitive perspective on personality? What kind of factors (according to this perspective) from our environment influence our personality? Terms to Know: - trait - personality inventory - validity - reliability - Albert Bandura - reciprocal determinism - external locus of control - internal locus of control - learned helplessness - Martin Seligmann - positive psychology Module 18 Self-Check: pp. 358 - 360 Module 19: Classical Conditioning Learning Goals: - Explain what a classically conditioned response is (and Ivan Pavlov's role in its discovery) - Describe the sequence of the classical conditioning processes: acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery - Define generalization and discrimination - Explain the behaviorist perspective (John Watson) Terms to Know: - learning - classical conditioning - stimulus unconditioned stimulus unconditioned response conditioned stimulus conditioned response - response - acquisition - extinction - spontaneous recovery - Ivan Pavlov - generalization - discrimination - behaviorism - John Watson - cognition - John Garcia Module 19 Self-Check: pp. 382 - 383 Module 20: Operant Conditioning Learning Goals: - Define operant conditioning - Define the law of effect and the different kinds of reinforcement - Describe the effects of punishment - Explain how behaviors are influenced through shaping, discrimination, and extinction Terms to Know: - operant conditioning - law of effect - Edward Thorndike/B.F. Skinner - reinforcement positive negative immediate delayed primary secondary - punishment - shaping - discrimination - extinction - latent learning - cognitive map - overjustification effect - biological predisposition Module 20 Self-Check: pp. 406 - 408 Module 21: Observational Learning Learning Goals: - Define observational learning and discuss Albert Bandura's experiments - Understand how observational learning can lead to pro- and antisocial behaviors Terms to Know: - observational learning - model/modeling - Albert Bandura - vicarious learning - mirror neurons - antisocial behavior - prosocial behavior Module 21 Self-Check: pp. 416 - 418