Download LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Stephen G

LEARNING OBJECTIVES FOR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Stephen G. Davenport
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Introduction
1 What two systems work together to regulate and coordinate the activity of cells?
2 How does the effect of hormones differ from that of the nervous system?
3 What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Hormones
4. What are hormones? What are the two major chemical classes of hormones?
5. What are the eicosanoids? Is their activity considered being local or general?
Mechanisms of Hormone Action
6. How do hormones bring about their effects on cells? What are five ways a hormone may produce a change?
7. There are two major mechanisms by which hormone-receptor binding places intracellular machinery into
action. One uses G-proteins and ________________, and the other involves steroid hormones and direct
_________ activation.
Amino Acid Based Hormones and Second Messenger Systems
8. Why do nearly all the amino-acid based hormones uses a second-messenger system? What is the most common
second messenger?
Cyclic AMP Mechanism
9. What are three plasma membrane components that interact to regulate levels of cyclic AMP?
10. What is considered to be the first messenger? What does it bind to? What happens to the G-protein once the
receptor binds its hormone? What does the activated G-protein bind with? What does the enzyme adenylate
cyclase generate? What does cyclic AMP do? Can a target cell be stimulated by a single hormone to produce
several different responses? What is amplification?
Steroid Hormones and Direct Gene Activation
11. Once inside the cell, what does a lipid soluble hormone bind to? What happens to the hormone-receptor
complex? What is the final result?
Hormone and Target Cell Specificity
12. What determines whether or not a cell will respond to a hormone? What are three factors which influence target
cell activation?
13. What are up-regulation and down-regulation?
Life of a Hormone
14. What are two factors which influence the concentration of a circulating hormone?
Control of Hormone Release
15. What is negative feedback and how does it apply to hormone regulation?
16. What are three stimuli which influence the production and release of hormones?
17. What does humoral mean? What are humoral stimuli? Are humoral stimuli common?
18. What are neural stimuli? What is a classical example of neural release of a hormone?
19. What are hormonal stimuli? What is an example of hormonal regulation of an endocrine gland?
Nervous System Modulation
20. What does nervous system modulation mean? Why is it necessary in the control of hormone release?
MAJOR ENDOCRINE ORGANS
Pituitary Gland
21. Where is the pituitary gland located? What connects the pituitary superiorly? What are its two divisions? What
does the posterior lobe consist of? What does it release? What is the neurohypophysis? What does the anterior
lobe consist of? What is its technical name? What does it release?
Pituitary-Hypothalmic Relationship
22. What is the origin of the posterior pituitary? What specific region of the brain remains connected to the
posterior pituitary? What structure houses the hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract? What hormones are released?
What are the two hormones released at the posterior pituitary?
23. What is the origin of the anterior pituitary? What kind of connection exists between the hypothalamus and the
anterior pituitary? Generally speaking what is the hypophyseal portal system? What does the hypophyseal
portal system transport?
Anterior pituitary (adenohypophyseal) hormone
24. Name the six hormones produced by the anterior pituitary (See table 17.1). What is a tropic hormone? How
many of these hormones are classified as tropic and what are their names?
25. What is now considered to be the “master gland?” Why?
26. What does the hypothalamus secrete to control the pituitary gland?
27. What type of control does the hypothalamus exert on the adrenal medullae (what hormones are released? See
discussion of adrenal medullae)
28. What does the abbreviation GH stand for? What are its target organs and effects?
29. What does the abbreviation TSH stand for? What is its target organ and effect?
30. What does the abbreviation ACTH stand for? What are target organs and effects?
31. What does the abbreviation FSH stand for? What are its target organs and effects?
32. What does the abbreviation LH stand for? What are its target organs and effects?
33. What does the abbreviation PRL stand for? What are target organs and effects?
34. What are the target organs and effects for oxytocin?
35. What does the abbreviation ADH stand for? What are target organs and effects?
Thyroid
36. Where is the thyroid located and how is it shaped? Internally, how is it structured? What are the two hormones
produced by the thyroid?
37. What does the abbreviation TH stand for? Where specifically does TH originate? What are target organs and
effects?
38. What cells produce calcitonin? What are the target organs and effects for calcitonin?
39. What does the abbreviation PTH stand for? Where specifically does PTH originate? What are target organs and
effects?
Adrenal glands
40. Where are the adrenal glands located? What is another name for the adrenal glands? What are the two regions
of an adrenal gland?
Adrenal Cortex
41. What are the three major groups of adrenocortical hormones?
42. What is the major mineralocorticoid? What is its target organ and effects?
43. What are the four major mechanisms that regulate the release of aldosterone? Which mechanism is the major
regulator of aldosterone release?
44. What is the major glucocorticoid? What are its target organs and effects?
45. What are the major gonadocorticoids? What are their probable effects?
Adrenal medulla
46. Where is the adrenal medulla located? What are the two major hormones it produces, what are their targets and
effects?
Pancreas
47. Where is the pancreas located? What portions are responsible for hormone secretion? What are the two major
hormones, their targets and effects?
Gonads
48. What does the term gonad mean?
49. What hormones do the ovaries produce, what are their targets and effects?
50. What hormones do the testes produce, what are their targets and effects?
Pineal Gland
51. Where is the pineal gland located? What major hormone does it produce, what is its effects.
Thymus
52. Where is the thymus located? What hormones does it produce, and what is its effects?
Heart
53. What is ANP? When is it produced, what are its targets and effects?
Gastrointestinal tract
54. What are enteroendocrine cells?
Placenta
55. What are three hormones produced by the placenta?
Kidney
56. What is erythropoietin?
Skin
57. What is cholecalciferol? What does the skin need exposed to for production of this hormone?
LABORATORY complete Exercise 23 and units at -www.linkpublishing.com/interactive%20exams.htm