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The French Revolution Begins Ch. 18, sec. 1 Causes of the Revolution The American Revolution Social structure of France was a problem for many people Enlightenment ideas Absolutism Society was divided into estates, or social classes Financial Crisis/Food Shortages Goal—to create new political and social order The Three Estates: First Estate Clergy 130,000 people Exempt from taxes (taille —main tax in France) Divided between rich and poor clergy The Three Estates: Second Estate Nobility 350,000 people Owned 25-30% of land Main jobs in government, military, law Exempt from taille and other taxes Wanted more power for themselves and less for monarchy The Three Estates: Third Estate Everyone else 97-98% of population Divided into 3 groups—peasants, skilled craftsmen, bourgeoisie The Third Estate: Peasants 75-80% of total population of France Owned 35-40% of land Over ½ had little or no land had obligations to landlords (nobles) Expected to do things because “that’s the way it had always been done” The Third Estate: Skilled Craftsmen, etc. Also shopkeepers and wage earners Had marketable skills Prices rose steadily, so they didn’t sell much because people couldn’t afford the goods The Third Estate: Bourgeoisie Middle class 8% of total population Owned 20-25% of land Merchants, bankers, professionals (doctors, lawyers, etc.) Didn’t like privileges of nobles Could buy ranks and become a noble Supported Enlightenment ideas Financial Crisis French financial problems caused collapse of country 1787-1788—poor harvests Food shortages Rising prices Unemployment 1/3 of population was poor Government still spent large amounts of money on war and luxuries Louis XVI called meeting of Estates-General (French parliament) to approve new taxes Estates-General Made up of representatives from all 3 estates 1st and 2nd Estate had 300 representatives each 3rd Estate had 600 representatives Meeting opened at Versailles in May 1789 3rd Estate wanted to create constitutional monarchy and make clergy and nobility pay taxes Estates-General (cont’d.) Each Estate got one vote 1st and 2nd Estate typically outvoted the 3rd 3rd Estate wanted each individual representative to get one vote That way, the 600 representatives of the 3rd Estate would equal the vote of the others Thought they could swing some votes from the other estates to get a majority King said no—vote by Estate 3rd Estate declared itself the National Assembly (June 17, 1789) Result of Estates-General Meeting 3rd Estate declared itself the National Assembly (June 17, 1789) Began drafting constitution June 20, 1789—3rd Estate was locked out of their meeting place Went to nearby indoor tennis court to meet Swore to stay there until they had written the constitution Called the Tennis Court Oath Result of Estates-General Meeting (cont’d.) Louis XVI prepared to use force against the 3rd Estate, but he never got the chance July 14, 1789—people of Paris rose up in rebellion Stormed the Bastille, a French prison and armory Royal authority collapsed People saw they had to take power in their own hands Great Fear Revolts broke out throughout France Peasants rose up against the nobles because of rumors that the nobles were going to attack the peasants Summer 1789 Citizens formed militias Chaos! Destruction of the Old Regime National Assembly shaken by Great Fear Aug. 4, 1789—National Assembly voted to abolish rights of landlords and other privileges of nobles and clergy Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Aug. 26, 1789 Inspired by American Declaration of Independence, Constitution, and English Bill of Rights Charter of basic liberties Reflected Enlightenment thought Freedom and equal rights for all men The Parisian Women’s March Louis XVI still refused to accept changes Oct. 5, 1789—1000s of armed women marched to Versailles and demanded bread King was forced to return to Paris with the royal family and to accept decrees of National Assembly They became virtual prisoners in Paris Church Reforms Church was symbol of old order, so it needed to change too National Assembly seized and sold Church land Civil Constitution of the Clergy: Bishops and priests elected by the people and paid by the state Government controlled the Church Catholics became enemies of the revolution Constitution of 1791 New constitution created a monarchy with little power Legislative Assembly to make laws Many people didn’t like this new order Louis attempted to flee in June 1791, but was captured and forced to return to Paris Oct. 1791—first meeting of Legislative Assembly War with Austria Other European leaders were afraid that the revolution would spread to their countries Austria and Prussia threatened to use force to restore Louis XVI’s power Legislative Assembly responded by declaring war on Austria in spring 1792 War went badly for France initially Rise of the Paris Commune New political disturbances in spring 1792 August—radical groups in Paris organized mob attack on palace and Legislative Assembly Called themselves the Paris Commune Took king captive Paris Commune (cont’d.) Forced Legislative Assembly to suspend monarchy and call for National Convention Based on universal male suffrage—all men could vote Beginning of more radical and violent stage Power went from Assembly to Paris Commune Sans-culottes—ordinary patriots; “without breeches” Radical Revolution and Reaction Ch. 18, sec. 2 The Move to Radicalism Paris Commune dominated before National Convention met Led by Georges Danton and Jean-Paul Marat Sept. 1792—National Convention began meeting, voted to get rid of monarchy created the French Republic Radicalism (cont’.d) Convention split into factions (opposing sides) Girondins – wanted to keep king alive Mountain – wanted to execute the king Most people were members of the Jacobins, which was a political club Jan. 21, 1793—Louis XVI beheaded Paris Commune wanted things to be more radical Foreign countries formed coalition against France The Reign of Terror Set up courts to prosecute enemies of the new republic Convention gave power to Committee of Public Safety Goal was to defend France from enemies abroad and at home 40,000 people killed, including the remaining members of the royal family The guillotine Committee eventually headed by Robespierre Crushing Rebellion Armies sent to control rebellious cities Lyon—1,880 people killed Nantes—people executed by being sunk and drowned 15% executed were clergy and nobles; rest were bourgeoisie and peasants Committee of Public Safety said it was only temporary The Republic of Virtue Democratic republic w/ good citizens Everyone called each other “citizen” Slavery abolished in French colonies The Republic of Virtue: Dechristianization Wanted to take Church’s influence out of France “saint” removed from street names Churches were closed and priests were encouraged to marry Notre Dame renamed the “temple of reason” Dechristianization (cont’d.) Created new calendar Years renumbered from beginning of French Republic (Sept. 22, 1792) 12 months Each month was 3 weeks of 10 days No Sundays or church holidays Months given new names to reflect weather and harvests Floreal=“flower month” Thermidor=“hot month” Even with this, French people remained overwhelmingly Catholic Levee en Masse Aug. 23, 1793—huge mobilization of entire nation (levée en masse) Over 1,000,000 people in army in less than 1 year Pushed foreign invaders back Huge step in creation of French nationalism End of the Terror Summer 1794—foreign enemies mostly defeated Less need for Reign of Terror National Convention had enough of Robespierre July 28, 1794—Robespierre executed by guillotine Revolutionary feeling began to cool Moderates took over The Directory Churches allowed to reopen New constitution—August 1795 2-house legislature Council of 500—initiated legislation Council of Elders—accepted/rejected proposed laws 5 people chosen by Council of Elders to be executive committee Called the Directory The Directory (cont’d.) Lasted 1795-1799 Very corrupt Lots of political enemies Royalists wanted monarchy back Radicals didn’t like moderation Still had to fight wars from Committee of Public Safety Relied on military to keep power 1799— coup d’état by Napoleon Armed take-over of government The Age of Napoleon Ch. 18, sec. 3 Napoleon’s Early Life Born 1769 in Corsica (an Italian island controlled by France) Father was a lawyer Went to military school in France Very successful in military school Not well liked b/c of his Italian accent Read works of philosophes Studied great military leaders of past Napoleon’s Military Successes Quickly rose through the ranks to become a General 1796—became commander of French armies in Italy Great success in Italy 1797—returned to Paris as a hero 1799—failure in Egypt against Britain Abandoned troops and returned to France w/o them Napoleon: Consul and Emperor 1799—helped direct coup d’etat against Directory helped create new government—called the Consulate became First Consul—basically in charge of most of the government of France 1802—made First Consul for life 1804—crowned himself Emperor Napoleon I Napoleon and the Church Napoleon wasn’t religious—saw religion as a convenience He also wanted to restore stability to France, and most of France was Catholic 1801—agreement with the pope Recognized Catholicism as the religion of the majority of French people Pope allowed people to keep Church land taken during the revolution Those land owners became huge supporters of Napoleon Catholic church was no longer an enemy of the government Napoleon and the Law Created 7 codes of law for France (used to be 300) Civil Code (Napoleonic Code) Equality for all citizens Religious toleration Abolition of serfdom Protected property rights Women’s rights still inferior Napoleon and the Government Powerful, centralized administration People were promoted in government based on their ability New aristocracy based on merit Napoleon’s Empire 1803—new war with Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, Sweden Napoleon’s army (Grand Army) defeated all but Britain From 1807-1812, Napoleon was the master of Europe France’s borders were enlarged some European kingdoms were controlled by Napoleon’s relatives (ex.—Spain) Other European countries were forced to join him (allies) Grand Empire: French empire, dependent states, and allied states European Response to Napoleon Britain was able to survive Napoleon’s conquest—they were almost invulnerable to attack 1805—British defeated French at Trafalgar Continental System —Napoleon attempted to cut Britain off from rest of Europe economically European Response: Nationalism Nationalism—unique cultural identity of a people based on common language, religion, and national symbols Napoleon’s conquest helped other countries to develop nationalism People joined together because they hated the French People also realized the things they had in common with each other The Fall of Napoleon: Russia Russia didn’t like Continental System Napoleon decided to invade June 1812—600,000 Frenchmen invaded Russia Napoleon needed quick defeat Russian army lured France deeper and deeper into Russia Russian army destroyed everything in their path so the French couldn’t use it— scorched-earth policy Russia (cont’d.) Grand Army reached Moscow, but the Russians had set it on fire Napoleon abandoned Russia in Oct 1812 French troops retreated in harsh winter weather Less than 40,000 made it out of Russia March 1814—Paris, France captured Napoleon was sent to exile in Elba (island in Mediterranean) Bourbon family restored to throne of France—Louis XVIII The Final Defeat Napoleon escaped from Elba and returned to France Quickly gathered army of men still loyal to him— arrived in Paris in March 1815 European countries joined together again to fight him again Waterloo—June 18, 1815 Napoleon’s final defeat by the Duke of Wellington Exiled to St. Helena (island off west coast of Africa) Hundred Days —period of time that Napoleon came back from Elba