Download Mitosis and Cell Cycle Test Review Sheet

Environmental Biology
Cell Cycle and Cancer Test Review Sheet 2013
NAME _________________________
1) What are three reasons why cells divide?
a. to repair tissue
b. to grow and develop
c. to stay small size
2) Why are cells so small
Surface area to volume ratio
Large ratio is desired (Ex: 1,000,000/1) because lots of surface area
help materials get into and out of the cell QUICKLY and little volume
is desired because it slows down the movement of these materials.
3) What are three reasons why it is important for cells to stay so small
a) To maintain a HIGH surface area:volume ratio
b) Avoid DNA overload
c) To stay organized
4) What is the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes?
Chromatin is thread-like DNA and is the form that DNA is usually found in a cell
that is NOT dividing. When a cell is going to divide, it coils up the chromatin to
form CHROMOSOMES, which are packages of DNA that are much easier to divide
evenly among the 2 new cells.
5) Which organelle plays a vital role during cell division?
Nucleus
6) The parent cell contains
46
chromosomes and the daughter cells contain
46
chromosome.
7) What are the four phases of mitosis?
a. Prophase
b. Metaphase
c. Anaphase
d. Telophase
8) During which phase of the cell cycle is DNA duplicated?
S Phase
9) Why is it important that a cell’s DNA is duplicated before cell division? The
DNA needs to be duplicated before the cell divides SO THAT both new cells
have the SAME AMOUNT of DNA.
10) Which phase of the cell cycle does the cell spend the longest time? Interphase
(90% of the time)
11) What is the role of spindle fibers during cell division?
To move the chromosomes evenly between the two new cells
12)
A PROPHASE
B METAPHASE
C ANAPHASE
D TELOPHASE/
BEGINNING
CYTOKINESIS
E INTERPHASE
1 CENTRIOLE
2 SPINDLE FIBER
3 SISTER CHROMATID
4 DAUGHTER CELLS
5 CHROMATIN (DNA)
6 CELL MEMBRANE
7 NUCLEOLUS
8 CENTRIOLES
9 CHROMOSOME
10 NUCLEUS
13) Write a brief explanation of each phase
Interphase
G1 cell size doubles, organelles double
S
Prophase
DNA is doubled “synthesized”
G2 Cell grows and prepares to divide
Chromosomes condense and nucleus
disappears- “PASTA”
Metaphase
Chromosomes move into the equator of
the cell “MIDDLE”
Anaphase
Chromosomes are pulled away towards
opposite poles of the cell “AWAY”
Telophase
Nuclear membranes reappear in both
poles, chromosomes unwind, starts to
show 2 cells “TWO”
Cytoplasm divides in 2
Plants- cell plate
Animals- cleavage furrow
Cytokinesis
14) Provide a brief explanation of each term
Apoptosis- programmed cell death- if a cell is irregular, and cannot be
repaired or fixed, then the cell will destroy the mutant cell rather than let it become
cancerous.
Spindle Fibers- fibers that attach to every chromosome and assist to move
them away towards opposite ends of the cell
Centromere- the middle part of chromosomes that attaches the two sister
chromatids together
15) Cancer
What is cancer? The uncontrollable division of cells
What happens in the cell that leads to cancer? There must be a change in the DNA
(mutation) that causes the cell to lose control of its cell cycle and constantly
divide
Define Metastasis & angiogenesis
Metastasis- how a tumor spreads. Pieces of the tumor break off, enter the blood
stream, and travel to other parts of the body
Angiogenesis- means to build MORE blood vessels. Cancer tumors cause the
body to do this, building more blood vessels directly to the tumor! Feeding it and
providing it with oxygen to get stronger
What are three common treatments for Cancer?
a. Chemotherapy- used to treat cancers located in several parts of the body,
KILLS THE FASTEST DIVIDING CELLS which includes hair cells and the cells
that line the intestine, causing the sick feeling and hair to fall out
b. Radiation- TARGETED therapy, useful only when the cancer is found in
ONE area. Uses energy waves to DAMAGE DNA in cancer cells, but can also
damage DNA in healthy cells, causing the symptoms.
c. Surgery- removes the tumor and often healthy tissue. Helpful only if the
tumor is found in one location, often used with some radiation or chemotherapy.
Review Cancer Quest Video
Treatment types (look at charts!)
List three ways that Cancer can be prevented
a) Healthy eating (think of anti-angiogenic foods like apples, berries,
parsley etc)
b) Do not smoke!!! Avoid breathing in pollution and chemicals
c) Wear sunscreen, avoid too much sun
** Review TED Talk Dr. William Li “Can We Eat to Starve Cancer?”