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The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Indonesian Coastal Cities
PART ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1.
General Framework
It has been widely recognized that global sea level rise may generate immense impact on physical
and biological system such as coastal morphology and natural ecosystem. It also induces both
habited and inhabited areas.
The environment in the coastal zone is predicted in fragile balance regarding natural processes
and human activities. When it found that about a half of the world’s population live within 100
kilometer of the coastline, climate cange and sea level rise that has been susceptable to global
warming will generate serious impact to people reside on coastal areaas. People, however, also
contribute on climate increase identified from their activities that generate gasses such as ater
pavor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), ozone (O3),
etc. that present in the atmosphere. This fenomenon known as greenhouse gasses (GHGs).
Regarding to climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) presents
data that the warming accured largely during 1910 – 1940 and since the mid 1970s, and it
continued into 1990s.
When sea level rises faster than the ability of the wetlands to adapt to the change, the wetlands
tend to decline. National Academic Science-1989 presents data that the rate of sea level rise varies
from 0.3 m up to 2m in the next century (Sampurno, 2001). Sea level rise physically effect the
coastal regions as it directly relate with erosion and shore line retreat. Moreover it influences
wetlands along the river as the river profile has to change attempting to gain a new equilibrium.
Considering the emerging importance of global environmental problems in Asia – Pasific region,
Environmental Agency of Japanese Government provides budget for Building Research Institute
(BRI), Ministry of Construction - Japan to make a cooperation research with Research Institute
for Human Settlements (RIHS), Ministry of Settlements and Regional Development - Indonesia
on Global Environmental Impact Study of Urban Development and Housing
Construction in Indonesia. The theme of the study is The Impact of Uprising Sea Level on
Coastal Cities in Indonesia. This study is part of general study organized by Geographical
Survey Institute Ministry of Construction - Japan. The facts reveal that such study is important to
be done in Indonesia where its coastal line nearly covers 81.000 km in length and most of its areas
are being dwelled.
1.2.
Aim
The aim of this study is to make a contribution in Asia – Pacific region in term of coastal area in
Indonesia influenced by sea level rise (SLR). The prime concern of the present study is to identify
loses on coastal areas considering the sea level rises-up upto 1 M in height from current level. The
study covers as follows :
1) Analysing data obtained from feasibiity study done during Japanese fiscal year
1999/2000
Final Report
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The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Indonesian Coastal Cities
2) Listing up forecasted problems caused by uprising sea level.
3) Estimating coastal areas through aerial photographs and satelite data carried out through
discussion between BRI and RIHS’ researcher invited to Japan.
4) Investigating existing field condition as a basic assessment to future impact.
1.3.
Scope
The above mentioned aims demand data from some coastal cities in Indonesia. For certain
reasons 6 (six) cities., located in 4 (four) big Indonesian islands i.e. Java, Sumatera, Kalimantan
and Sulawesi have been dicided to be a survey area covering :Jakarta, Semarang, Surabaya,
Palembang, Banjarmasin and Makasar. The studi is mainlay concered with phisical and
socioeconomical condition on 3 ( three ) major aspects i.e.
1).Geomorphology
2) Region
3) Urban Building Tipes
1.4.
Research Design
Exploration is the methodological framework used in this study. Where secondary data is
explored prior to field survey. .Since the main concern of the study, is to estimate vurnerability of
coastal cities when the sea level reach up to 1 meter higher the current condition, selected study
area should fulfill the following criteria :
1) Determaining cities clacified as most cities influenced primarily and secondarily by sea
water
2) Finding out coastal areas having gently sloping coast
3) Determining coastal areas having 1 meter contour line identified from topografical
map
4) Determaining region in administrative boundary of district
5) Sellection of sub-district having specific building tipes
6) Obtaining indepth data about urban building tipes covering data of specific building
and its recident condition.
1.5.
Research Methodology
The above mentioned procedure is attempted to obtain data indentifying the level of vurnarability
of six coastal cities in Indonesia. The methode can be described as follows :
1)
Literature study intends to accommodate the study relate to the Sea Level Rise that
may generate further discussion. These secondary data collected from related
institutions existing in each location such as : Bappeda, Bakosurtanal, BPR-Pantura,
Geologi, Sudin Pemetaan, Dinas Pariwisata, Proyek Pengendalian Banjir, Dinas
Kelautan dan Perikanan.
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The Impact of Sea Level Rise on Indonesian Coastal Cities
2)
Field observation intends to gain primary data. The observation covers
geomorphological condition, regional condition, sub-district condition and selected
building condition.
3) Direct interview to local resource person and owner of selected building
4) Primary and secondary data was collected based on a guideline consisting of criteria of
selected location, list-up data and questions needed on this study.
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