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Cosmos ( Episode 7) - The Backbone of Night video review QB 44.3 .C87 2000
1. In the Sixth Century BC, the first roots of science arose on the Greek island of ________ in
the city of _________.
2. In this period, the world’s larger cities and civilizations were not where the search for
knowledge began because those centers were ______________________________.
3. The first to develop the basic approach to scientific knowledge was the Ionian
______________ of Miletus who introduced the idea that the world was knowable.
4. The Ionian engineer credited with developing the key, the ruler, the carpenter square, the
level, the lathe, and other important tools of technology was _____________________.
5. _______________ first proposed that life evolved from water and mud, and that life could
and did evolve.
6. _________________ of Abdera proposed that the Earth and the Sun were just one of many
worlds, and was the first to make a compelling argument that everything was composed of
simple, indivisible particles called atoms.
7. As the Greek culture advanced, science gave way to dogma and intolerance for new ideas.
One of the victims of established Greek beliefs was ________________ who proposed that
the moon was made of ordinary matter, and that the Sun was a hot cinder located at a great
distance for which he was tried, convicted, and imprisoned.
8. A famous Greek mathematician named _______________ proposed that a mathematical
harmony ruled the universe, and that the world was of a mystical nature, and unknowable, and
that the universe could be understood by pure thought.
9. Pythagoras and his followers believed that the Earth’s material makeup could be
represented by ____ solid body shapes, and that the mystical, unknowable universe was
represented by the ___________________ (12-sided) shape.
10. The discovery of the square root of two threatened the perfect geometrical world of the
____________, hence it was believed that the irrational numbers (square root of two) and the
dodecahedron had to be suppressed to save the culture.
11. __________, a follower of Pythagorean philosophy, introduced the concept of a perfect
world that could be understood with pure thought, and that observation was a wasteful,
exercise of little use.
12. Pythagoreans, and later Plato and his student ____________, believed in the superiority of
simple, mathematical logic. This understanding provided them with an elite status which
allowed them to rationalize slavery within their culture.
13. Aristotle’s philosophy and pseudoscience was adopted as a model of the physical world by
the early leaders of the _______________ religion.
14. The first Greek to propose that the Sun was at the center of the solar system, and that the
Earth and other planets orbited the Sun (heliocentric solar system) was _______________
who was later persecuted for heresy.
15. ____________________ reintroduced the concept of the heliocentric solar system in the
middle ages, based on the early concept first introduced by Aristarchus.
16. ______________ used the process of observational deduction to measure the distance to
stars in relation to the size of the Sun.
17. Soon after WW-I, ______________ discovered that we exist on the outer edge of the Milky
Way galaxy by mapping the position of stars and star clusters.
18. There are roughly ________________ galaxies in the universe, each containing about
_______________ stars.
19. One of Carl Sagan’s contentions is that we can make our world significant by the courage
of our __________________.
Anastagoras
Anaximander
Aristarchus
Aristotle
Copernicus
Democritus
dodecahedron
Huygens
Ionia, Ionian
Plato
Pythagoras, Pythagorean
Samos
Harlow Shapley
Thales
Theodoros