Download Cat - CL Davis Foundation

Donald J. Meuten
Diseases of Dogs and Cats
CL Davis / AFIP
April, 2003
Renal
See #12
CBC – Nonregenerative anemia
Panel – Azotemia,  P,  Ca,  or  K in cats
UA – concentration; active sediment
CBC Abdominocentesis =
1. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Multifocal
granulomatous nephritis
Etiologic Diagnosis: FIP
Etiology: Feline Corona Virus
Monoclonal possible; polyclonal the rule
2. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphoma
Can be difficult to distinguish FIP and LSA via gross
Polycythemia – erythropoietin production by tumor
Anemia 3 causes – Renal, ACID and bone marrow
involvement
3. Morphologic
#1 cancer in kidneys in cats and dogs
4.
Diagnosis: Lymphoma
Morphologic Diagnosis: Renal
adenocarcinoma
#1 primary renal cancer
Malignant, hematuria, BTA test, STAT test
G. Shepherd: hereditary, dermal fibroma, uterine
leiomyoma
5. Morphologic Diagnosis: Focal
hemorrhagic infarct
infarct = Coagulation necrosis
6. Morphologic Diagnosis: Chronic polar
infarcts
Cats
7. Morphologic Diagnosis: Renal
cortical necrosis
Massive DIC
8. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Pyelonephritis
Ascending, descending (hematogenous)
9. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Medullary
crest necrosis
Equine- Bute + dec H20; still ischemia
Etiology: Ischemia = Amyloidosis, nonsteroidal antiinflammatories, pyelonephritis
10. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Amyloidosis
Nephrotic syndrome
Dogs – glomerular
Ur Prot:Ct ratio
Cats – glomerular, interstitial; Abysinnians
Char pei - interstitial
1
11. Morphologic Diagnosis: Lipid emboli
Etiology: Hypothyroidism vs DM
11. A. Cat
Normal - diffuse
11. B. Dog
Normal – ascending limb loop henle
Differentiate from mineral, hemosiderin, lipofuscin
12. Morphologic Diagnosis-. Interstitial
Nephritis
Histologic Alteration: Lymphocytic
plasmacytic interstitial nephritis
Etiology: Leptospirosis spp.
Etiology: Idiopathic;
FIP
Leptospirosis spp.
12 a.
CIN
End stage kidney
Name 4 underlying causes
13. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Chronic
interstitial nephritis
Any chronic renal lesion can produce “end stage”
kidneys = nephrosclerosis as a general term vs as a
specific term for a vascular oriented lesion
14. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Suppurative
glomerulonephritis
Rare to see any gross lesions with GN
Any chronic renal lesion can produce “end stage”
kidneys = nephrosclerosis
Hypokalemia – dietary? Cats
Most common cause chronic renal failure-old cats
15. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Disseminated petechiae
Etiology: Canine Herpes virus
Two mechanisms:
1. Thrombocytopenia
2. Vasculitis
Under each are multiple etiologies
16. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Hydronephrosis, Hydroureter and
ureteral mass tumor
16. A. Cat
Differentiate from cysts:
17. Morphologic Diagnosis: Intercostal
pleural mineralization
Ca X PO4 > 70
Other nonrenal lesions seen with
renal failure: 10, how many can you list?
18. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis:
Hydronephrosis, nephrolith and hydroureter
19. Morphologic Diagnosis: Nephrolith,
be more specific = ______________
Etiology:
Primary lesion in this dog =
Look @color of nephrolith
Etiology =
Cysts are located in cortex
Hydronephrosis starts in pelvis then expands symmetrically
Polycystic kidneys – congenital; WHWT
2
20. Morphologic Diagnosis: Transitional
cell carcinoma
#1 cancer in urinary bladder
by a wide margin
#1 or #2 most malignant tumor in vet. med.
Papillary vs nonpapillary (flat)
21. Morphologic
Diagnosis:
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Associated Bone Lesion:
Name of Disease:
All species
Rare tumor but reported frequently
HO
22.
Fibroma vs. Eosinophilic cystitis
Eotaxin – Fibroblasts eosinophils
Eosinophilopoiesis
Skeletal
1. Cat
Name of the disease: Osteogenesis
Imperfecta
Multiple fractures of appendicular and axial
skeleton, some with callus formation
2. Cat
Two most likely differentials:
Etiology for each:
Pathogenesis:
Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism
Rickets
3. Name of Disease - Fibrous
Osteodystrophy
Most Likely Etiology: Renal
secondary hyperparathyroidism
Why not nutritional?
Why not Rickets?
4. 10 m.o. dog Diagnosis –
Hypertrophic osteodystrophy
Infectious?
Canine distemper?
Nutiritonal?
Painful, numerous bones
5. 10 y.o. dog Diagnosis:
Osteosarcoma
6. Name of the disease: Osteochondrosis
(OCD)
Pathogenesis: Ischemia, focal impairment
mineralization
Morphologic Diagnosis: "inappropriate"
Note similar location to OC
7. Name of the disease: Degenerative
Osteoarthropathy
8. Name of the disease:
Chondrodysplasia (dwarfism)
Breeds:
9. Leukocyte Abnormality
Multiple; lesions and
breed susceptibility
RBC abnormality
Bone marrow lesion
3
pathogenesis vary with each
10. Morphologic Diagnosis Etiology 10A. Growth arrest line
10B. Osteoporosis
Metaphyseal sclerosis
Canine Distemper Virus Infection
Large animals – Bov Ov Cap
Decreased formation with basal resorption
Disuse in small animals Nutritional in lg. animals
Any species
Hyperparathyroidism: Renal vs Nutritional
Osteoclasts and osteoblasts and fibrous tissue
Dec. Vit D or P
Osteomalacia as general term and name of disease in adults
10C. FOD
10D. Rickets
11. Name of Disease: Legg Perthes
Disease Pathogenesis: Ischemia
12. Name of Disease: Hip Dysplasia
Other possible answers Degenerative Joint Disease,
Osteoarthropathy, Osteoarthritis
Joint Mice
13. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Osteoarthritis, Multiple masses of
Osseous Metaplasia
14. Diagnosis: Intervertebral disc
degeneration and herniation
Never thoracic
Lumbar or cervical
Age of onset
Incidental
Bulls =
14A. Bridging ventral vertebral
spondylosis
15. Morphologic Diagnosis =
Etiology =
16. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis Osteosarcoma
17. Morphologic Diagnosis - Osteosarcoma
Prognosis:
Discospondylitis
Etiology: Staphylococcus spp., Brucella canis
Axial vs appendicular (better)
Prognosis =
Classical sites
Origin is medullary
Biopsy = 3 sites in metaphysic and epiphysis NOT periosteal
Emter medulla
If diaphyseal location think prior fx and metallic fixation
17a. Paraosteal OSA
Telangectactic OSA
Giant cell variants
18. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis - Squamous cell
carcinoma
19. Morphologic Diagnosis Chondrosarcoma
20. Morphologic Diagnosis 21. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis -
Most common tumor in bones of cats
Multilobular tumor of bone
Osteochondromatosis (Multiple cartilaginous
exostoses)
Etiology: Hereditary
Multiple Myeloma = clin path; interleukins
Different from plasma cell tumor soft tissues
22. Morphologic Diagnosis
23. Morphologic Diagnosis Osteomyelitis
4
24. Morphologic Diagnosis Osteomyelitis, Excessive woven bone
Etiologic Diagnostic:
Etiology:
25. Hypertrophic osteopathy
Coccidiodomycosis
Coccidioides immitis
Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthopathy
Space occupying mass
Not hypertrophic osteodystrophy
26. Periosteal new bone
one bone or numerous bones
location on bone
Differentials: flurosis, HOD, HO, neoplasia, infectious, H canis,
Muscle
Golden ret.; male, familial; inc. ALT
1. Canine muscular dystrophy
Thymoma; antibodies to Acetylcholine receptors
Botulisim rare in dogs
2. Myasthenia gravis
3. Immune mediated myositis
Temporal muscles
4. Hepatozoaan canis
Texas, myositis and periostitis
5. Protozoa
Toxo - cats and Trypanosomiasis – dogs
6. Rhabdomyosarcoma vs oma
Skeletal, cardiac muscle
Benign vs malignant is difficult to differentiate
Laryngeal area rhabdomyoma vs oncocytoma
IH, PTAH, oncocyte like cells due to mitochondria
7. Hemangiosarcoma
8. Soft tissue sarcoma
Central Nervous System
1. Morphologic Diagnosis - Meningioma
#1 primary CNS tu;mor in cats
2. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis - Meningioma
3. Cat
- Lymphoma
4. Morphologic Diagnosis Oligodendrogioma
CSF may be 100% lymphoid
Gelatinous gross appearance
Honeycomb appearance is “artifact”
5. Morphologic Diagnosis - Astrocytoma
6. Morphologic Diagnosis Lissencephaly
Breed - Lhasa Apso
Stromberg’s Rule = if you can’t see anything wrong then
something is missing = hypoplasia vs atrophy
7. Morphologic Diagnosis - Optic nerve
hypoplasia
5
- Feline Ischemic Encephalopathy
8. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis - Infarct
Etiologic Diagnosis
1. FIP 2. Septicemia
3. ICH Adenovirus
4. Mycotic
5. Toxins – organic mercurial
6. RMSF
9. Brain, Histologic Lesion is Vasculitis
Possible Etiologies:
Fibrinopurulent meningitis
FIP
Feline corona virus
10. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis –
Etiologic Diagnosis Etiology
11. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis - Cerebellar
Hypoplasia
Etiology - Feline panleukopenia virus
12. Morphologic Diagnosis
Etiology - Cerebellar abiotrophy
13. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis –
14. Morphologic Diagnosis -
Bov
Canine
Eq
Necrosis caudate nucleus
Hemorrhagic myelitis
Hemorrhagic myelitis
Differentials:
Osseous metaplasia
Youngish dogs, ger. Shep, T12-L3
Glomeruloid structures, embryonic mesenhyme, neg. for neuor
IH markers, positive for Whilm’s tumor gene
15. Ossifying pachymeningitis
16. Nephroblastoma
17. Granulomatous meningoencepalitis
Reproductive
1. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis:
2. Morphologic Diagnosis:
a. Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia
b. Pyometra
c. Corpus Luteum
3. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Cystic
Endometrial Hyperplasia
4. Morphologic Diagnosis: Leiomyoma
5. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Granulosa
Cell Neoplasia/Sex cord stromal cell
tumor
6. Ovarian adenocarcinoma
7. TVT
Parovarian Cyst
Pathogenesis:
Hormonal factor = progesterone
If large animal = estrogen
Biological Behavior – Malignant
Benign in mare
Chromosomal number
“Street” dogs
Marks for lysozyme
6
8. Interstitial Cell Tumor
Yellow soft, cysts, hemorrhage
Hyperplasia vs neoplasia: multiple
Rats = hypercalcemia
White soft
Looks like lymphoma
Female counterpart of seminoma
White firm
Most likely to cause feminization but any can
Clin path =Schnauzers
With pyometra
Vasculitis vs thrombocytopenia
Viremia (Herpes) vs bacteremia
70:30 benign malignant dogs
70:30 malignant benign cats
mixed mammary tumors #1 in bitch
1 y.o. intact female
Epithelial and stromal cell proliferations
9. Seminoma
10. Dysgerminoma
11. Sertoli cell tumor
12. Male pseudohermaphrodite
13. Pup, less than 10 days old
Petechiae
14. Mammary Carcinoma
15. Cat Mammary hyperplasia
Cardiovascular
1. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis:
2. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis
3. Cat
IVSD
4. Dog Morphologic Diagnosis:
a. Pulmonic Stenosis
b. Right ventricular hypertrophy
4A. Anomalies = Big 3
PDA
PS
AS
5. Morphologic Diagnosis:
a. Aortic stenosis
b. Left ventricular hypertrophy
c. Subvalvular fibrosis
d. Aortic aneurysm
Valvular dysplasia
Excessive Cordae Tendineae
Location = pre, valvular, post valvular
Breeds, age
Accompanying lesions = aneurysms, hypertrophy, dilation
Organ failure = lungs, liver, ascites
6. Morphologic Diagnosis: Pulmonary
Arterial Thrombosis
Etiologic = Glomerular lesion, two =
Endocarditis
Heart worm
Pulmonary arteritis
Heartworm
Roughened tunica interna
Dogs and cats
Aberrant locations = mesenteric vessels, CNS, femoral artery
Numeruos D immitis in caudal vena cava producing IVH
Caval syndrome
7. Morphologic Diagnosis:Aortitis
7
Etiology
8. Morphologic Diagnosis: Saddle
thrombi
Spirocerca lupi
Etiologies =
9. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Saddle
thrombi
10. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Aortic
mineralization
Never hyperthyroidism
Etiology: Feline Cardiomyopathy
Uremia
Idiopathic, Hyperthyroidism
or increased workload = ________, _______.
11. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis:
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
12. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Dilatory
Cardiomyopathy
Etiology: Idiopathic, Taurine
deficiency
13. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Atrial
Thrombosis
Etiology =
Now rare in cats but common in dogs
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is common in cats and
rare in dogs
14. Morphologic Diagnosis: Left
Ventricular Hypertrophy Marked
Hypertrophic left ventricle in cats is hyperthyroidism
or cardiomyopathy
Hypertrophic left ventricle in dogs is a valvular
problem or stenosis
15. Morphologic Diagnosis: Multifocal
Myocarditis
16. Morphologic Diagnosis: Multifocal
Myocardial Degeneration
Compare the lesions above and
compare Etiologies
17. Morphological Diagnosis: Fibrous
epicarditis
18. Morphologic Diagnosis: Fibrinous
pericarditis
19. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Hydropericardium
19A. Cardiac Tamponade
rare
Infectious first thought
CHF vs hyporoteinemia
Idiopathic
HSA
20. Morphologic Diagnosis: Heart base
tumor (chemoreceptor tumor)
21. Morphologic Diagnosis: Thyroid
adenocarcinoma
22. Morphologic Diagnosis: Thymoma
23. Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphoma
50% of dogs have ectopic thyroid rests in pericardial
area
Myasthenia gravis
8
24. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphoma
25. Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphoma
26. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Atherosclerosis
Hypercalcemia
Rare = hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus
27. Congenital Portocaval Shunt
vs Acquired shunt
Gastrointestinal
1. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Squamous
cell Carcinoma
Gingiva
Tongue
2. Dog
Morphologic Diagnosis: Squamous
cell Carcinoma
Gingiva
Tonsil
3. Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphoma
Tonsil, stomach, colon
4. Morphologic Diagnosis: Focal
coagulation necrosis (Infarct)
Etiology: Uremic vasculitis
5. Morphologic Diagnosis: Multiple
ulcers
Etiology: Uremia
6. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Multiple
glossal ulcers
Etiology = Feline Calicivirus
7. Morphologic Diagnosis: Hemorrhagic
gastritis
Etiologies =
Mild to marked
8. Name the Disease: Acute Gastric
Dilatation and Volvulus
Associated Cardiovascular Lesion:
Myocardial necrosis Multifocal
Cats?
All species – horses – grass sickness
Lab animals and primates– rare to have volvulus
9. Morphologic Diagnosis: Leiomyoma
Intact mucosa
In wall
10. Morphologic Diagnosis: Locally
extensive ulcer
Possible Etiologies:
Neoplasia, VIP, Mycotic
9
11. Morphologic Diagnosis- Diffuse
intestinal lipofuscinosis
Name of Disease:
Etiology: Vit E, Se
Brown Dog Gut, Leiomyometaplasia
12A. FIP
Wet vs. Dry
Wet easy to diagnose; dry is difficult to diagnose
12. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Fat Necrosis,
Multifocal
1. Phy Ex – Fluid, 2. Titer >1:160, 3. Serum, globulin >5.0,
Total Protein >9.0
4. Fluid Examination
Dry Form, Difficult to diagnosis!!, Solitary mass + adj. GI
13. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Lipogranulomatous steatitis and
lymphangitis
Abdominal effusion: Chylous
Abdomen
DIff. Dx:,FIP, Cancer, Mycotic
Concurrent serum and fluid triglyceride
Diagnostic (Confirmatory) Clinical Pathology
Tests:
Abdominal fluid = Triglyceride > Cholesterol
14. Morphologic Diagnosis: Segmental
Mucosal Edema vs. lymphangiectasia
15. Morphologic Diagnosis: Scirrhous
carcinoma
SCC
Intestinal adenocarcinoma
16. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis:
Adenocarcinoma
Old cat Ascites = GI carcinoma
Anemic
17. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Intestinal
mast cell tumor
Lymphoma
MCT
LGL
18. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphoma
Possible Cell Type:
Globular leukocyte tumor
B-cell
Small cell vs. IBD
19. Etiologic Diagnosis: Intestinal
Parasitism
Etiology:
Ancylostoma caninum; Toxocara canis
20. Name of Disease:
Etiology
Electrolyte changes:
Trichuris vulpis
Na dec, K inc
Na:K < 23:1
10
21. Morphologic Diagnosis: Pyer's
Patches
Calves =
Idiopathic, immune, histoplasmosis (cats),
Toxoplasmosis
22. Inflammatory Bowel Disease
CBC – blood loss; ACID
Panel – Panhypoproteinemia
 A alb.
 G glb.
23. Cats + Dogs
Parvo virus
24. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Adenocarcinoma, Apocrine Gland Anal Sac
Associated Electrolyte Abnormalities:
Dogs common 98% malignant
Primarily female but can be in male
Cats rare
PTHrp
Ca inc
Ca inc
P dec : early
P normal or inc : late
Dogs – castration tumor regresses
95% benign
25. Morphologic Diagnosis: Circumanal
Gland Tumor
Hemolymphatic
1. Morphologic Diagnosis-. Splenic
Infarcts
Dull, dry, raised
2. Morphologic Diagnosis: Siderotic
Plaques
Edges, golden, white
3. Morphologic Diagnosis: Splenosis
(Daughter Spleens)
vs. HSA
3A. HSA
Clin Path CBC = acanthocytes, shistocytes,
NRBC
4. Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphoma
MCT LSA
Splenic sarcoma Myeloid metaplasia
4A. Nodular Hyperplasia
Lymphoid; EMH
5. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Mast cell
tumor
6. Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphoma
7. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Lymphoid Hyperplasia (Reactive Lymph Node)
11
8. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Lymphoma
9. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Aplastic
Marrow
Possible Etiologies:
10. FeLv
11. Leukemias
Macrocytosis
Changing types – cats
Erythemic vs. Myeloid
Poikilocytosis
Kittens
12. Iron def. anemia
Endocrine
Thyroid and Parathyroid
Erythrocytosis 15%
 ALP 70% of cats
P
TT4+fT4 T3_
No Doubling of T4 to TSH
Free T4
T3 suppression (No fructosamine)
1. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Thyroid
Adenomas, multiple
Functional Status – Hyperthyroid
Associated Cardiovascular lesionhypertrophic cardiomyopathy (No
saddle thrombi)
Cat – Hyperthyroid Follicular benign
2. Morphologic Diagnosis: Thyroid
Adenocarcinoma
Functional Status – Euthyroid in dogs
Dog – Euthyroid; malignant tumor, follicular
EQ – euthyroid; benign tumor, follicular
Bov – C-cell bull
3. Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphocytic
Thyroiditis
(Idiopathic follicular collapse)
Dogs continuum from lymphocytic to “idiopathic follicular
collapse”
Cats ZERO spontaneous
4. Morphologic Diagnosis: Cyst –
Kursteiner’s cyst
Dogs – common, majority, microscopic, rarely
macroscopic; remnant of duct between P.P.;
ciliated epithelial lining
Other cysts
5. Morphologic Diagnosis: Parathyroid
adenoma
Ipsilateral and contralateral parathyroid
atrophy
 Ca  P; adenoma, carcinoma rare
polyuria polydipsia
s.g. 1.006
Nephrogenic DI biochemical mechanism
12
6. Morphologic Diagnosis: Parathyroid
Gland Hyperplasia and Hypertrophy
Etiologic Diagnosis: Renal or
Nutritional Secondary
Hyperparathyroidism
Renal – N or  Ca  P _
Azotemia, anemia etc
Nutr – N Ca;  P
Fx Ur P inc., Na normal, <1%
7. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis: Bilateral
Parathyroid Gland Hyperplasia and
Hypertrophy
Associated Bone Lesion – Fibrous
Osteodystrophy
Renal Vs Nutr Dog
Cat – same two plus primary HPTH
Primary HPTH Secondary HPTH
 Ca  P
N Ca  P
Fx Na inc in renal
Cats idiopathic hypercalcemia dietary? Steroid
responsive
Adrenal
1. Morphologic Diagnoses:
a. Pituitary Adenoma (ACTH
Secreting Tumor)
b. Bilateral Adrenal cortical
hypertrophy and hyperplasia
Acidophil – cats, large tumors
Stress leukogram =  PMN Mono  Ly eosin
vs. Physiologic stress – cats, young EQ
 PMN  Ly
 ALP
 GGT
 ALT
ACTH stim; LDDS; HDDS; Ur Cortisol: Ct_
2. Morphologic Diagnosis: Adrenal
Cortical Adenoma
ACTH stim; LDDS; HDDS; Ur Cortisol: Ct_
 Glucose
glucosuria __ ALP
1.008 - bactiuria w/o inflammation or cystitis
3. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Adrenal cortical carcinoma and
contralateral adrenal cortical atrophy
Adenoma – 30%; EMH - extramedullary
Carcinoma 70%
4. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Adrenocortical nodular hyperplasia
mineralization
NGS – Common dogs
NGS – incidental, cats
5. Morphologic Diagnosis:
Pheochromocytoma
White, pink, medullary
Zenkers – potassium dichromate
Tachycardia Bulls –MEN
6. Morphologic Diagnoses:
a. Adrenal cortical adenoma
b. Nodular adrenocortical hyperplasia
c. Metastatic neoplasm
Note location and colors
13
7. Morphologic Diagnosis:
a. Pituitary Carcinoma
b. Adrenal cortical atrophy, bilateral
Acidophil adenoma - cats
Carcinoma invasion; visual optic signs
Marcrodenomas can produce confusing
LDDS and HDDS patterns
Immune mediated – continuum to idiopathic atrophy
8. Morphologic Diagnosis: Lymphocytic
Adrenalitis
(Idiopathic Adrenal Cortical Atrophy)
Na:K ratio < 25 6 Diff Dx
Na:K ratio < 15 Addison’s(uroabdomen)
Azotemia 95%
Hyperphosphatemia 85%
Medullary wash out
Spontaneous – ZG ZF ZR
mineralocoricoids & glucocorticoids
Iatrogenic or pituitary neoplasm
ZF ZR – spares ZG
glucocorticord def.
9. Cow
Morphologic Diagnosis:
Surprise!
Pancreas
1. Morphologic Diagnosis - Beta Cell
carcinoma
Associated CNS lesion –
Hypoglycemia
20-50 mg/dl
Inc. insulin
Laminar cortical necrosis – CNS
Metastasize
2. Morphologic Diagnosis - Chronic
pancreatitis
old fat bitch; thanksgiving, relapsing
Difficult to confirm in cats; NRA, Hypocalcemia
Amylase worthless__ bili  ALP
Lipase 5X – Dogs
TLI – not as helpful as thought
Azotemia, steroids – inc. amylase
Histologic lesion = fat necrosis
birefringent fat
and lipase 1-2X
Ultrasound? Biopsy majority of cats have
concurrent liver or GI disease; about ½ have
both plus pancreatitis
3. Morphologic Diagnosis - NGS vs.
Acute hemorrhagic pancreatic
necrosis
Fooler = congestion and edema = not significant
4. Islet Amyloidosis
Common – old cats
Amylin in type II
Fructosamine = helpful in:
DX of DM; separating stress vs. DM
Helpful in monitoring TX of DM
Concurrent Cushing’s in 1/3 of dogs with diabetes
mellitus
14
5. Cat
Morphologic Diagnosis - Pacinian
corpuscle
6. Morphologic Diagnosis - Nodular
hyperplasia
NGS – multiple
Single – Adenoma, pancreatic
Large, mid body – Carcinoma, pancreatic
7. Morphologic Diagnosis Hepatocellular carcinoma
Associated Clin path abnormality –
Hypoglycemia
Leiomyoma – Plasma cell tumor
Pituitary
1. Morphologic Diagnosis - Pituitary
adenoma; carcinoma
80% of dogs with HAC have pit. Neoplasia, 90% are adenoma
Macroadenoma and carcinoma less common but “foolers” to dx
2. Morphologic Diagnosis - Pituitary
carcinoma
Uncommon
Craniopharyngioma
3. Morphologic Diagnosis - Gingival
Hyperplasia
Etiologic Diagnosis - Acromegaly
Etiology - Pituitary Adenoma
Secreting Growth Hormone
Inc. amounts soft tissue
Insulin antagonist
Concurrent D.M.
Beta cell exhaustion
Acidophil – Cat
4. Morphologic Diagnosis - Cystic
Rathke's Pouch
Pars nervosa spared
Panhypopituritarism
Sheep – Cyclops
5. Morphologic Diagnosis - Pituitary
Dwarf
Pituitary dwarfs
cute to coyote like; stunted
Liver
1. Shunts
Congenital vs. Acquired – see CV
2. Chronic passive congestion
Nutmeg appearance; Rt sided CHF
Hepatomegaly
Fluid
Cells
Tissue
CHF
Neoplasia = lymphoma, myeloproliferative
Inflam – uncommon hemolytic anemias
Amyloid ducks
15
3. Macro-micro Nodular
regeneration and fibrosis
Chirrhosis ? not to purists
4. Nodular hyperplasia
Nodular regeneration vs Adenoma
5. Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hypoglycemia
One large
6. Biliary Carcinoma
Multiple vs. Metastases
7. Cystic biliary hyperplasia
Old dogs
Cysts and Gall bladder anomalies
Cats
8. Copper
Primary vs. Secondary
9.Multifocal hepatocellular necrosis
Various gross patterns, can be difficult
to identify the necrotic vs normal
parenchyma
Septicemia vs. Herpes = white foci
Red foci to confluent tracks, may be necrotic parenchyma or the
unaffected parenchyma
Mushrooms, tribrissen (drugs), halothane, aflatoxin (biliary)
Respiratory
1. Pulmonary mineralization
Renal failure, HAC
2.AV - bronchopneumonia
Canine distemper virus
Bacterial
3. Verminous lesions
Aleurostrongylus abstrusus
Paragonimus kellicotti
Filaroides milksi, osleri, hirthi
D immitis palpate lungs feel thrombi
Infarcts uncommon, 3 ways to deliver O2 to lungs
Pulmonary arteritis
Heartworm
16
4. Cancer Pulmonary
Adenoma vs. Carcinoma
Primary vs. Metastases
Grading schemes are complicated
Cancer Nasal
Adenocarcinoma – mucinous
Poorly differentiated carcinoma vs sarcoma
Lymphoma – cats OK, dogs avoid
Granulomatous rhinitis
Mass therefore neoplasia as differential
Mycotic = Yeast forms vs Hyphal forms
Cryptococcus spp. may be minimal inflammation
Blastomycosis and others are rarely in nose
Hyphal types – aspergillus; difficult to see hyphae HE
Polyps
Inflammatory
Rhinosporidium – miliary white dots on surface
5. Lymphomatoid granulomatosus
Young to middle aged dogs
Histologic lesion is varied = angiocentric distribution of
anaplastic cells, lymphoid cell, eosinophils
6. Pulmonary hemosiderosis
7. Granulomatous pneumonia
vs. carcinomatosis
CHF
D. immitis
Dog – Blastomycosis
Cat – Histoplasmosis
8. Toxoplasmosis
Immunosupressed = canine distemper; FIV
Skin
1. “Dermatosporaxsis”
Collagen dysplasia – cats, dogs
Calves, lambs, EQ, cats
2. Endocrine alopecia
HAC, Hypothyroid, Estrogen
Calcinosis Cutis
3. Eosinophilic ulcer/granuloma
complex
Eotaxin ? Fibroblasts
4. Vaccine induced lesions
Granulomas
5. Ringworm
6. Demodex
7. Sarcoptes
17

FSA
8. Mycotic dermatitis
9. Leishmaniasis
10. Neoplasia
Round cell = Histiocyoma, lymphoma, TVT, MCT,
plasma cell tumor
Epithelial = Basal, sebaceous etc
Mesenchymal = Hemangiopericytoma, fibroma etc
Vaccine induced sarcoma
Cats, rabies vaccine + others
11. Cutaneous lymphoma
not a single nodule
T-cell
Mycosis fungoides
12. Sarcomas
Spindle cell sarcoma
HSA
Hemangiopericytoma
MI – grading schemes
13. Carcinomas
18