Download Unit 7 Power Point - Ms. Croft`s World History

The Rise to War: The Russian Revolution
Georgia Performance Standards
• SSWH17 The student will be able to identify the
major political and economic factors that
shaped world societies between World War I
and World War II.
• a. Examine the influence of Albert Einstein on
science, Sigmund Freud on social thinking and
Pablo Picasso on art.
• b. Determine the causes and results of the
Russian Revolution from the rise of the
Bolsheviks under Lenin to Stalin’s first Five Year
Plan.
Essential/DOK Question
• Differentiate among the influences of the
following individuals: Albert Einstein had
on science, Sigmund Freud on
psychoanalysis and Pablo Picasso on art.
• Explain how the rise of the Bolsheviks
under Lenin led to the Russian Revolution,
the results of that revolution and Stalin’s
first Five Year Plan.
Causes of the Russian Revolution
• In October, growing civil
unrest, coupled with
chronic food shortages,
erupted into open revolt,
forcing the abdication of
Nicholas II (1868-1918),
the last Russian czar. Just
months later, the newly
installed provisional
government was itself
overthrown by the more
radical Bolsheviks
(Communist Party) led by
Vladimir Lenin (18701924).
Results of the Russian Revolution
• The Bolsheviks and their
allies occupied government
buildings and other
strategic locations in
Petrograd, and soon
formed a new government
with Lenin as its head.
• Lenin became the virtual
dictator of the first Marxist
state in the world. His
government made peace
with Germany, nationalized
industry and distributed
land.
Results of the Russian Revolution
Beginning in 1918 the Bolsheviks had to fight a
devastating civil war against anti-Bolshevik White
Army forces. In 1920, the anti-Bolsheviks were
defeated, and in 1922 the Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR) was established.
Stalin’s Five Year Plan
• Lenin dies in 1924 and
Stalin succeeds him.
• In the late 1920s, Joseph
Stalin launched a series of
five-year plans intended to
transform the Soviet Union
from a peasant society into
an industrial superpower.
His development plan was
centered on government
control of the economy.
• Stalin ruled by terror and
with a totalitarian grip.
Science and Art
• Albert Einstein was
excelling in physics,
winning the Noble Peace
Prize in that field in 1921
for his discovery of the law
of the photoelectric effect.
He is also known for his
theory of relativity.
• Sigmund Freud was
working in his theory of
psychoanalysis, Oedipus
Complex and ego.
• Pablo Picasso was in his
Crystal Period painting
cube inspired paintings.
The Rise of Fascism and Nationalism
Georgia Performance Standards
• SSWH17 The student will be able to identify the
major political and economic factors that
shaped world societies between World War I
and World War II.
• c. Describe the rise of fascism in Europe and Asia
by comparing the policies of Benito Mussolini in
Italy, Adolf Hitler in Germany, and Hirohito in
Japan.
• d. Analyze the rise of nationalism as seen in the
ideas of Sun Yat Sen, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, and
Mohandas Gandhi.
Essential/DOK Questions
• Compare and contrast the fascist policies of
Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in
Germany; include a discussion of the
militaristic empire of Japan under Emperor
Hirohito.
• Assess the rise of nationalism in the ideas of
Sun Yat Sen of China, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
in Turkey and Mohandas Gandhi in India.
Policies of Benito Mussolini in Italy
• Founder of Italian Fascism,
became Dictator of Italy. He
dreamed of a New Roman
Empire.
• Government control of
business was part of
Mussolini's policy planning.
• Mussolini's foremost priority
was the control of the minds
of the Italian people and the
use of propaganda to do so. A
lavish cult of personality
centered on the figure of
Mussolini was promoted by
the regime.
The Policies of Emperor Hirohito in
Japan
• The first part of Hirohito's
reign took place against a
background of financial
crisis and increasing
military power within the
government.
• Japan remained aggressive
towards China, taking over
parts of the country. Japan
became a WARTIME
REGIME, not fascist like
Italy or Germany.
The Policies of Adolf Hitler in Germany
• Hitler, dictator of Germany,
gained popular support by
attacking the Treaty of
Versailles and promoting PanGermanism, anti-Semitism, and
anti-communism with
charismatic oratory and Nazi
propaganda. Hitler frequently
denounced international
capitalism and communism as
being part of a Jewish
conspiracy.
• He sought “living space” for the
German people in his aggressive
invasion policies in Europe.
Rise of Nationalism
• Sun Yat Sen - Influential in
overthrowing the Qing
(Manchu) dynasty, he
served as the first
provisional president of
the Republic of China
(1911–12) and later as de
facto ruler.
• Mustafa Kemal Atatur founder of the Republic of
Turkey, serving as its first
President from 1923 until
his death in 1938.
Rise of Nationalism
• Mohandas Gandhi
(Mahatma Gandhi) - the
preeminent leader of the
Indian independence
movement in Britishruled India. Employing
nonviolent civil
disobedience, Gandhi led
India to independence
and inspired movements
for civil rights and
freedom across the
world.
Aggression and Conflicts Begin
Georgia Performance Standards
• SSWH17 The student will be able to identify the
major political and economic factors that shaped
world societies between World War I and World War
II.
• e. Describe the nature of totalitarianism and the police
state that existed in Russia, Germany, and Italy and
how they differ from authoritarian governments.
• f. Explain the aggression and conflict leading to World
War II in Europe and Asia; include the Italian invasion
of Ethiopia, the Spanish Civil War, the Rape of Nanking
in China, and the German annexation of the
Sudetenland.
Essential/DOK Questions
• Distinguish the differences between a
totalitarian and authoritarian government –
how did the police state that existed in Russia,
Germany and Italy epitomize totalitarianism?
• Describe the aggression and conflict that caused
one of the following: Italian invasion of Ethiopia;
or the Spanish Civil War; or the Rape of Nanking
in China; or the German annexation of the
Sudetenland.
Totalitarianism v. Authoritarianism
• Totalitarianism – the government tries to
regulate public and private life. It is usually
paired with a strong gov’t ideology, a radical
figurehead and control of the public through
propaganda and terror. Ex: Nazi Germany
• Authoritarianism – a strong central
government with limited political freedom
for citizens. Ex: Communist Cuba
Totalitarianism and the Police State in
Russia, Germany and Italy
• The leaders: Joseph Stalin,
Adolf Hitler and Benito
Mussolini.
• All three of these leaders
ruled viciously. They, in
common, used secret
police, censorship of the
media, and propaganda to
maintain power.
• Ex: Stalin sent political
enemies off to Gulag work
camps in Siberia, where
they would die from cold
and hunger.
Italian Invasion of Ethiopia
• 1935, Italy invaded
Ethiopia.
• Mussolini was following
Hitler’s policy of “If you
consider it German, take
it.”
• Italy had tried to make
Ethiopia its colony years
before, so Mussolini
considered Ethiopia as
Italy’s property.
Spanish Civil War
• 1936 – 1939
• A struggle between
those loyal to the
Democratic Republic of
Spain and those loyal
to the fascist General
Francisco Franco.
• Franco’s followers won
and he ruled Spain
until his death in 1975.
Rape of Nanking in China
• The Japanese continued their
aggression towards China.
• In December 1937, the
Japanese attacked Nanking,
the capitol of the Republic of
China.
• Japanese soldiers murdered
Chinese civilians and disarmed
combatants who numbered an
estimated 40,000 to over
300,000, and perpetrated
widespread rape and looting.
• Some soldiers were
prosecuted but many escaped
punishment for their crimes.
Germany Annexes the Sudetenland
After the annexation of Austria, Hitler looked to the
Sudetenland where many Germans lived.
At the Munich Conference, France and the UK appeased Hitler
by granting him the Sudetenland to avoid a larger European war.
Major WWII Battles and How the War Ends
Georgia Performance Standards
• SSWH18 The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the global political, economic, and
social impact of World War II.
• a. Describe the major conflicts and outcomes; include
Pearl Harbor, El-Alamein, Stalingrad, D-Day,
Guadalcanal, the Philippines, and the end of the war in
Europe and Asia.
• c. Explain the military and diplomatic negotiations
between the leaders of Great Britain (Churchill), the
Soviet Union (Stalin), and the United States
(Roosevelt/Truman) from Tehran to Yalta and Potsdam
and the impact on the nations of Eastern Europe.
Essential/DOK Questions
• Contrast the major conflicts and outcomes:
Discuss Pearl Harbor, El-Alamein, Stalingrad,
D-Day, Guadalcanal, the Philippines and the
end of the war in Europe and Asia.
• Describe the military and diplomatic
negotiations between Churchill, Stalin and
Roosevelt or Truman in one of the various
WWII conferences: Tehran, Yalta or Potsdam.
What was the impact on Europe?
Pearl Harbor
• On December 7, 1941, the
Japanese attacked the U.S.
Pacific Fleet at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii.
• 8 battle battleships were
damaged, 4 sunk and only
the USS Arizona was never
raised.
• 2,403 Americans were
killed and 1,178 wounded.
• This event caused the U.S.
to declare war on Japan. In
turn, Germany and Italy
declared war on us.
North Africa and the European
Theater
• Battle of El-Alamein took
place near the Egyptian
railway stop of the same
name. The Allies won
this battle and ended the
Axis threat to Egypt, the
Suez Canal and the
Middle Eastern and
Persian oil fields via
North Africa.
• The Battle of Stalingrad
in Russia is considered
one of the bloodiest
battles in all of human
history. It was defined by
hand to hand combat at
nearly every house and
building in the city. It
was a turning point in
the war and a huge loss
for the Germans.
D-Day
• June 6, 1944 – the Allied
invasions of the
Normandy beaches on
the coast of France.
• The largest seaborne
invasion in history.
• The goal: To free France
from the Nazis and
establish a home base for
the entrance of troops
and materials to fight in
Europe.
• Allied and Axis casualties
were at least 20,000.
Pacific Theater
• The Battle of Guadalcanal
began in August 1942 around
the island of the same name.
Allied troops sought to
control the area to protect
supply and communication
routes between the U.S.,
Australia and New Zealand
from the Japanese.
• The Allies won and this was a
significant victory in
controlling the Pacific and
defeating the Japanese.
• The Battle of the Philippines
(1944-45) was a joint
campaign by the Allies and
Filipinos to dispel the
Japanese from those islands.
The Japanese on the islands
eventually surrendered after
the atomic bombs were
dropped on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki and the Empire of
Japan surrendered to the
Allies.
Tehran Conference
• The Big Three (Winston Churchill
(UK), Franklin Roosevelt (US)
and Joseph Stalin (USSR)) met in
1943 to discuss WWII issues at
the USSR embassy in Tehran,
Iran.
• The Allies committed to opening
a second front against Nazi
Germany and an envisioned
post-war settlement. A separate
protocol signed at the
conference pledged the Big
Three to recognize Iran's
independence.
Yalta Conference
• The Big Three meet again
in 1945 in the Livadia
Palace near Yalta in
Crimea. They discussed
Europe's post-war
reorganization.
• While the Big Three
agreed on free elections
for the people of Europe,
Stalin had no intention of
honoring this promise –
which eventually led to
the Cold War.
Potsdam Conference
• The Potsdam Conference was held
in Potsdam, occupied Germany,
from 17 July to 2 August 1945.
• Stalin, Churchill, Clement Attlee
(UK’s new PM) and Harry Truman
(the new President of the US) met
to decide how to administer the
defeated Nazi Germany, which
had agreed to unconditional
surrender nine weeks earlier, on 8
May (V-E Day). The goals of the
conference also included the
establishment of post-war order,
peace treaty issues, and
countering the effects of the war.
VE Day
• Victory in Europe Day – May 8,
1945. The Nazi’s formally
surrendered and this ended
the war in Europe.
• On April 30, 1945 Adolf Hitler
and his mistress committed
suicide during the Battle of
Berlin.
• Berlin fell to the Allies (Soviet
troops in this case) and the
Nazis were defeated.
• People celebrated in the
streets around the world,
including in major U.S. cities.
VJ Day
• The Japanese did not
surrender despite VE Day
and the war continued on
in the Pacific.
• President Truman choose
to drop the atomic bombs
on Hiroshima and Nagasaki
instead of a risky invasion
that would cost the U.S. 1.2
million American lives.
• Japan finally surrendered
on August 14, 1945 (U.S.
time).
The Holocaust and Post-WWII
Georgia Performance Standards
• SSWH18 The student will demonstrate an
understanding of the global political,
economic, and social impact of World War II.
• B. Identify Nazi ideology, policies, and
consequences that led to the Holocaust.
• D. Explain allied Post-World War II policies;
include formation of the United Nations, the
Marshall Plan for Europe, and MacArthur’s
plan for Japan.
Essential/DOK Questions
• Explain how Nazi ideology, politics
and consequences led to the
Holocaust.
• Examine the post WWII policies
such as the United Nations, the
Marshall Plan for Europe and
MacArthur’s Plan for Japan.
Nazi Ideology and Politics
• Nazis believed in racial hierarchy,
that the Aryan (or Nordics) were
the master race. They even
encouraged young girls to get
pregnant out of wedlock to grow
the Aryan race!
• The Nazis also wanted to unite
all Germans within the same
territory.
• They also believed that Jews
were an inferior race and the
cause of many of society’s ills
because of stereotypes about
Jewish control of financial,
political or economic systems of
Europe.
Holocaust Consequences
• Because of the Nazis beliefs
about Jews, they believed in
the persecution and the
eradication of these people.
• Hitler and his secret police
rounded up Jews across
German controlled lands and
forced them into
concentration camps, like
Auschwitz and Dachau.
• It is estimated that the Nazis
killed at least 6 million Jews
in gas chambers, work
camps, etc.
Formation of the United Nations
• U.S., British, Soviet, and Chinese
representatives met in
Washington, D.C. in August and
September 1944 to draft the
charter of a postwar
international organization based
on the principle of collective
security. They recommended a
General Assembly of all member
states and a Security Council
consisting of the Big Four (U.S.,
UK, China and Soviet Union) plus
six members chosen by the
Assembly.
• Representatives of 50 nations
met in San Francisco April-June
1945 to complete the Charter of
the United Nations.
Marshall Plan for Europe
• The Marshall Plan, named for
U.S. Secretary of State John
Marshall, was an economic
plan devised by the U.S. to
help revitalize Western
Europe after WWII. The U.S.
gave over $12 billion dollars
in aid.
• The goals of the United States
were to rebuild wardevastated regions, remove
trade barriers, modernize
industry, make Europe
prosperous again, and
prevent the spread of
communism.
Manhattan Project
• Code name for the project to
develop the first atom bomb.
• Einstein emigrated to the U.S.
because he was a Jew at risk under
the Nazi’s hands. Thankfully he
wrote a letter to Roosevelt about
the Nazi’s attempts to develop an
atom bomb which prompted the
project.
• The Trinity Test was the first test of
the bombs which eventually
destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
• Dr. Robert Oppenheimer is known
for heading the project and quoting
the Bhagavad Gita, “I am become
Death, the destroyer of worlds.”
MacArthur’s Plan for Japan
• General Douglas
MacArthur and the U.S.
military occupied Japan
from 1945 – 1951.
• He worked with the
Japanese to remake
their country into an
American model – free
elections, equality for
women and a Japanese
constitution.