Download Ecology

Ecology
Biology Chapter 3
What is Ecology?
• The study of the interactions between
living things and their surroundings
All living things depend upon one another!!
The root word ‘ology’ means the study of in latin
Levels of Organization
• Biome – group of ecosystems that have
the same climate and similar dominant
communities
– Example: desert, rain forest, etc.
• Ecosystem –Living and Non-living
aspects of environment
• Community – group of several species
• Population – a group of one species
living in same area
• Species – group of organisms that live
together, interbreed, and produce fertile offspring
What is a species?
Q: Why is a Liger
(Lion + Tiger) not
technically a species?
A: It is an
infertile hybrid
Levels of Organization
Individual Species > Population >
Community >
Ecosystem > Biome > Biosphere
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Types of Organisms
Autotrophs
(Producers)
- Make their own
food
- Examples: trees,
grass, flowers, etc.
Heterotrophs
(Consumers)
- Must eat food for
energy
- Examples: humans,
dogs, fish, insects,
etc.
Two Types of Autotrophs
(Life that can produce their own food)
Photosynthesis
Use light energy to
power chemical
reactions that
convert CO2 and
H20 into sugar
energy.
Example: trees,
grass, sunflowers,
etc
Chemosynthesis
Use chemical energy
to produce sugar
energy.
Example: bacteria
(volcanic vents,
deep ocean floor)
What is chemosynthesis?
Synthesis means “to make”
To make food with
chemicals
Photosynthesis = turning sun
energy into chemical energy of
glucose
Green Plants take in …
Water and Carbon Dioxide
Green Plants then produce…
Oxygen and Glucose (Sugar)
Chemical Formula for
Photosynthesis
Reactants  Products
H20 + CO2  C6H12O6 + O2
water + carbon dioxide  glucose + oxygen
Photosynthesis occurs in a
tiny cell part (organelle)
known as a Chloroplast.
Types of Heterotrophs
Herbivore
Eats only plants
Deer, squirrels
Carnivore
Eats only meat
Lions, tigers
Omnivore
Eats both plants &
animals
Detrivore
Eats dead and
decaying organims
Decomposers Breaks down the
remains
Monkeys,
bears
Vulture,
hyeena
Bacteria
Heterotrophs must get
their energy by
consuming others.
Heterotrophs undergo
cellular respiration to
break apart the glucose
molecules to make
energy
Cellular Respiration = Process
that breaks apart glucose
molecules to make energy.
This is the exact opposite reaction of photosynthesis...
glucose + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water
Occurs in an organelle
called the mitochondria.
Feeding Relationships
Energy flows through
an ecosystem in 1
direction
Food chain = shows
energy transferred
by eating.
Feeding Relationships cont.
Food web =
Link all the food
chains in the
ecosystem together
Remember: Arrows
always point away
from the organism
being consumed.
Trophic Levels =
each step on the food chain or web
Third level consumers –
carnivores
Second level consumers carnivores
First level consumers Heterotrophs
Producers
Ecological Pyramids
• Pyramid of numbers
• Biomass pyramid
• Energy pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
1 top level carnivore
2 carnivores
3 herbivores
100 plants
Biomass Pyramid
5 grams of producers
50 grams of producers
500 grams of producers
5000 grams of producers
Energy Pyramid
Energy Flow
.1 % 3rd level consumers
1% 2nd level consumers
10% 1st level consumers
100% Producers
ALL living things
require water to
survive!!
Water Cycle
http://earthguide.ucsd.edu/earthguide/diagrams/watercycle/
The Carbon Cycle
Key ingredient
of living tissue.
CO2 in
Atmosphere
• See handout
CO2 in Ocean
All organisms
require Nitrogen to
make amino acids
which in turn make
proteins.
The Nitrogen Cycle
N2 in Atmosphere
NH3
NO3and NO2-