Download wcv_Sem2_EXAM_Review Guide_2010-11

Mr. Noble
Western Civilization
2010-11
SEMESTER 2 REVIEW GUIDE
Multiple Choice
Choices not shown—look up and review the information in order to answer these in a Multiple Choice format on Exam.
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Greek Myths were written for all of the following reasons:
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General categories of masks worn in Greek Theatre:
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Masks were worn in Greek Theatre for all of these reasons:
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Which of the following was NOT true regarding where and how the Greek dramas were performed?
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Italy is a peninsula jutting out into the Mediterranean west of Greece. Unlike Greece, Italy is poor in ___ and surprisingly
devoid of ____.
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While Greece is poor in fertile land, Italy is wealthy in both land and precipitation. As a result, the Italians and Roman culture
would identify its values and ideals as ___.
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According to Roman legend, Rome was founded in 753 BCE by ___ and ___, twin sons of the god Mars and a Latin princess.
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The Latins were farmers and shepherds who wandered into Italy across the Alps around 1000 BCE. They settled on either side
of the ___ in a region they called Latium. They built the original settlement at ___, a cluster of wooden huts atop one of its
seven hills, the Palatine Hill. These settlers were the first Romans.
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___ is the bedrock of the language in Western Civilization.
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The Etruscans came from the following areas/regions: ___, and possibly ___.
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Most Etruscan inscriptions have been found on ___ and ___ and ___.
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Regarding Etruscan religious beliefs, they were ___ and believed in ___.
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The old saying “___," simply couldn’t have been truer. Rome was the hub of commerce, trade, politics, culture and military
might in the Mediterranean, and the grand achievement of her road network all led directly to the city and back out to her
many territories.
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Roman government was a mix of a/an ___ and a/an ___.
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Early Roman law was drawn from ___ and ___.
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The ___, was developed during the early republic—and, through this, the Roman legal system was characterized by a
formalism that lasted for more than 1,000 years.
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The origins of the Roman pantheon began with the small farming community that made up the ancient village of Rome. The
foundations of the mythology included nameless and faceless deities that lent support to the community while inhabiting all
objects and living things. ___, as the belief in a pantheistic inhabitation of all things is called, would later take root in more
clearly defined system of gods.
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Every family or household was believed to be assigned a guardian spirit known as the ___. All family functions
included these spiritual guardians in some form or another.
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Among these spirits that played a role in the spiritual life of Romans were ___ and ___. Each of these individual deities
stayed with a person for life and represented the creative force that determined gender and allowed individuals to grow,
learn and behave morally within society.
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While their visible remains leave a definite impression, the great bulk of the Roman aqueducts waterway system ___.
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When water reached Rome it flowed into enormous ___ maintained on the highest ground.
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The Coliseum got its popular name, because of ___’s colossus (120 ft. high) statue of himself, which was nearby.
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The word "arena" is derived from the Latin arena, which means "___."
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Gladiators were typically recruited from: ___
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It has been estimated that by the end of the Republic, about ___ of the gladiators were volunteers (auctorati), who took on the
status of a slave for an agreed-upon period of time, similar to indentured servitude that was common in the late second
millennium.
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The gladiator recruit became a member of a cohesive group that was known for following what key virtues?
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The audience, upon entering the Coliseum, climbed sloping ramps to their seats, according to ___ and ___.
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Gladiators were trained in special schools called ___, which could be found as commonly as amphitheatres throughout the
empire.
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Typically, like modern boxers, most gladiators would not fight more than ___ and with enough fame and fortune they could
purchase their freedom.
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A contemporary second century AD scholar, Festus, (who abridged the work of the Augustan era writer Verrius Flaccus)
suggests that gladiatorial combat was ___.
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Gladiators usually fought in ___.
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Roman men generally wore two garments, the ___ and the ___.
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The classic toga was a distinct Roman garment that only ___ were allowed to wear.
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Roman women also wore ___, in much the same fashion as the men.
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The Roman military was primarily made up of ___, ___, and___.
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All males between the ages of ___-___, were expected to serve in either the cavalry or infantry.
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The infantry was considered more important than the cavalry, and required ___ years of service.
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One could not run for public office until they had served in the military for at least ___.
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TRUE OR FALSE: Roman Emperors Trajan and Hadrian were both adopted.
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Key characteristics/accomplishments/background of Vespasian: ___
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Three Stages of Guerilla Warfare: ___
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Five Primary Offensive Maneuvers in Conventional Warfare: ___
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Roman roads were originally designed for what function?
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Like most major Roman fortifications and public works, Roman roads were primarily built by ___, as they stretched the
frontiers.
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As the empire expanded the cost responsibility for building and maintaining the roads were borne by ___ and ___ rather than
by the Roman treasury itself.
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During the Byzantine Empire, ___ Code preserved Roman law, formed the basis of modern legal systems, was called the
“Body of Civil Law,” and was divided into four parts: Code: Old Roman Laws; Digest: Summary of Roman legal experts;
Institutes: Basic principles of Roman law; and, Novels: his own laws.
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Describe the shifting loyalties from the state toward the church during Roman decline: ___.
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The following describes ___: co-ruler with his brother, whom he murdered; took advantage of Roman wars with the Vandals
and Persians, and invaded the Balkans; inspired fear and was harsh, but a just ruler to his own people; often called the Scourge
of God; Encouraged presence of learned Romans at his court; died of a nasal hemorrhage suffered while celebrating his
marriage.
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Islam means: ___
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Rate-- by significance to Islam: the 1st most holy, 2nd and 3rd most holy cities to Muslims.
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___ is the Holy Book (“Recitation”) in Islam.
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The ___ is the collection of the sayings and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, and serves as a companion to the Qur’an.
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___ literally means "jurisprudence." It refers to the practical rules of the religion: what is required, forbidden, recommended,
disapproved or merely permitted.
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___ literally means "the path leading to the watering place." It is Islamic Law: covers all aspects of life, politics, society, daily
life.
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“God” is translated as ___ in Arabic.
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The primary day of worship for Muslims is:___.
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The primary gathering in Mecca takes place around the ___, built by Abraham.
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What are the five “Pillars” of Islam?
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With the spread of the Muslim Empire, beginning in the early 7th C. CE, Muslims remained leaders in the world (for the next
several hundred years) in what areas?
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Causes that led to the beginning of the Crusades:
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Who were the central figures during the 3rd Crusade?
Matching Greek Theatre
Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
The “Dancing Place” where the chorus sang to the audience.
The portion of stage where actors performed (included 1-3 doors in and out).
The seating for audience.
See:
Skene,
Orchestra, etc.
Matching Greek goddesses
Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
The goddess of wisdom, war, the arts, industry, justice and skill. Attributes: owl, aegis,
war helmet. Usually is accompanied by Nike (goddess of victory).
The goddess of the wilderness, the hunt and wild animals. Twin of Apollo (sometimes
known as the goddess of the moon). Attributes: bow and arrow, and deer.
The goddess of love and beauty. Attributes: the dolphin, the dove, the swan, the
pomegranate and the lime tree.
See goddesses
The goddess of the harvest and seasons changing.
Queen of the Olympian deities, goddess of marriage and birth. Attributes: peacock &
crow.
Matching Greek gods
Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
The god of love. His arrows came in two types: golden with dove feathers which
aroused love, or leaden arrows which had owl feathers that caused indifference.
He is the messenger of the gods. Also known to be the god of shepherds, and traveling.
Attributes: winged shoes, sometimes winged hat, heralds staff.
The god of music, prophecy, medicine, and disease. Attributes: the bow and arrow, on
his head a laurel crown. Most famous attribute: the tripod, symbol of his prophetic
powers.
The god of fire, especially the blacksmith's fire, god of volcanoes. Born weak and
crippled.
The god of wine, is also the patron god of the Greek stage. Complete opposite of Athena
(passionate, full of emotions, and ecstatic).
See gods
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True or False Muslim Empire Please select A for True and B for False.
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Muslims were one of the first people to use anesthetics to render patients unconscious. Among these drugs was opium, which was
sometimes made more potent by mixing it with wine.
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Muslims developed the world's first hospitals. The Muslims eventually constructed 34 of these hospitals throughout their
empire. These hospitals had different wards for the treatment of different diseases, special quarters for the insane, and
outpatient departments for the treatment of minor injuries and dispensaries.
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The center of the transmission of the Muslim arts and sciences into Europe, was Madrid (Spain) in the fifteenth century CE.
The Reconquista and trade brought Latin-speaking peoples into contact with Muslim advancements. Europeans included Arab
books in their libraries. Eventually, many of the Muslim works, including the Qur’an, were translated into Latin. Between 1490
CE and 1560 CE, most of the great body of Muslim thought was made available to the Europeans.
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Muslims improved upon the ancient astronomical works of the Egyptians and Greeks. The study of the stars was an
indispensable aid to religious observance Arab astronomers corrected much of Ptolemy’s tables.
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Regarding mathematics: Arabic numerals are of Roman origin and made their first appearance in 830 CE. The Muslims also
adopted the decimal system from Rome. The Muslims translated the entire body of Euclid’s works on geometry. Muslim
geometry was also influenced by Rome.
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The Muslims had to solve a number of concrete problems, such as the division of taxes, the calculation of tithes and the division of
estates according to the Qur’an. Arabic arithmetical texts also discussed weights and measures, the purity of coins and the methods
of counting.
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Muslims had inspectors to inspect the drugs that physicians administered to patients. Inspectors checked that medicines were
mixed properly, (to prevent dilution of the medicines, which is basically an act of fraud) and that the jars containing the
medicines were kept clean. When an inspector caught a druggist not abiding by the rules, the druggist was fined heavily or
suffered more severe punishment, such as a beating of the soles of his feet.
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To the Muslims, mechanics was the study of centers of gravity and of equilibrium, as taught by Pythagoras and Anaximander.
Advancements were made in spring balances and scales used for measuring time and weights
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Islamic physicians helped develop the science of surgery. Muslim physicians were able to perform remarkably complex
operations for their time, including cranial and vascular surgery, operations for cancer, delicate abdominal surgery involving
the use of drainage tubes, and the amputation of diseased arms and legs.
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Islamic physicians made advancements in the treatment of eye diseases. They wrote textbooks on ophthalmology and invented an
ingenious method of operating on the soft cataract of the eye, using a tube to suck out the fluid that filled the capsule of the eye
lens.
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Most Arab works on poison greatly influenced by Persia and India. Muslims were interested in the identifications of
poisonous substances and the distinction between 'mobile' poisons derived from animal products and 'immobile' poisons
derived from mineral and vegetable substances, an idea that was originally obtained from the Romans. When it came to the
actual preparation of poisons and treatment of cases of poisoning, the Muslims used and improved upon Roman methods.
Matching Roman Leaders Please select the most correct responses from the box below.
Began as Tribune to Macedonia and Governor of Syria. After succession to power, alienated Senate. Gained favor by
appealing to population by lowering taxes, increasing games and reaching out to help poor children. Fortified
boundaries of Empire. Five-year inspection tour. Built massive wall/fortification structure in Northern Britain. Built
Pantheon.
Appealed to Roman “Sense of Supremacy.” Massive infrastructure projects: roads, harbors, baths, aqueducts.
Greatest conquests of all Roman Emperors. Extended empire. Built New Forum with design by Apollodorus.
Born 100 B.C.E. into Patrician Family. Studied in Greece. Governor of Spain. Joined Crassus and Pompey to form first
Triumvirate. Conquests in Egypt. Built bridge across Rhine during military battle. Dictator in 48 B.C.E. Assassinated
March 15, 44 B.C., “Ides of March.”
Leader with several physical disabilities. Bribed guards to seize control. Conquered Britannia. Built two major
aqueducts. Later met death by poisoning-- allegedly by his wife’s <Agrippina> servant.
Autocratic ruler. Built a lavish state project: Palace—Domus Aurea. The vaulted ceiling innovation introduced during
his rule. Overthrown. Dramatic Suicide. Final Words: “What an artist dies in me…” Left a void of bloodline.
SEE ROMAN LEADERS…i.e. Julius Caesar, Trajan, Nero, etc.
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Matching #1 Roman gods/goddesses part 1
Please select the most correct responses from the box below.
Greek>Aphrodite. Originally a Goddess of Gardens and Vinyards, Became the major deity of love and beauty after
the influx of Greek deities. On August 18 the Vinalia Rustica was observed. On April 23 a festival, the Vinalia
Priora, celebrated the opening of one of her temples.
Greek>Artemis. Fertility Goddess. Moon Goddess. Huntress Goddess. Triple Goddess- Lunar Virgin, Mother of
Creatures, the Huntress or Destroyer. Goddess of nature, fertility, childbirth, wildwood, moon, forests, animals,
mountains, woods, and women. Goddess of the hunt. In Roman art, usually appears as a huntress with bow and
arrow, along with a hunting dog or a stag. Both a virgin goddess and an earth goddess, she was identified with the
Greek Artemis. She is praised for her strength, athletic grace, beauty and her hunting skills. With two other deities
she made up a trinity: Egeria the water nymph (her servant and assistant midwife), and Virbius (the woodland god).
Greek> Hera. Queen of the Gods. Jupiters wife and sister, sister to Neptune and Pluto, daughter of Saturn, mother of
Juventas, Mars, and Vulcan. Protector of the Roman state. She was the guardian of the Empire's finances and
considered the Matron Goddess of all Rome. The Matronalia, her major festival is March 1-2. Her other festival, on
July 7-8, was called Nonae Caprotinae ("The Nones of the Wild Fig").
Greek>Athena. Goddess of Wisdom, Learning, the Arts, Sciences, Medicine, Dyeing, Trade, and of War. Daughter of
Jupiter, protector of commerce, industry and education. Honored at the spring equinox with her main festival,
March 19 - 23, called the Quinquatria. On June 13 the minor Quinquatrus was observed.
SEE ROMAN GODS/GODDESSES
Matching #1 Roman gods/goddesses part 2
Please select the most correct responses from the box below.
Greek>Apollo. Son of Jupiter and Leto, and the twin brother of Diana . He is the god of music, playing a golden
lyre. The Archer, far shooting with a silver bow. The god of healing who taught man medicine. The god of light. The
god of truth, who cannot speak a lie. One of more important daily tasks is to harness his chariot with four horses an
drive the Sun across the sky. He is famous for his oracle at Delphi. People traveled to it from all over the
Greek world to divine the future. His tree was the laurel. The crow his bird. The dolphin his
animal.
Greek>Hephaestus. God of Fire, Blacksmiths and Craftsmanship. His forge is located beneath Mount Etna. It is here
that he, together with his helpers, forges weapons for Gods and heroes.
Greek>Zeus. Ruler of the Gods. He is the god of Sky, Lightning and Thunder. He is the son of Saturn and brother of
Neptune, Pluto and Juno, who is also his wife. His attribute is the lightning bolt and his symbol the eagle, who is
also his messenger. He was also considered the Patron god of Rome, and his temple was the official place of state
business and sacrifices.
Greek>Poseidon. God of the Sea. Brother of Jupiter, Pluto and Juno. The God and patron of Horses and Horse
Racing as Neptune Equester. Neptunalia was celebrated on July 23. The trident is Neptune's attribute.
SEE ROMAN GODS/GODDESSES
Matching: Principles of War -- Part 1
Please match the correct Principle and Definition.
"Allocate to secondary efforts minimum essential combat power." This is a misleading term because it does not mean
what it sounds like. It does not mean "do the job with minimum combat power." Note that the principle pertains to
"secondary efforts," and it is the means by which a superior general achieves "mass" as defined above. Mass and
Economy of Force are on opposite sides of the same coin.
"Position your military resources to favor the accomplishment of your mission. Maneuver in itself can produce no
decisive results, but if properly employed it makes decisive results possible through the application of the principles
of the offensive, mass, economy of force, and surprise." It is by maneuver that a superior general defeats a stronger
adversary.
"Prepare uncomplicated plans and concise orders to insure thorough understanding and execution."
"Achieve military superiority at the decisive place and time." Mass in this sense does not mean "more men." "Military
superiority" can be attained against a more numerical enemy if you have superiority in such things as weapons,
leadership, morale, and training. "Mass" is generally gained by "maneuver."
SEE PRINCIPLES OF WAR
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Matching: Principles of War -- Part 2
Please match the correct Principle and Definition.
"Direct all efforts toward a decisive, obtainable goal." The proper objective ("purpose") in battle is the destruction of
the enemy's combat forces. To do this, however, subordinate commanders must be given "terrain objectives" toward
which they move.
"Seize, retain, and exploit the initiative."
"Accomplish your purpose before the enemy can effectively react." Tactical or strategic surprise does not mean openmouthed amazement. Thus, a corps may be "surprised" by an attack it has seen coming for several hours if this attack
is too powerful for it to resist by itself and if no other unit is within SUPPORTING DISTANCE. The principle of war
known as "Security" may be defined as all measures taken to avoid "Surprise."
"For every task there should be unity of effort under one responsible commander."
SEE PRINCIPLES OF WAR
Matching Roman Writers
Please select the most correct responses from the box below.
A Latin poet, and one of the greatest lyricists of the ancient world. He gives a vivid picture of contemporary Roman
society and presents a fine picture of the golden age of Rome under Augustus. His work survived the centuries and
it had immense influence on later European poets. Excerpt; “After your death, the lavish heir will quickly drive
away his woe; the wine you kept with so much care, along the marble floor shall flow.”
A Roman satirical poet. His verse was a harsh attack on contemporary policies, social situations and personalities.
He denounced extravagant and luxurious society, the tyranny of various emperors, and many indiscriminate social
behaviors. Excerpt: “The sick die here because they can’t sleep, Though most people complain about the food,
rotting undigested in their burning guts. For when does sleep come in rented rooms?”
A fierce critic of Nero. Claimed Nero tried to shift the blame for the fire in Rome upon the unpopular Christians.
Excerpt: “…they (Christians) were additionally made into sports: they were killed by dogs by having the hides of
beasts attached to them, or they were nailed to crosses or set aflame, and when daylight passed away, they were
used as nighttime lamps. Nero gave his own gardens for this spectacle…”
Was the only Roman emperor, besides Julius Caesar, whose writings were to become part of the canon of Western
classics. Excerpt: “Constantly regard the universe as one living being, having one substance and one soul; and
observe how all things have reference to one perception, the perception of this one living being; and how all things
act with one movement; and how all things are the cooperating causes of all things which exist; observe too the
continuous spinning of the thread and the structure of the web. Pass then through this little space of time in the way
of nature, and end your journey in contentment, just as an olive falls off when it is ripe, blessing nature who
produced it, and thanking the tree on which it grew.”
SEE ROMAN WRITERS: Aurelius , Tacitus, Juvenal, ETC.
Matching Togas
Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
A plain, unadorned toga made in off-white color. It was worn by any adult male.
An off-white toga with a broad purple border. This toga was reserved for Senators and Curule Magistrates such
as Consuls. There were minor distinctions between stripe indications for various magistrate positions.
An artificially whitened toga worn by candidates for political office. It was important to be white to indicate
both purity of intention by the candidate and for the candidate himself to stand out from the crowd.
A dark toga worn strictly in times of mourning.
A special all purple toga embroidered with gold thread worn by a Roman general during a triumphal parade.
Julius Caesar later adopted it as part of his regular dress and the emperors followed suit by using this type
during many state occasions.
SEE TOGAS: Toga Pulla, Toga Picta, Toga Praetexta, ETC.
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Matching Barbarians
Please select the most correct responses from the box below.
Settled in Ukraine. Chose Theodora-the-Great as king. Entered Italy (488) . Set up kingdom of Italy, with Ravenna as
capital. Lost national identity after loss of leader, Totila , and the hegemony over Italy passed to Byzantium.
In 401 leader, Alaric, began attacks on Italy became masters of Italy sack Rome 410. Left Italy and went into S Gaul
and N Spain. Increased territories in Spain (evacuated by Vandals) & extended influence. Height of power reached
under Euric. Completed conquest of Spain. Defeated by Franks. Lost all possessions N. of Pyrenees. Their remaining
history became, essentially, that of Spain.
Nomadic and pastoral people who originated in N. central Asia, Gobi Desert. Appeared in Europe in the 4th cent.
A.D., described as short and somewhat Mongolian appearance. Military superiority due to small, rapid horses.
Precipitated great waves of migrations that destroyed the Roman Empire and changed the face of Europe. own
Swept into Gaul and then Spain in 406. Occupied huge chunks of these provinces. Crossed Strait of Gibraltar. Took
control of North Africa and Sicily.
As Rome weakened early 5th century CE, troops in the outlying regions including the British Isles, were withdrawn.
Walls, roads, and baths remain today. The Romans left native Celts and Celtic-speaking Britons somewhat
Christianized. Political power fell to unstable tribal units. One of these leaders, Vortigern, "invited" these tribal units
to join his military power and swell of invasions. These hordes settled in and pushed the Celts into Cornwall, Wales,
Ireland--and to the north. King Arthur grew from legends of one Celtic chieftain who held out better than most.
SEE BARBARIAN TRIBES: Angles/Saxon, Huns, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Visigoths, ETC.
HUNS, VISOGOTHS, OSTROGOTHS, ETC.
Matching Islam Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Building for worship used by members of the Islamic faith
SEE ISLAM
An official of the mosque who issues the call-to-prayer to the faithful
A niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla, i.e. the direction of Kabba that
Muslims should face when praying
Spire-like tower as a part of the mosque complex
KNOW THE ITALY MAP
~narrowed down on Review Day
KNOW THE MAP OF EUROPE
~narrowed down on Review Day
Matching Muslim Empire Contributions Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Major contributions to Optics. Discussed physiological optics and presented a philosophical
theory of the nature of light. He was familiar with reflection and refraction, made
experiments with plane, spherical, cylindrical and parabolic mirrors, and investigated the
light of the stars, colors, shadows and darkness.
Wrote the Canon of Medicine, an encyclopedia that dealt with virtually every phase of the
treatment of disease. Recognized the contagious nature of tuberculosis. He described certain
skin diseases and psychological disorders. He also observed that certain diseases could be
spread by water and soil, an advanced view for his time.
Muslim alchemist. Discovered new techniques for refining metals, preparing steel, dyeing
cloth and leather, distilling vinegar to form acetic acid and using manganese dioxide in the
manufacture of glass. Many of his Arabic terms passed into European languages: alkali,
antimony, alembic and aludel.
Said to have written more than 200 books, with 100 of these books on medicine, including a
well-known treatise on smallpox. He gave the clinical symptoms of this disease, enabling
doctors to diagnose it correctly and to predict the course of the disease. Produced
encyclopedia in which he compiled Greek, Syrian, Persian, Hindu and early Arabic
knowledge, as well as his personal observations based on clinical work.
See
Jabir, Razi, Ibn
Sina, etc.
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Matching Sunni vs. Shi’a Beliefs
Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Successor to the Prophet should have been the most capable leader, NOT based upon
bloodlines. Spiritual leadership is NOT a birthright, born of community trust and respect.
Believe the al-Mahdi (vice-regent of Allah) will arrive at/on Judgment Day.
Successor to the Prophet should have been through bloodlines: First, Ali (son-in-law and
cousin of Muhammad). Spiritual leadership is anointed directly from Allah (God). Imam is
sinless and infallible by nature. Believe al-Mahdi is on earth, “Hidden” and will emerge
at/on Judgment Day.
SEE
Sunni & Shi’a
Matching Byzantine Leaders Please select the most correct responses from the box on the right.
Basil oversaw the stabilization and expansion of the Byzantine Empire's eastern frontier, and
above all, the final and complete subjugation of Bulgaria, the Empire's foremost European
foe, after a prolonged struggle. For this he was nicknamed by later authors as "the Bulgarslayer," by which he is popularly known. At his death, the Empire stretched from Southern
Italy to the Caucasus and from the Danube to the borders of Palestine, its greatest territorial
extent since the Muslim conquests, four centuries earlier.
Well known for being the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity. He issued the Edict
of Milan in 313, which proclaimed religious tolerance of all religions throughout the empire.
He also transformed the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium into a new imperial residence,
which would be the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire for over one thousand years.
A prolific builder. Most notably, had the Hagia Sophia rebuilt after the church was burned
down during the Nika riots. Also had the Hippodrome built for racing. Married to Theodora
(who was proclaimed co-Emperor). Reclaimed and strengthened the borders of the empire
from Africa to the East through the construction of fortifications, and ensured Constantinople
of its water supply through construction of underground cisterns. Some consider him the
"Last of the Romans," for he is the last Roman emperor to speak Latin.
Built large wall using new technique of limestone mortar—allowing more settling and
stability (to withstand earthquakes) to the west of Byzantine Empire, to protect
Constantinople against the Huns and other invaders. Also built giant chain to protect
Constantinople against water-based/naval assaults.
SEE
Justinian, Basil II,
Constantine,
Theodosius II
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