Download Introduction to Integrated Environment Assessment Models

Introduction to Integrated
Environment Assessment Models
Presentation by
P.R. Shukla
Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad
APEIS Capacity Building Workshop on
Integrated Environment Assessment in the Asia-Pacific Region
October 24-26, 2002, Hotel Grand Inter-Continental, New Delhi
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Presentation Agenda
• Why Integrated Environment Assessment?
• What is Integrated Environment Assessment?
Example: Integrated Assessment of Climate Change
• What are Integrated Assessment Models and Component
Models?
Example: Integrated Assessment Models for Climate Change Policy Analysis
• What kind of results and insights do Integrated Assessment
provide?
Example: Results and Insights from Integrated Assessment of Climate Change
• Why and what kind of capacity building for Integrated
Assessment in developing countries?
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Why Integrated
Environment Assessment?
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Multiple Interfaces of Environment Assessment
Policymaking
Process
Models and
Frameworks
Integrated Assessment
Meteorology
Geophysics
Biology
Ecology
Geochemistry
Knowledge
disciplines
Atmospheric
Chemistry
Economics
Policy sciences
Climatology
Hydraulics
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What to Integrate?
• Diverse Scientific Disciplines
• Diverse socio-economic scenarios
• Macro and micro-economies
• Local and regional boundaries
• Short and long time horizons
• Local and global environmental concerns
• Rural and urban perspectives
• Regional emissions and impact assessment
• Probability and Decision under uncertainty
• Technology
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Why Integrated Assessment?
• To assemble, summarise, organise, interpret and reconcile
pieces of existing knowledge
• To add value through integration (but not to add knowledge)
• To develop full range of policy outcomes
• To enhance Communication between scientific disciplines and
policy formulation
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Why Integrated Assessment Models?
• Framework for conducting research ensuring consistency
pointing to areas where more information is required
• IAMs are good ‘forecasting’ and ‘heuristic’ tools
• Communications tools between different sciences and
between science and policy
• Insights from investigations in the domains of the subcomponents
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What is Integrated
Environment Assessment?
Example
Integrated Assessment
of Climate Change
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Climate Issues
Understanding “Climate” versus “Climate Change”
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Integrated Climate Change Dimensions
Atmospheric
Composition
Human Activities
Climate &
Sea Level
Ecosystems
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Integrated Framework for Climate Change
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What are Integrated
Assessment Models?
Example
Integrated Assessment Models for
Climate Change Policy Analysis
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AIM Model System
AIM/Energy/Technology/Country
A bottom-up
technology selection
model of energy use
and emissions at
country and local level
A set of ecosystem
models, including a
vegetation dynamics
model, a water
resource model, an
agricultural
productivity model
and a health impact
model
AIM/Bottom-up
A bottom-up technology
& land use model for
Asia-Pacific region
AIM/Material
AIM Family
Environmental
Environburden
mental
Environmental
Burden
Industry
Green Purchase
Industry
Consumer
Environment Fund
Wastes
Recycle
A environmenteconomy integrated
model with material
balance and recycling
process modules
AIM/Ecosystem/Water/Impact
Environmental
Burden
Environmental Industry
(waste management, recycle)
Technology assessment
Technology needs
Research on new technologies
Temperature
Precipitation
Sunshine
Land use
Water resource
Crop
Productivity
Socio-economic
indicator
Impact on food demand
Adaptation strategy
AIM/Top-down
A general-equilibriumtype world economic
model
AIM/Trend
A reduced-form
model to project
future socioeconomic
trends and
environmental
change for all
42 countries
Future
economic trend
Future
environmental
trend
Korea
China
India
Thailand
Japan
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Strategic Database
Innovational Work System
Outputs
Outputs
Outputs
AIM-Trend
AIM-Top-down
Policy
making
AIM-Energy
Monitoring &
Processing
Data
from IEM
Common
Database
Statistics
AIM-Material
Outputs
AIM-Ecosystem
Outputs
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MiniCAM
An Integrated Modelling Framework
Atmospheric
Composition
MAGICC
Human Activities
ERB-AGLU
Climate & Sea
Level
SCENGEN
Ecosystems
AGLU & MERGE
MiniCAM
COMPONENTS
ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITION
CLIMATE & SEA LEVEL
MAGICC
Atmospheric Chemistry
MAGICC
Ocean Carbon
Cycle
HUMAN ACTIVITIES
MAGICC
Climate
MAGICC--Ocean
· temperature
· sea level
ECOSYSTEMS
ERB
Energy
System
ERB
Other Human
Systems
MAGICC
Terrestrial
Carbon Cyc.
Un-managed
Eco-system
& Animals
ALU
Ag., L'stock
& Forestry
(none)
Coastal
System
ALU
Crops &
Forestry
ALU
Hydrology
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What are
Component Models?
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GDP and CO2 Emissions:
AIM/Trend Model
50
GDP growth
40
16
C O 2 per capita
[t-C /cap/yr]
30
14
20
12
10
EUROPE+FORMER USSR
NORTH AMERICA
8
LATIN AMERICA
AFRICA+MIDDLE EAST
6
2040
2030
ASIA PACIFIC
2020
2010
2000
10
1990
0
4
2
0
BGD
NPL
MMR
VNM
PAK
IDN
TJK
IND
LKA
KGZ
CHN
PHL
THA
IRN
PRK
UZB
MYS
JPN
NZL
AUS
TKM
TWN
KAZ
KOR
SGP
2032
2025
2015
Year 2005
1995
C ountry
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SO2 Emission
AIM/Emission Model
2000
2030
Million Tons
< 0.01
0.03
0.07
0.11
0.15
Million Tons
< 0.01
0.01-0.017
0.017-0.026
0.026-0.035
0.035-0.044
0.044-0.053
0.053-0.060
> 0.060
< 0.20
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Water Consumption:
AIM/Ecosystem Model
1995
Baseline
2032
2030
Fortress World
Market
Force
W A TER C O N S U M P TIO N
2032
Policy Reform
700.0000
CO NSU M PTIO N (km ^3/year)
600.0000
500.0000
400.0000
300.0000
200.0000
MF
FW
PR
GT
100.0000
0.0000
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
YEA R
Change of water consumption from 1995 to 2032
(Domestic + Agriculture + Industry)
1
m3/ha/year
40
200
1000
5000
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AIM/Top-down &
AIM/Bottom-up Model
26 region – 36 sector
Computable General Equilibrium Model
World
level
(AIM/Top-down)
Country
level
Bottom-up Bottom-up
technology technology
& land use Model
& land use Model
(AIM/Bottom-up)
(AIM/Bottom-up)
Bottom-up
technology
・・・ & land use Model
(AIM/Bottom-up)
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Insights from
Integrated Climate
Change Assessment
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Emissions and Concentrations
16
800
IS92a
WRE 750
WRE 650
WRE 550
WRE 450
WRE 350
14
12
750
700
IS92a
650
10
600
ppmv
8
6
550
500
4
450
2
2290
2265
2240
2215
2190
2165
2140
2115
2090
2065
2040
2015
2290
2265
2240
2215
2190
2165
2140
2115
2090
300
2065
-2
2040
350
2015
0
1990
400
1990
PgC/yr
WRE 750
WRE 650
WRE 550
WRE 450
WRE 350
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Energy and Carbon Emissions for India:
AIMENDUSE Model
Energy Consumption
Carbon Emissions
50
800
Renewables
Nuclear
Biomass
Exa Joules
30
Hydro
Gas
20
Oil
600
400
200
10
Coal
0
1995
Carbon (MT)
40
0
2005
2015
Year
2025
2035
1995
2005
2015
Year
2025
2035
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GHG versus Local Emissions in India
Carbon Emissions
SO2 Emissions
800
7
Million Tonnes
Carbon (MT)
6
600
400
5
4
3
2
200
1
0
0
1995
2005
2015
Year
2025
2035
1995
2005
2015
Year
2025
2035
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Global Carbon Mitigation Scenarios
(2000 - 2100)
1800
Carbon (Million Ton)
1600
1400
Base Case
750ppmv
1200
1000
650ppmv
550ppmv
800
600
400
200
0
2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100
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Technology, Energy & Climate:
MINICAM
Millions of Tonnes of Carbon per year
25,000
20,000
15,000
soil carbon sequestration
sequestration from fossil power generation
sequestration from synfuels production
sequestration from H2 production
end-use technology improvements
nuclear
solar
biomass
550 ppmv emissions
10,000
5,000
0
1990 2005
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
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Indian Energy System Transformation
Under 550 ppmv Stabilization
Base Case Energy System
Energy Changes: 550 ppmv Case
140
120
Exajoules
100
80
60
40
20
550 ppmv
0
1990
2005
Oil
2020
Gas
Coal
2035
2050
Biomass
Hydro
2065
Solar
2080
2095
Nuclear
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Technological Change in India to
Stabilize CO2 at 550 ppmv
Non-Fossil Energy Contribution to GHG Mitigation
2000
1600
1200
80
0
550 PPMV
40
0
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Regional Energy Market Development
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Impact of Regional Energy Market
Developments in South-Asia
Emissions Reduction (2015)
10.5
Reduction (%)
9.0
7.5
6.0
4.5
3.0
1.5
0.0
Carbon
Year
SOX
Grid Integration
Grid Integration + Regional Co-operation
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Why and What kind of Capacity
Building for Integrated
Environment Assessment in
Developing Countries?
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Integrated Environment
Assessment: Developing Country
Problems
• Assessment and modeling capabilities
• Inadequate database
• Structural changes in the economy
• Myriad and conflicting developmental concerns
• Weak regional and international linkages
• Lack of sustained funding
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Limitations of Present Approaches
• Limited capability to characterize and parameterize long term
interactions between the economy, society, and environment
• Assumptions derived from developed world perspective
• Inability to characterize discontinuities and extreme events
• Weak behavioral interfaces
• Distance between analysts and policy makers
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Capacity Building Needs for
Developing Countries
• Inventorize existing best competence, data and experiences
• Networking and cooperation with regional and global teams
• Promote integrated assessment modeling under developing
country expert leadership in cooperation with global experts
• Sustained funding
• Institutionalize integrated assessment activities
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