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Heading Glossary of grammatical terms Glossary of grammatical terms The German auxiliary verbs are haben, sein and werden. ■ active (see voice) ■ adjective An adjective is a word which describes a noun. It is a big house. The garden is big, too. It is bigger than our old one. In English, the form of the adjective only changes for the comparative (bigger) and for the superlative (biggest). In German, adjectives which immediately precede a noun change to agree with the gender, number and case of the noun they describe. ■ adverb An adverb is a word which adds information about a verb, an adjective or another adverb. She spoke slowly, but very clearly. That’s rather nice. ■ agreement In German, the form of an adjective (preceding a noun), an article or a pronoun has to ‘agree’ with the gender, number and (usually) case of the noun or pronoun it accompanies or replaces. ■ article There are two types of article in English and German: definite (the) and indefinite (a, an). However, in German the form of both definite and indefinite articles changes to agree in gender, case and number with the noun to which they refer. ■ auxiliary verb An auxiliary verb is used together with another verb when forming compound tenses. I have failed the examination. I shall go to Germany. ■ case The case of a noun or pronoun indicates its function in the sentence or clause. German has four cases: nominative (for the subject), accusative and dative (for objects and after prepositions) and genitive (expressing possession, for objects and after prepositions). Der Zug kam pünktlich. (nominative: subject) Wir nehmen den Zug um 8.15 Uhr. (accusative: direct object) Im (In dem) Zug gab es keinen Speisewagen. (dative: after preposition) ■ clause A clause is a group of words which includes a subject and a verb. It may or may not constitute a complete sentence. I am leaving. (one clause – one sentence) I am leaving when I’ve finished. (two clauses – one sentence) ■ comparative (see adjective) ■ conjugation/conjugate A conjugation is the pattern of a verb’s forms. For example, the regular verb to talk is conjugated as follows: infinitive to talk, present tense I talk, he/she talks, past I talked, perfect I have talked, etc. ■ conjunction A conjunction is a word which links single words, phrases or clauses, such as and, or, but, though, because. ■ declension/decline A declension is the set of endings added to German nouns, articles, pronouns and adjectives to indicate their gender, case and number. For example, the noun das Buch is declined as follows: nominative/accusative singular das Buch, genitive singular des Buch(e)s,