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Data & Information Apprentice Presentation Ryan Bibby Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 1 How Organisations Use Business Information Task 1 Unit 3, P1: explain how organisations use information Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 2 Types of Information Qualitative Quantitative Written in actual figures More useful than qualitative Primary Descriptive information in plain English Information you collect yourself Secondary Information produced by somebody else Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 3 Purposes of Information Businesses need information on order to make them work more effectively. There are 4 main area that information helps businesses in: Operational Support Analysis Decision Making Gaining Commercial Advantage Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 4 Operational Support Data used to monitor business activities Allows immediate use of information For example in a supermarket with an EPOS system: When an item is bought, the stock number is reduced for that item Once the stock level has decreased below a set limit, an alert is sent for the shelf to be restocked An order will be placed to order more of that product in This ensures that shelves are kept continually stocked so that the product can be sold Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 5 Analysis The data is processed in a similar way regularly For example producing a weekly sales report in a retail store Analysing data helps businesses spot trends: For example is the Manchester store performing better than the Bolton store? Christmas Rush Seasonal Products Information used to predict staffing and stock levels required Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 6 Decision Making Where data is used to make a decision For example setting a new closing time for a shop 3 levels of decision making: Operational Tactical Strategic Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 7 Gaining Commercial Advantage Taking advantage of a situation based on other events Internal/External Events Decisions are made based on the information available for the benefit of the business For example on match day, a pub may decide to stay open longer based on the sales of past match days This gives the pub a commercial advantage over pubs which may not have this information Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 8 End of Task Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 9 Project 4 Assignment 1 Moodle Characteristics of Good Data Task 2 – Unit 3, P2: Discuss the characteristics of good data. Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 10 Useful Information For information to be useful it needs to be correct Correct data is: Accurate Up to Date Correct Good information is needed to help make decisions, therefore good data needs to be collected Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 17/03/2015 11 Validation & Verification Validation + verification helps ensure data being collected is correct Validation: Ensure data is in the correct format and is reasonable Checks that the data entered conforms to set rules: Range Check, Length Check, Type Check, Look Up Check, Presence Check Verification: Ensures the data is correct and accurate Double Entry Verification, Visual Verification Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 17/03/2015 12 Characteristics of Good Information 1 Reliability Objective Reducing personal opinion and bias Generalizability Collected from a reliable source Representative of the population Utility Data that is in a useful format to analyse Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 17/03/2015 13 Characteristics of Good Information 2 Completeness Relevance Relevant to the task it will be used for Integrity No missing/purposely omitting data In a useable state with correctly linked data Validity Data is in the correct format for use Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 17/03/2015 14 End of Task Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 17/03/2015 15 Data Laws & Ethics Task 3 – Unit 3 P3: explain the issues related to the use of information Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 16 Legal Issues Computer Misuse Act Data Protection Act Freedom of Information Act Copyright Design and Patents Act Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 17 Ethical Issues Codes of Practice Whistleblowing Information Ownership Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 18 Operational Issues Organisational Policy Security of Information Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 19 End of Task Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 17/03/2015 20 Systems Analysis & Design Task 4 – Unit 11 P1: outline the principles of systems analysis Unit 21 P2: illustrate the stages of a development lifecycle Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 21 Principles of Development Lifecycle Models There are 3 main principles of all system development lifecycles: Partitioning - Splitting the program down into sections Iteration – Repeating stages within the process Modelling – A graphical representation of the system Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 dpcsish.wikispaces.com Iterative Development Model 16/03/2015 22 Development Lifecycle We will be covering 3 system development lifecycles: Waterfall Model Agile Spiral Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 23 Waterfall Model A visual representation of the waterfall model Tasks follow on from each other in a downwards cycle Offers a set process for developing a project Phases are done one at a time, easier to organise A phase should be complete before moving onto the next Many disadvantages: Testing isn’t done until the end Limited client involvement Changes mean starting from the top again Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 24 Agile An alternative to the Waterfall Model Based on a iterative approach Requirements, Design, Implementation, Testing & Evaluation repeated for each iteration After Evaluation: Requirements Met: Project ended Requirements Not Met: Next iteration A visual representation of the agile model Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 25 Spiral Similar to Agile but with less client involvement Allows changes to the project during the project Typically 6 months – 2 years between increments Operational prototype saved until the end Used in very large projects such as banking system Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 A visual representation of the spiral model 16/03/2015 26 Waterfall vs. Agile Comparison Waterfall Agile Large degree of risk Low risk Long term planning Short term planning Limited adaptability to change Quick response to change Problems go undiscovered for too long Problems discovered quickly High customer involvement Better for customers, more difficult for programmers Limited customer involvement Easier for developers to manage Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 27 Development Tools & Techniques Structured System Analysis & Design Model(SSADM) Object Oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD) Diagramming Techniques Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 28 Methodologies for System Analysis Structured System Analysis & Design Model Linked to waterfall life cycle Improves project management & helps develop better quality systems UML Diagrams: ERD, DFD, JSD Object Oriented Analysis & Design Used to design and analyse object oriented programs UML Diagrams: Use Case, Activity, Class Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 29 Class Diagram Diagramming Tools ERD, Class Diagram, Use Case Diagram Entity Relationship Diagram Use Case Diagram Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 30 Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Software used to design and implement software Programmer can draw out UML diagrams Software turns UML diagrams into the software framework Examples: ARGO – UML to software framework Visual Studio – GUI builder with action listeners Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 31 Key Drivers for Change To increase profit Reduce labour costs Legislation Increases speed Increased quality Meeting clients requirements Changing Technology Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 32 End of Task Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 17/03/2015 33 Databases Task 5 – Unit 18 P1: explain the features of a relational database Unit 21 P1: describe the advantages and disadvantages of different database types Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 34 Database Key Terms Database – A collection of information Table – Stores a set of related data, a database can have many tables Field – An attribute of a record (eg. CustomerName) Record (Row) – A set of data relating to an entity Data Type – The type of data stored in the field (String, Integer, Date etc.) DBMS – A piece of software use to manage a database. Eg. Access Field Record (Row) Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 35 Flat File Database Database contains a single table Structure: Advantages: Easier to set up and understand, all data in once place, spreadsheet tools Disadvantages: DBMS, Delimiter Character, Data Type Data duplication, harder to update information, easier to make mistakes, non unique records, inefficiency, limited data security Typical Uses: Only suitable for simple databases. eg. A simple phone book Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 36 Relational Databases Database with multiple tables, tables relate to each other with a common field Entities: Relationships: Limited data duplication, increased data security, unique identifiers, more powerful queries and reports Disadvantages: One to one, one to many, many to many, normalisation Advantages: Key fields, referential integrity, auto increment, field attributes, data redundancy, field properties More complex set up, dedicated DBMS software required Typical Uses Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 37 Hierarchical Databases Database tables arranged in a hierarchy Parent & Child Tables 1 Parent – Many Children Must start at the root and work downwards Reduces duplication within that branch Disadvantages: Records need to be incorporated into the parent table before the child table Data duplicated across branches Poorly handles many to many relationships Example: Company Hierarchy Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 38 End of Task Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 17/03/2015 39 Data Modelling & Database Relations Task 6 – Unit 018: P1, M1 Unit 021: P2, P3, M1, M2 Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 40 Data Modelling Used to analyse and define the data requirements needed within the businesses information systems Commonly used in database design Split into 3 ‘schemas’: Conceptual Logical Physical The detail provided in the model increases through each stage Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 Image used from http://www.1keydata.com/dataware housing/data-modeling-levels.html 41 Data Modelling Example Logical Physical Conceptual Images used from http://www.1keydata.com/datawarehousing/data-modeling-levels.html Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 42 Benefits of Logical Data Modelling (M1) Greater understanding of data Focuses on data requirements – not technology Easy to understand Client approval/specification Saves development time Standardised format for other developers Data Protection Registrar Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 43 Constraints of a Full Logical Data Model Implementation (M2) Hardware Limitations Domain - Communication/Connection Limitations Data Format – Import Types, Text Files Database Engine Referentially Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 44 Database Key Terms Database Table Record Field Entity Data Type Validation & Verification Data Dictionary Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 Field Table Record (Row) 16/03/2015 45 Database Key Terms 2 Relationships One-to-One One-to-Many Many-to-Many Primary Key Foreign Key Referential Integrity Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 Image used from Teach ICT A Level Entities & Attributes Showing a relation between the 3 tables Videos, Rental and Customers with Rental as a linking table This shows a primary key being assigned to the field ID 16/03/2015 46 Linking Tables With Key https://technet.microsoft.com One-to-Many Relationships: Eg. 1 Customer, Many Orders Two Tables Primary Key – Customer table Foreign Key – Order table (CustomerID) Many-to-Many Relationships: Eg. Many Customers renting Many DVDs Three Tables (1 Linking Entity – Junction Table) Primary Key – Customer & DVD Table Foreign Key – Rentals table (CustomerID & DVD_ID) Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 Teach-ict.com 16/03/2015 47 End of Task Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 17/03/2015 48 References BTEC Level 3 Information Technology Book 1 Data Laws Ethics PowerPoint – Data Protection Rules Data Validity Document – Bright Future http://www.extropia.com/tutorials/sql/hierarchical_databases.html http://www.teachict.com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/AS_G061/315_database_concepts/normalisation/ miniweb/index.htm http://www.teachict.com/as_a2_ict_new/ocr/AS_G061/315_database_concepts/attributes_enti ties/miniweb/pg8.htm Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 49 References 2 http://stackoverflow.com/questions/4279089/what-is-the-differencebetween-logical-data-model-and-conceptual-data-model http://www.1keydata.com/datawarehousing/data-modeling-levels.html http://www.teachict.com/gcse_new/databases/terminology/miniweb/index.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_analysis_and_design#Objectoriented_analysis Ryan Bibby | Project 4 Assignment 1 Task 1-6 16/03/2015 50
