Download PSYC 1101: Study Guide for Test 4

Study Guide for Test 4
Introduction to Psychology
Spring Semester 2009
Chapter 9: Motivation & Emotion
1. How is motivation defined? What is the difference between internal and external
theories of motivation?
2. In drive-reduction theory, what causes the drive? How does it explain motivation?
What is homeostasis? Why is this theory said to be incomplete?
3. What level of arousal are people motivated to maintain and why? According to the
Yerkes-Dodson law, when does optimal performance occur?
4. How does incentive theory explain motivation? What are positive and negative
incentives?
5. What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
6. Obesity is defined as having a Body Mass Index (BMI) of over what number? To
what chronic health conditions is obesity associated?
7. What is an instinct? What did William McDougall and other instinct theorists
contend? theories?
8. Is eating an instinct? What determines eating patterns?
9. What is the difference between internal and external eating patterns?
10. How does classical conditioning affect eating?
11. In spite of eating patterns, what is the social climate in the U.S. regarding
attractiveness and ideal body types?
12. Describe or recognize descriptions of anorexia and bulimia.
13. What is an emotion? What does it include? What is the difference in the action of
the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? Do they operate automatically?
Can emotions be altered by learning?
14. What three brain regions coordinate emotional responses?
15. What do polygraphs measure? Should you take one to prove your innocence?
16. Define or describe subjective well-being. How is it affected by adaptation-level
phenomenon, and relative deprivation.
17. Does money buy happiness? (Not a yes/no answer.) What factors do and do not
correlate with happiness?
Sexuality
18. Explain the following statements:
“Sex is not a survival drive.”
“Sexuality is not a personality characteristic.”
“Sex is a socially significant behavior.”
19. What is the relationship between the reinforcing properties of sex and those of drugs?
What are four categories of factors affect sexual motivation? In another theory, what
affects sexual motivation besides physiological readiness?
20. Are sexual attitudes and behaviors cultural? How do we know this?
21. One survey found what percentage of 12-17 year old girls to regret having had sex?
22. What are the two primary social problems resulting from unregulated sexual
behavior?
23. What has happened to the percentage of births to unwed parents over the course of
the last 40 years? How does the U.S. teen pregnancy rate compare to that of other
countries? What are two suggested reasons for this?
24. What are the chances of a sexually active adolescent contracting a sexually
transmitted disease in the course of one year? Of six years?
25. How do factors such as ignorance (of what?), sex-related guilt (why?), lack of
communication, alcohol, and media norms (What are they?) affect sexual behavior
choices?
26. Explain how lack of clear cultural standards affects choices of sexual behavior.
What is currently the problem with standards in the U.S.?
27. How do idealized concepts of romance and sexuality translate into sexual behavior?
28. How have college student behaviors convinced us that knowing about “safe sex” is
not enough?
29. What elements are missing from sex education? What often happens to people who
are uneasy thinking about sex?
30. What lesson could we learn from the Cochran and Mays (1990) study?
31. What is meant by the phrase “Sex is a socially significant act?” What relationships
are potentially affected?
32. In what type of situation is sex the most satisfying and least likely to cause
psychological harm? How does data from the study of adults in committed relationships
bear this out?
33. You should be able to recognize or name several motives for sexual behavior other
than simple physical pleasure or expressing love and affection to a partner.
34. How do survey results indicate that our culture may have reached the point at which
pressure to have sex is interfering with freedom to say no?
35. AT minimum, what are three questions each person should ask him/herself regarding
intended sexual activity in general?
36. What do Americans find most appealing sexually? How do men and women differ
in their approaches to sex? Is this nature or nurture?
37. Is sexual orientation the result of nature or nurture? What is changing regarding
cultural attitudes about sexual orientation?
38. About what percent of the current population identifies itself as gay or lesbian? How
are social attitudes regarding homosexuality changing?
Chapter 12: Stress, Coping & Health
1. What is behavioral medicine? What is the biopsychosocial model?
2. What is stress, and what is a stressor? What types of events are stressors? What
determines whether an event will be a stressor for a person?
3. What is the crucial link between brain and mind as they function as a single,
psychosomatic network?
4. What are thoughts in a more physical sense?
5. Negative emotions are _______-based, while positive emotions are _________-based.
6. What structure in the brain translates thoughts and emotions into a physical response?
7. What is the General Adaption Syndrome and who wrote this model? You should be
able to recognize the stages of the GAS.
8. What are psychophysiological/psychosomatic illnesses? Which two bodily systems
are most affected by stress?
9. Richard Lazarus talked about cognitive appraisal? What is it and what do we
evaluated during cognitive appraisal?
10. What happens to accepted information? What happens to rejected information?
How do emotions relate to this?
11. What is the difference between primary and secondary appraisal?
12. What is the difference between problem-focused and emotion-focused coping?
13. How do predictability and control of an event affect its potential to become a
stressor? When you doubt your ability to control a stressor, what kind of coping is
usually used? What is locus of control? What leads to learned helplessness?
14. What is Type A vs. Type B personality? How is it related to the likelihood of getting
coronary heart disease? What is the key variable?
15. Describe the differences between optimistic and pessimistic thinking or explanatory
styles? Which one leads to less stress, more success? How can these thought or behavior
patterns/attitudes be changed?
16. What is social support and how does it affect stress?
17. What are some ways to succeed in choosing your thoughts?
18. How do aerobic exercise and relaxation training affect stress?
Chapter 11: Psychological Disorders
1. About what percentage of people experience at least mind symptoms of mental
disorders at some time during their lives? Does the DSM go too far?
2. What are the three major criteria used to define psychological disorders?
3. You should be able to recognize descriptions of the five primary perspectives in
understanding mental illness. (In other words, what does each say causes it?)
4. What are the differences among the medical, diathesis-stress, and bio-psycho-social
models of mental illness? How do models from outside psychology explain mental
illness?
5. What are two disadvantages of labeling people as mentally disordered? What are the
benefits of using labels?
6. What is the DSM-IV-TR, and who publishes it? What is it used for and what type of
information does it contain? On what are its diagnostic criteria based?
6. What is the chief characteristic of anxiety disorders and about what percentage of the
population will experience one?
7. Recognize descriptions of the five major anxiety disorders (panic, phobic, GAD,
OCD, and PTSD). You should also be able to recognize some common obsessivecompulsive themes. What are some suggested causes or factors in the development of
anxiety disorders?
8. What is the common factor in mood disorders? What is the most common mood
disorder?
9. You should be able to recognize the physiological, behavioral, and cognitive
symptoms of major depressive disorder?
10. What are the four factors in the cycle of major depression? Does the U.S. have the
highest instance of depression?
11. How does bipolar disorder compare with major depression? What is a manic episode
or mania?
12. What is the major danger with depression?
13. What are some of the factors in the etiology of mood disorders? What are some
suggested reasons that women may be diagnosed more often with depression than men?
14. With each new generation the rate of depression is increasing/decreasing and the
disorder is striking earlier/later.
15. What is Dissociative Identity Disorder? What was its former name? Why was it
changed? Why is it sometimes thought of as a therapist-induced symptom pattern?
16. What are the characteristic of schizophrenia? What are delusions? What are
hallucinations? What are the risks of developing schizophrenia?
17. What are personality disorders? Describe the paranoid, histrionic, and narcissistic
personality types. Describe the antisocial personality. What is a physiological
characteristic of this disorder?
Chapter 11: Treatment for Psychological Disorders
1. What are the two major categories of therapy for psychological disorders? What are
the three central mental health professions? What are the two specialty areas in
psychology that deal with mental illness?
2. What do psychodynamic therapy and psychoanalysis assume is the root of
psychological problems? From whose theory were these derived? You should know
what free association, resistance, and transference are. What is the goal of
psychoanalysis?
3. Where do the assumptions and techniques of behavior therapy come from?
4. What is counterconditioning and what is systematic desensitization?
5. Why does aversion therapy not work very well?
6. What is the focus of humanistic therapies? What (and whose) is client-centered
therapy? What does Gestalt therapy attempt to do?
7. What is the assumption and what is the focus of cognitive therapy? What is the goal?
What is currently the most popular type of therapy?
8. How is play therapy done?
9. What is group therapy, and what is a self-help group?
10. What is the focus in family and couples therapy?
11. What type of professional do most people seek when they have a problem?
12. Does research indicate that therapy works? What does outcome research compare?
Why is therapy difficult to evaluate?
13. What are alternative therapies?
14. What are three important elements that are common to all types of psychotherapy?
15. What is one consideration that should always be included in determining patienttherapist match?
16. What is psychopharmacology?
17. What happened to mental hospitals when psychotherapeutic drugs were introduced?
What has happened to the use of drugs in treating mental illnesses?
18. What neurotransmitter is targeted by an antipsychotic drug? What are their effects?
19. What is the chief criticism of the antianxiety drugs?
20. What are the classes of antidepressant drugs? Name two SSRI drugs. What does
SSRI stand for? What other disorders are they used for in addition to depression?
21. What is lithium used for? What is ECT supposed to be used for? What is the chief
side effect of ECT?
22. What is psychosurgery? What is a lobotomy? What is the result of a lobotomy for
the patient's behavior?