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• State how prokaryotes sense their world? Give
a specific example.
• What is quorum sensing? How do bacteria use
this process? What is the type of the signal?
• How are signal transduction pathways and cell
signaling relate to multicellular organisms?
Give a specific example
• Name the main steps of the cell signaling
pathway.
• The picture below represents part of an
experiment on quorum sensing. Predict the
outcome of the experiment and justify your
answer.
• What type of signal is used when
– the pancreas beta cells release glucagon and it
activates liver cells to release glucose
– A yeast cell initiates a nearby cell to fuse for sexual
reproduction
• Name the two basic types of receptors and their
location.
• How can a small, nonpolar signal molecule
directly activate a gene?
• What does it indicate that most organisms have
similar structured intracellular receptors?
Identify the receptor and determine its type of the following
cell signaling pathways:
• How can a target cell’s response to a single
signal molecule result in a response that affects
a million other molecules?
• Compare the structure and function of receptor
tyrosine kinases and G protein-linked receptors.
• Humans have the ability to recognize many
different aromatic chemicals by smell even in
very small concentrations. For example, the
majority of humans can detect chlorine at a
concentration of about 0.3 ppm (0.3 molecules
in one million other molecules).
– What characteristics of the olfactory cells would
you look for to explain this?
– Dogs are known to have a much better sense of
smell than humans. Given this, what differences
may exist in their olfactory system as compared to
humans?
• Why doesn’t action potential and depolarization
mean the same thing?
• What is a threshold?
• How might increased branching of the axon help
coordinate responses to signals by the nervous
system?
• Suppose a cell’s membrane potential shifts from
-70mV to -50mV. What changes in the cell’s
permeability of K and Na ions can cause such a shift?
• Suppose a mutation caused gated sodium ion
channels to remain inactivated longer after an action
potential. How would this affect the frequency at
which action potentials could be generated? Explain.
• Some nerve gases and insect poisons work by
destroying acetylcholine esterase. This enzyme
normally present in acetylcholine synapses and
acts to degrade acetylcholine. What is likely to
happen to nervous transmission in organisms
that are exposed to this kind of poison?
• Tetrodotoxin in pufferfish block the Na+ ion
channels in neurons. What specific effects
could this toxin have on neuron function?
• Name two factors that can determine if an
action potential is generated on the
postsynaptic membrane.
• How does the central nervous system differ from
the peripheral nervous system in structure and
function?
• Name the two subdivisions of the peripheral
nervous system. Describe the function of each.
• Name the subdivisions of the autonomic
nervous system and describe their functions.
• Draw and label the parts of a neuron.
• Name two types of glial cells and describe their
general function.
• Describe three types of neurons.
• Define what a reflex is and give a specific
example.
• Which of the following numbers represent an
interneuron?
• What would be the effect of a drug that
inhibits the action potential in #4?
• Which number represents the sensory
neuron?
• What are hormones?
• What is the difference between endocrine and
neuroendocine signals?
• What are pheromones? How are they used for
animal communication? What type of
communication are they used for?
• Differentiate between the release and transport
of a water soluble and fat soluble hormone.
• Differentiate between the reception and
transduction of a water soluble and fat soluble
hormone on the target cell.
• Describe the hormone pathway for one specific
negative feedback mechanism.
• Describe the hormone pathway for one specific
positive feedback mechanism.
• Name the structure of one specific hormone,
the type of receptor, transduction pathway and
response that it generates in the target cell.
• Describe how ADH regulates water
reabsorption.
• Describe the structure, endocrine cell, effect
and regulation of growth hormone.
• How can a hormone have different responses
in different cells?
• Describe the endocrine gland, structure, effect
and regulation of T3 and T4.
• Describe how melatonin regulates circadian
rhythm.
• List the chemical structures of hormones.
• List three evolutionary trends of nervous
system formation in animals. Describe each
• List the types of ions and their locations that
participate in forming the resting potential.
• List and describe the functions of various
transport proteins that participate in forming
membrane potential in neurons.
• Why is the resting potential negative inside the
neuron?
The Immune System Starts Here:
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What is the function of the immune system?
What is a pathogen and how is it related to an antigen?
What is the first line of defense?
If a pathogen breaches a physical barrier in a human,
what would happen next in the immune response?
• What are toll-like receptors? Where do you find them?
What is their function?
• What is the role of natural killer cells?
• Why is the alternative name “antigen-presenting cell” is
appropriate for dendritic cells.
• Describe the inflammatory response.
• Differentiate between invertebrate and
vertebrate immunity.
• Differentiate between the complement system
and interpherons.
• List three characteristics of the acquired immune
system
• Sketch out the structure of a B-cell receptor and a
T-cell receptor. How are their functions differ?
• Differentiate between a pathogen, antigen and
an epitope.
• What type of organisms has adaptive immunity?
• What type of cells are responsible for adaptive
immunity? Where are these cells produced and
where do they mature?
• Explain what the following three terms mean:
– Diversity caused by clonal selection
– Immunological memory
– Self recognition
• Differentiate between an antigen, an antibody and
an epitope.
• Describe the structure of antibodies in B cells and
in T cells. How does the structure and function of
the antibodies differ in these two types of cells?
• Which part of an antibody is responsible for its
specificity?
• Why is antigen presentation so important for T cell
action?
• Differentiate between Class I and Class II MHC
molecules.
• Differentiate between cytotoxic T cells and helper T
cells.
• Explain how it is possible to have millions of
different types of T and B lymphocytes
• Define what clonal selection is.
• Differentiate between effector cells and memory
cells.
• Differentiate between primary and secondary
immune response.
• Describe the major steps of humoral immune
response. What type of pathogens (antigens)
activate this system?
• Describe the major steps of cellular immune
response. What type of cells activate this
system?
• Differentiate between active and passive
immunity.
• Explain how T and B cells mature.
• A child was born without a thymus. What cells
and functions would be deficient? Why?
• Sketch and label the parts of a B and a T receptor.
• A snake handler bitten by a particular venomous
snake was treated with antivenin. Would the same
treatment have the same effect at the second time
or not? Explain.
• Analyze the graph below. What type of immune
response is the blue line and the red line? Why are
they different?