Download PSYCHOLOGY SECTION 1 Time- 1 hour 85 Questions Directions: Each of

PSYCHOLOGY
SECTION 1
Time- 1 hour
85 Questions
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is followed by five suggested answers or
completions. Select the one that is best in each case and then fill in the corresponding oval on the answer sheet.
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5.
Sigmund Freud believed that dream analysis was a
useful device for
a. Decreasing repression
b. Subliminating the id
c. Strengthening the superego
d. Displacing instinctual forces
e. Gaining insight into unconscious
motives
The psychological effects of alcohol are
powerfully influenced by the user’s
a. expectations
b. success in developing a social network
c. agility
d. intelligence quotient (IQ)
e. brain dopamine level
Researchers find that there is a significant, positive
correlation between the number of hours students
sleep and their grades. The researchers would be
justified in concluding that
a. Earning good grades causes people to
sleep more
b. Sleeping more causes students to perform
better in school
c. Students who earn good grades tend to
sleep more than those who do not
d. More sleep has a beneficial impact on
students’ grades
e. Sleep deprivation has no impact on
school performance
Painkilling substances produced by the brain are
known as
a. Cortisols
b. Endorphins
c. Glucocorticoids
d. Pheromones
e. Hormones
Excitatory neurotransmitter
6.
In terms of the effect on the central nervous
system, alcohol is most accurately classified as
which of the following types of drug?
a. Depressant
b. Narcotic
c. Psychoactive
d. Stimulant
e. Hallucinogen
7.
Hunger and eating are primarily regulated by
which of the following?
a. Androgens
b. Estrogens
c. The hypothalamus
d. The kidneys
e. The medulla oblongata
8.
During the night, Alicia stops breathing
repeatedly, frequently gasps for air, and snores
loudly at regular intervals. Alicia is most likely
suffering from which of the following conditions?
a. Sleep apnea
b. Narcolepsy
c. Insomnia
d. Night terrors
e. The REM rebound effect
9.
In a normal distribution of test scores, the
percentage of scores that fall at or below the mean
score is
a. 17.5
b. 25
c. 50
d. 66.6
e. 95
10. Damage to the occipital lobe would most likely
affect a person’s
a. Balance
b. Ability to develop plans
c. Vision
d. Fine motor movements
e. Language processing
Curare blocks action at acetylcholine synapses and
causes paralysis. This drug is an example of an
a. Antagonist
b. Agonist
c. Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)
d. Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)
[1]
15. A researcher surveyed social adjustment in the
same group of 20 people from early childhood
trough adulthood. In this example, the group of 20
people surveyed was the study’s
a. Sample
b. Population
c. Operational definition
d. Control group
e. Randomization
Questions 11-12 refer to the situation described below.
In an experiment designed to determine whether watching
violent scenes on television increases the frequency of
aggressive behavior in children, one group of subjects saw
a nonviolent cartoon and another group saw a violent
cartoon. In the play period that followed the viewing of the
cartoons, researchers observed the two groups of children
together and counted instances of aggressive behavior.
16. The place in the retina where the optic nerve exits
to the brain is called the
a. Lens
b. Sclera
c. Fovea
d. Blind spot
e. Aqueous humor
11. The control group in the experiment is the group
that
a. The researchers thought would be most
aggressive
b. Performed the larger number of
aggressive acts
c. Performed the smaller number of
aggressive acts
d. Watched the violent cartoon
e. Watched the nonviolent cartoon
17. Synesthesia is a phenomenon that has been
estimated to occur in only a few people in a
million. Because of its rarity, researchers are likely
to choose which research method to study it?
a. Naturalistic observation
b. Correlational study
c. Survey research
d. Case study
e. Experimental research
12. The dependant variable in the experiment is the
a. Amount of aggressive behavior
exhibited by the children
b. Amount of time that each child spent
interacting with the other children
c. Group in which each child was originally
placed
d. Violent cartoon
e. Nonviolent cartoon
18. When a person is suffering from severe pain, the
type of drug that will best help alleviate that pain
is
a. An opiate
b. An amphetamine
c. A depressant
d. A hallucinogen
e. A stimulant
13. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine are
all
a. Hormones excreted by the endocrine
glands
b. Secretion of the exocrine glands
c. Drugs used in the therapeutic treatment of
memory disorders
d. Enzymes involved with the degradation
of interneuron signals
e. Neurotransmitters that excite or
inhibit a neural signal across a synapse
f. Positive and negative reinforcement
19. For most people, which of the following is an
activity based in the right hemisphere of the brain?
a. Muscular control of the right hand
b. Simple spatial reasoning
c. Arithmetic reasoning
d. Language comprehension
e. Speech
14. Gestalt psychology is concerned primarily with
understanding which of the following?
a. Learning
b. Motivation
c. Development
d. Sensation
e. Perception
20. People who are color blind are most likely to have
deficiencies in their
a. Rods
b. Cones
c. Lens
d. Optic nerve
e. Occipital lobe
[2]
21. Which of the following is true of behaviorism?
a. It was formulated to account for cognitive
development
b. It is rooted in Sigmund Freud’s view of
the importance of early experiences
c. It focuses on the development of thought
processes and knowledge
d. It holds that development is largely a
product of learning
e. It emphasizes the dominance of heredity
over environment
26. The primary effect of the myelin sheath is to
a. Increase the velocity of transduction of
the action potential along the axon
b. Increase the velocity of conduction of the
action potential across the synapse
c. Facilitate the incoming stimulus signals at
sensory receptors
d. Reduce the amount of unused
neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft
e. Protect the terminal buttons of the neuron
from destruction by the enzymes
22. A survey shows that children who have
encyclopedias in their homes earn better grades in
school than children whose homes lack
encyclopedias. The researcher concludes that
having encyclopedias at home improves grades.
This conclusion is erroneous primarily because the
researcher has incorrectly
a. Failed to allow for experimenter bias
b. Identified the independent variable
c. Identified the dependent variable
d. Inferred correlation from causation
e. Inferred causation from correlation
27. An image projected to the left visual field of a
split-brained patient will be processed in the
a. Left visual cortex
b. Right visual cortex
c. Right side of the left retina
d. Left side of the right retina
e. Sensory cortex
28. The mean will be higher than the median in any
distribution that
a. Is symmetrical
b. Is not normal
c. Is positively skewed
d. Represents measures for a random sample
e. Represents measures for a biased sample
23. All summer Thomas heard the sound of the icecream truck approaching before his brother Oscar
hears it. Thomas most likely has which of the
following?
a. A lower absolute threshold for hearing
than does Oscar
b. A greater difference threshold for hearing
than Oscar
c. A deficit in a sensory system other than
hearing
d. A greater amount of experience with
approaching ice-cream trucks than Oscar
e. A tendency for confabulation
29. One criticism of Sigmund Freud’s psychosexual
theory of development is that it
a. Emphasizes developmental changes in
the oral and anal stages
b. Views adult disorders as adjustments to
the environment
c. Views fear of loss as a motivating drive
d. Is based on empirically unverifiable
constraints
e. Is based on ethnographic studies
24. A person with sight in only one eye lacks which of
the following visual cues for seeing in depth?
a. Retinal disparity
b. Linear perspective
c. Motion parallax
d. Relative size
e. Texture gradient
30. Which of the following allows the examination of
living brain tissue visually without performing
surgery?
a. Computerized axial tomography
b. Stereotaxic examination
c. Retrograde degeneration
d. Biofeedback
e. Ablation
25. In vision, transduction occurs within the
a. Optic nerve
b. Visual cortex
c. Retina
d. Lens
e. Cornea
31. Which of the following parts of the brain is most
active in decision-making?
a. Reticular formation
b. Corpus callosum
c. Hypothalamus
d. Cerebral cortex
e. Pituitary gland
[3]
32. Drawing a random sample of people from a town
for an interview study of social attitudes ensures
that
a. Each person in town has the same
probability of being chosen for a study
b. An equal number of males and females
are selected fro the interviews
c. The study includes at least some
respondents from every social class in
town
d. The study will uncover widely different
social attitudes among the respondents
e. The sample will be large enough even
though some people may refuse to be
interviewed
36. Studies of learning have shown that animals
develop an aversion for tastes associated with
a. Electric shock
b. Extinguished associations
c. Sickness
d. Novel stimuli
e. Starvation
37. An important difference between humanistic and
psychoanalytic approaches is that humanistic
psychologists believe in the importance of
a. Learning
b. Free will
c. Determinism
d. Biological instincts
e. Unconscious processes
33. Which of the following neurotransmitters has been
linked to Parkinson’s disease and schizophrenia?
a. Acetylcholine
b. Dopamine
c. GABA
d. Norepinephrine
e. Serotonin
38. Which of the following is a circadian rhythm?
a. The ebb and low of an individual’s
emotions during a 24-hour period
b. Jet lag experiences after an airline flight
from Los Angeles to Tokyo
c. A cycle of biological functioning that
lasts about 25 hours
d. The series if five stages that people go
through during abnormal night’s sleep
e. The systematic alternation between alpha
waves and delta waves during the
different sleep stages
34. The result of the evolutionary process that
preserves traits that enhance the adaptation of an
organism and suppresses the traits that do not is
called
a. Habituation
b. Accommodation
c. Natural selection
d. Eugenics
e. Species assimilation
39. A brain tumor that results in obesity would most
likely be located in the
a. Left frontal lobe
b. Base of the brain stem
c. Area of the hypothalamus
d. Reticular activating system
e. Somatosensory cortex
35. Which of the following research methods is being
used if the same subjects are tested at two, four,
and six years of age?
a. Cross-cultural
b. Longitudinal
c. Cross-sectional
d. Correlational
e. Projective
[4]
40. Which of the following scattergrams represents the data above?
[5]
41. The general function of the bones in the middle ear
is to
a. Convert the incoming sounds from
pounds per square inch to decibels
b. Protect the cochlea
c. Regulate changes in the air pressure of
the inner ear
d. Transfer sound information from the
tympanic membrane to the oval
window
e. Provide information to the vestibular
system
46. Which of the following areas of the body has the
largest number of sensory neurons?
a. Back
b. Foot
c. Ear
d. Lips
e. Wrist
47. A double-blind control is essential for which of the
following?
a. A study comparing the IQ test scores of
children from different educational
systems
b. A study of relationships among faculty
members
c. An experiment to determine the effect of
a food reward in the bar-pressing rate of a
rat
d. Assessment of a treatment designed to
reduce schizophrenic symptoms
e. A survey of drug use among teenagers
42. The most distinctive characteristic of the
experimental method is that it
a. Studies a few people in great depth
b. Studies subjects in their natural
environment
c. Is an efficient way to discover how
people feel
d. Seeks to establish cause-effect
relationships
e. Provides a chronological basis for
reaching conclusions
48. Which of the following therapeutic approaches is
most likely to be criticized because it does not
treat the underlying cause of the disorder?
a. Cognitive
b. Behavioral
c. Biological
d. Psychoanalytical
e. Phenomenological
43. Martin fell off his skateboard and badly bruised
his elbow. He immediately began rubbing the area
around the bruise until the pain subsided. This
method of reducing pain can be explained by
which of the following?
a. Gate-control theory
b. Opponesnt-process theory
c. Trichromatic theory
d. Expectancy theory
e. Phantom pain
49. Which of the following is a brain-imaging
technique that produces the most detailed picture
of brain structure?
a. EEG
b. MRI
c. PET
d. CAT
e. EMG
44. For most people, speech functions are primarily
localized in the
a. Right cerebral hemisphere
b. Left cerebral hemisphere
c. Occipital lobe
d. Corpus callosum
e. Cerebellum
50. Stimulation of portions of the left temporal lobe of
the brain during surgery will cause the patient to
a. See lights
b. Lose the sense of smell
c. Jerk the left arm
d. Extend the tongue
e. Hear sounds
45. Which of the following will NOT increase
behavioral and mental activity?
a. Cocaine
b. Caffeine
c. Benzedrine
d. Amphetamines
e. Barbiturates
[6]
51. The role of the parasympathetic division of the
autonomic nervous system is to
a. Facilitate the body’s fight-or0flight
response
b. Prepare the body to cope with stress
c. Promote rapid cognitive processing
d. Prompt the body to use its resources in
responding to environmental stimuli
e. Establish homeostasis after a fight-orflight response
56. The thalamus processes information for all of the
following sense EXCEPT
a. Smell
b. Hearing
c. Taste
d. Vision
e. Touch
57. Leadership, job satisfaction, and employee
motivation are all studied in which of the
following psychological disciplines?
a. Human factors psychology
b. Industrial-organizational psychology
c. Community psychology
d. Counseling psychology
e. Experimental Psychology
52. When a pair of lights flashing in quick succession
seems to an observer to be on light moving from
place to place, the effect is referred to as
a. Stroboscopic movement
b. The phi phenomenon
c. Autokinetic motion
d. Binocular vision
e. Induced displacement
58. According to the ethical guidelines set by the
American Psychological Association (APA),
which of the following is true of psychological
research in which animals are used as objects?
a. It must not involve the use of surgical
procedures
b. It is no longer permitted by the APA
without special authorization
c. It should conform to all APA ethical
guidelines for animal research
d. It must be limited to investigations that
use correlational procedures
e. It may not be conducted by psychologists
who do not have a license
53. Which of the following occurs when a neuron is
stimulated to its threshold?
a. The movement of sodium and
potassium opens across the membrane
creates an action potential
b. The neuron hyperpolarizes
c. Neurotransmitters are released from the
dendrites
d. The absolute refractory period of the
neuron prevents it from responding
e. The neuron’s equilibrium potential is
reached
59. The change in the curvature of the lens that
enables the eye to focus on objects at various
distances is called
a. Accommodation
b. Adaptation
c. Conduction
d. Convergence
e. Consonance
54. REM sleep, generally an “active” state of sleep, is
accompanied by which of the following
paradoxical characteristics?
a. Slowed heart rate
b. Slowed respiration rate
c. Lowered blood pressure
d. Lowered muscle tone
e. Reduced eye movement
55. When struck by light energy, cones and rods in the
retina generate neural signals that then activate the
a. Parietal lobe
b. Ganglion cells
c. Bipolar cells
d. Ciliary muscles
e. Optic Nerve Fibers
60. A research design involves two randomly assigned
groups of participants. One group receives a onetime treatment, and the other does not. Later, the
two groups are compared to see whether the
treatment had an effect. Psychologists call this
kind of research
a. A correlational study
b. An experiment
c. A case study
d. A survey
e. A cross-sequential study
[7]
61. A psychotherapist who believes that deviant
behavior can be traced either to genetic anomalies
or to problems in the physical structure of the
brain most likely subscribes to which of the
following views of abnormality?
a. Cognitive
b. Behavioral
c. Biomedical
d. Sociological
e. Psychoanalytical
67. In treating a patient for depression, Dr. Pratt
focuses on changing the ways in which the patient
interprets events. Which type of therapy is Dr.
Pratt using?
a. Cognitive
b. Self-efficacy
c. Biomedical
d. Learning
e. Psychodynamic
68. Which of the following systems produces,
circulates, and regulates levels of hormones in the
body?
a. Circulatory system
b. Endocrine System
c. Limbic System
d. Sympathetic nervous system
e. Parasympathetic nervous system
62. The area of the brain stem that is important in
controlling breathing is the
a. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
b. Cerebellum
c. Limbic system
d. Medulla
e. Hippocampus
63. Damage to which of the following brain structures
may cause the inability to detect the emotional
significance of facial expressions, especially those
demonstrating fear?
a. Hippocampus
b. Thalamus
c. Cerebellum
d. Hypothalamus
e. Amygdala
69. The brain scans of people with amnesia are most
likely to show damage to the
a. Hippocampus
b. Hypothalamus
c. Medulla
d. Reticular formation
e. Cerebellum
70. As you watch a friend walk away from you, your
retinal image of your friend gets smaller. Despite
this, you do not perceive him to be shrinking. This
is an example of
a. Motion parallax
b. Retinal disparity
c. Size constancy
d. Continuity
e. Common fate
64. Rafael has a sleep disorder for which he takes
medically prescribed amphetamines. For which of
the following sleep disorders is Rafael most likely
being treated?
a. Sleep apnea
b. Narcolepsy
c. Insomnia
d. Circadian rhythm sleep disorder
e. Somnambulism
71. The tendency to develop a positive attitude toward
a product that has been advertised repeatedly in
the media is referred to as
a. Impression management
b. The Purkinje shift
c. The mere exposure effect
d. Reaction formation
e. Subliminal suggestion
65. Balance is influenced by the
a. Cochlea
b. Basilar membrane
c. Eardrum
d. Auditory nerve
e. Semicircular canals
66. Visual acuity is best in the
a. Lens
b. Iris
c. Pupil
d. Fovea
e. Cornea
[8]
72. Which of the following is the correct sequence of
the neural chain of events set in motion by an
environmental stimulus?
a. Receptors, afferent neurons,
interneurons, efferent neurons,
effectors
b. Receptors, efferent neurons, interneurons,
afferent neurons, effectors
c. Interneurons, effectors, receptors, afferent
neurons, efferent neurons
d. Effectors, interneurons, receptors,
afferent neurons, efferent neurons
e. Effectors, receptors, afferent neurons,
efferent neurons, interneurons
77. The reversible figure above illustrates the Gestalt
organizing principle of
a. Proximity
b. Figure-ground
c. Closure
d. Common fate
e. Simplicity
73. In order to yield information that is generalizable
to the population from which it was drawn, a
sample must be
a. Made up of at least 30 members of the
population
b. As large as possible
c. Normally distributed
d. Representative of the population
e. Made up of at least 50 percent of the
members of the population
78. A student’s test score of 86 is at the 42nd
percentile. This means that this students has
a. Received the 42nd highest score
b. Answered 86 percent of the test items
correctly
c. Scored the same as or higher than 42
percent of her fellow students
d. Scored the same as 42 of her fellow
students
e. Scored the same as or higher than 58
percent of her fellow students
74. The correlation between two measures obtained on
a group of individuals is graphically represented as
a
a. Bar graph
b. Normal distribution
c. Histogram
d. Scatterplot
e. Frequency polygon
79. Photoreceptors relay visual information to the
brain through which of the following cells?
a. Trigeminal and vestibular
b. Ganglion and vestibular
c. Bipolar and vestibular
d. Bipolar and Schwann
e. Bipolar and ganglion
80. Which part of the nervous system is most
immediately activated by sudden fear?
a. Parasympathetic
b. Sympathetic
c. Neostriatum
d. Somatic
e. Cortical
75. The factors chiefly responsible for interpersonal
attraction include
a. Proximity and similarity
b. Contrasting values
c. Similar tendencies to dominate or submit
d. Similar attitudes toward authority
e. Shared attributional biases
81. An individual who drinks alcohol daily finds it
necessary to drink increasing amounts to achieve
the state of well-being attained in the past. This
individual is showing
a. Withdrawl symptoms
b. Alcohol- induced psychosis
c. State-dependant learning
d. Alcohol tolerance
e. Delirium tremens
76. John B. Watson is best known as the founder of
a. Behaviorism
b. Functionalism
c. Rationalism
d. Structuralism
e. Mechanism
[9]
83. Which of the following is true of the frequency
distributions shown in the graphs above?
a. Distribution A has more variation than
distributions B and C
b. Distribution B has more variation than
distributions A or C
c. Distribution B and distribution C have the
same variation
d. The standard deviation of distribution A
is infinite
e. The standard deviation of distribution B
is zero
84. Brain damage that leaves a person capable of
understanding speech but with an impaired ability
to produce speech most likely indicates injury to
which of the following?
a. The basal ganglia
b. Wernicke’s area
c. The substantia nigra
d. Broca’s area
e. The inferior colliculi
82. Which of the following is the best interpretation of
Solomon Asch’s findings, pictured above,
concerning conformity in perceptual judgments?
a. The larger the group, the greater the
conformity of group members
b. The smaller the group, the greater the
conformity of group members
c. Conformity increases as group size
increases to about four persons
d. Conformity decreases as group size
decreases to about four persons
e. There is no relationship between group
size and conformity
85. Jason is attending a parade that features the local
high school band. Jason’s friends Brent plays the
trombone in the band. It is difficult for Jason to
hear Brent play at the parade. Which of the
following would best allow Jason to hear Brent’s
trombone?
a. Sensory adaptation
b. Selective attention
c. Perceptual constancy
d. Weber’s law
e. Functional fixedness
END OF SECTION 1
IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION.
DO NOT GO ON TO SECTION II UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO.
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