Download Методична розробка для студентів до практичного заняття № 1

Методична розробка для студентів до практичного заняття № 1
по темі «Periodic Table»
(для студентів IІ курсу фармацевтичного факультету
спеціальності "Фармація" заочної форми навчання)
Text: Periodic Table
Grammar: The Perfect Continuous Tenses (Active Voice).
Мета практичного заняття № 1
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом до теми «Periodic
Table» з метою його використання у різних видах мовленнєвої діяльності.
2.
Розвивати навики монологічного та діалогічного мовлення.
3.
Засвоїти граматичний матеріал The Perfect Continuous Tenses (Active
Voice).
4.
Вміти застосовувати The Perfect Continuous Tenses (Active Voice) у
мовленні.
Stages of the Lesson
І. Active Vocabulary
Cornerstone
Наріжний камінь
Property
Властивість
Nuclear
Ядерний
Charge
Заряд
Conclusion
Висновок
Vacant
Вільний
Confidence
Обізнаність
Prediction
Передбачення
To predict
Передбачувати
To arrange
Розташовувати
Possibility
Можливість
To perpetuate
Увіковічнювати
Artificial
Штучний
Mystery
Таємничість
II. Read and translate the text
PERIODIC TABLE
One of the cornerstones of modern chemistry is the Periodic Law. It can be simply stated as
follows. The properties of the elements are a periodic function of the nuclear charges of their atoms.
In 1869 D. I. Mendeleyev arrived to the conclusion that by the arrangement of the elements in
order of increasing atomic weight the similarity and periodicity of properties of various valence groups
of the elements were clearly seen.
There were several vacant positions in Mendeleyev's periodic table (at the time when
Mendeleyev published his Table only 63 elements were known). This allowed him to predict the
existence of six undiscovered elements (scandium, gallium, germanium, polonium, etc.) His
confidence in the new classification was clearly expressed in the prediction which he made of the
chemical properties of these missing elements. And within fifteen years, gallium, scandium and
germanium were discovered.
D. I. Mendeleyev arranged all the elements in a table consisting of vertical groups and horizontal
periods. In this table all the uncoordinated data on the properties of elements and their compounds are
collected and arranged into one well-constructed system. It enables scientists to predict the possibility
of discovering new elements and their properties and to correct the errors made in previous definitions
of the properties of known elements.
D. I. Mendeleyev's periodic system continues to form the basis for some of the most complex
research that is being done today. His name will be perpetuated in the discovery of new artificial
elements and in our better understanding of the mysteries of nature.
III. Vocabulary and Speech Exercises
I. Приведіть із тексту речення, які підтверджують положення:
1.
D. I. Mendeleyev predicted the existence of undiscovered elements.
2.
The Periodic Table is a well-constructed system.
3.
The periodic system is the basis for the modern research.
II. Скажіть, чи всі речення вірні?
1.
The Periodic Table consists of vertical periods and horizontal groups.
2.
The properties of the elements are a periodic function of the nuclear charges of
their atoms.
3.
There were known 104 elements at the time of publishing Mendeleyev's Periodic
Table.
4.
Scandium was discovered in the 20th century.
5.
Mendeleyev's periodic system continues to form the basis for the most complex
research.
III. Make the plan of the text.
IV. Retell the text.
IV. Grammar Exercises
І. Translate into English:
1.
Я тебе розшукую вже годину.
2.
А я тут все розповідаю доктору Сміту, який ти в нас розумний.
3.
Давайте вже починати. Ми тут і так занадто довго стоїмо.
4.
Ми вивчаємо англійську мову. Ми вивчаємо її вже чотири роки.
5.
З якого часу його батько працює лікарем у цій лікарні?
6.
Ніна загубила ручку; вона вже чверть години шукає її.
7.
Коли Ольга закінчила університет, її сестра уже 5 років працювала
фармацевтом в аптеці.
8.
Коли ми вийшли з дому, йшов дощ. Він йшов уже півтори години.
Методична розробка для студентів до практичного заняття № 2
по темі «Drugs: Obtaining, Names and Standards.
Classification and Major Characteristics of Drugs.»
(для студентів IІ курсу фармацевтичного факультету
спеціальності "Фармація" заочної форми навчання)
Texts: Drugs: Obtaining, Names and Standards.
Classification and Major Characteristics of Drugs
Grammar: Sequence of Tenses.
Мета практичного заняття № 2
1.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом до теми «Drugs:
Obtaining, Names and Standards. Classification and Major Characteristics of Drugs» з метою
його використання у різних видах мовленнєвої діяльності.
2.
Розвивати навики монологічного та діалогічного мовлення.
3.
Засвоїти граматичний матеріал Sequence of Tenses.
4.
Вміти застосовувати Sequence of Tenses у мовленні.
Stages of the Lesson
І. Active Vocabulary
Mold
Пліснява
Generic name
Офіційна назва
Brand name
Торговельна назва
Competitor
Конкурент
To capitalize
Друкувати, писати великими буквами
To conform
Погоджувати
To enforce
Примушувати
Nausea
Нудота
Vomit(ing)
Блювота
Overdose
Передозування
To alleviate
Полегшити
Ratio
Співвідношення, пропорція
To speed
Прискорювати
Duration
Тривалість
Interfere
Шкодити
Expulsion
Вилучення
II. Read and translate the texts:
DRUGS: OBTAINING, NAMES AND STANDARDS
Drugs are chemical substances used in medicine in the cure, treatment, or prevention of disease
in man and animals. In addition drugs alleviate suffering and pain. They affect living protoplasm and
do not act as a food. These chemical substances can come from many different sources. Drugs are
obtained from various parts of plants, such as the roots, leaves and fruit. Examples of such drugs are
digitalis (from the foxglove plant), and antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin (from plants
called molds).
Drugs can also be obtained from animals; for example hormones and secretions from glands of
animals. Drugs can be made from chemical substances which are synthesized in the laboratory. Anticancer drugs, such as methtrexate and prednisone are examples of laboratory-synthesized drugs. Some
drugs are contained in food substances; these drugs -are called vitamins.
A drug can have three different names. The chemical name is the chemical formula for the
drug. This name is often long and complicated. The generic or official name is a shorter, less
complicated name which is recognized as identifying the drug for legal and scientific purpose. The
generic name is public property and any drug manufacture may use it. There is only one generic name
for each drug.
The brand name or trade name is the private property of the individual drug manufacturer and
no competitor may use it. Brand names often have the superscript after or before the name. Most
drugs have several brand names because each manufacturer producing the drug gives it a different
name. When a specific brand name is ordered on a prescription by a physician, it must be dispensed
by the pharmacist; no other brand name may be substituted. It is common practice to capitalize the
first letter of a brand name.
The following list gives the chemical, generic, arid brand names of the well-known antibiotic
drug ampicillin. Note that the drug can have several brand names, but only one generic, or official
name.
CHEMICAL NAME
GENERIC NAME
BRAND NAME
alpha-aminobenzyl P
ampicilline
Amcill capsules
Omnipen
Penbritin
Polycillin
Principen/N
Standards. While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has the legal responsibility for
deciding whether a drug may be distributed and sold, there are definite standards for drugs set by an
independent committee of physicians, pharmacologists, pharmacicts, and manufactures.
This committee is called tlie United States Pharmacopeia (USP)- Two important standards of the
USP are that the drug must be clinically useful (useful for patients) and available in pure form (made
by good manufacturing methods). If a'drug has USP after his name, it has met with standards of the
Pharmacopeia. A list of drugs is published by the USP every 5 years but not all drugs are listed in it.
The National Formulary (NF) is a larger list of drugs which meet purity standards. The letters USP and
NF after a drug indicate that the manufacturer claims his product conforms to USP or NF standards. It
is up to the FDA to inspect and enforce the claims of drug manufactures.
Drugs may be classified according to a) their morphology; b) the taxonomy of the plants and
animals from which they are obtained; c) their therapeutic applications; d) their chemical constituents.
Each of these methods of classification has advantages and disadvantages.
CLASSIFICATION AND MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF DRUGS
The drugs can be grouped according to the action they possess. The main groups are:
Antiseptic and disinfectants—They kill bacteria by poisoning them directly either inside or
outside the body;
Expectorants — These are used for assisting in coughing up of mucus and sputum from lungs
and bronchi;
Cough mixtures— These are used to suppress coughing or reducing the irritation of throat;
Laxative and purgative — They make the bowels move. Laxative is milder than a purgative
which is given when the bowels have not moved for several days;
Analgesics — They are drugs that soothe or relieve pain;
Tonics — These are drugs which are taken to strengthen the body and to supplement
deficiencies in the nutritional value of foods;
Application for skin and mucous membrane includes ointments, lotions and liniments. These
are often poisonous and should not be taken orally or i. v., except by rubbing on or applying to the
skin or mucous membrane.
The major characteristics of drugs are:
1. Therapeutic effect — This is the ability to act selectively on an organ, on" body tissues or on
disease causing organism and to restore normal body function.
2. Side effects — In addition to its therapeutic effect drug may cause nausea, vomiting, etc.
3. Allergic reaction — If a person has an allergy he may show unexpected reaction when he is
given the drug.
One should take into consideration the action of drugs on the body. Too little of the drug cause
it to be ineffective while an overdose may be fatal. Children and aged persons are more sensitive to
drugs and therefore require a smaller dose than others. In administrating drugs for small children many
other factors have to be taken into consideration. Children are impressionable and their sense of fear
and pain is so acute that it may obliterate the curative properties of a drug. So drugs for children should
preferably be in liquid form, and taste good. For them special syrops and fruit and berry juices are
used. The drugs that cannot be taken in liquid form are made to resemble sweets.
Other problems are involved in developing drugs for the aged, whose endocrine and other
systems, kidneys and liver become less efficient. It takes longer for an aging organism to absorb and
eliminate medicinal preparations. This is why it is important to combine these drugs with aminoacids,
vitamins, and microelements, in all of which an eldery person is deficient.
Drugs arc most commonly administered in four ways: orally (through the mouth), rectally (into
the rectum), parenterally (by injection), and by inhalation through lungs. Occasionally, drugs such as
nasal decongestants and antiasthma drugs are administered through the membranes of the mouth or
nose (e. g. nitroglycerine, under the tongue).
III. Vocabulary and Speech Exercises
I. Answer the questions to Text I:
1. What are drugs?
2. What are drugs obtained from?
3. What is the chemical name of the drug?
4. What is meant by the generic name of a drug?
5. What can you say about brand name of a drug?
6. How many different names can a drug have?
7. What organization has the legal responsibility for drugs?
8. What is the United States Pharmacopeia?
9. What are the two important standards of the USP?
10. What do letters USP and NF after a drug indicate?
II. Answer the questions to Text II:
1. How can the drugs be grouped?
2. What is the action of antiseptics and disinfectants?
3. What is the difference between laxatives and purgatives?
4. What are the applications?
5. Can you describe the major characteristics of drugs?
6. What are the requirements for drugs for children and aged persons?
7. In what ways are drugs most commonly administered?
ІII. Прочитайте твердження і скажіть, чи всі вони відповідають змісту текстів І та ІІ:
1. Analgetics are drugs that soothe or relieve pain.
2. One should never take into consideration the action of drugs on the body.
3. Drugs for children should preferably be in solid form.
4. Two important standards of the USP are that the drug must be clinically useful and available
in pure form.
5. Most drugs have only one brand name.
6. The chemical name is the chemical formula for the drug.
ІV. Знайдіть у текстах уроку факти, що підтверджують такі
положення:
1. Drugs are chemical substances that can come from many different sources.
2. A drug can have three different names.
3. Children and aged persons are more sensitive to drugs.
4. Drugs are most commonly administered in four ways.
V. Вивчіть пам'ятку, яку повинен знати кожен провізор. Обговоріть її зміст.
Before giving any drug you should know:
— What the drug is used for;
— What it can do;
— The prescribed dose for a child or adult;
— How it should be given;
— The possible side effects and precautions to be taken;
— What the user of the drug needs to know about it.
VI. Прочитайте та перекладіть латинські терміни, що використовуються в
рецептах:
a. c.
before meals
p. c.
after meals
B. P.
British Pharmacopeia
USP
US Pharmacopeia
tabs.
tablets
tabl,
tablet
No
numero (number)
rept.
repeat
Rx
thou take
t. d. s. (t. i. d.)
sig.
three times a day
signature
VIІ. Прочитайте, перекладіть та запам’ятайте золоті правила прописування ліків:
GOLDEN RULES FOR PRESCRIBING MEDICINE
Prescription should be short, simple and to the point. It is important to mention the hour of
the day when iiu'dicines are to be given.
1. Gastric sedatives as bismuth salts are best given on an empty stomach, for their local
action.
2. Cod liver oil preparations are to be given after meals.
3. Mineral acids are given after meals.
4. Aikaiis when use to neutralise acid secretion should be given after food and when
given as a systemic alkaliser should be given between meals.
5. Takadiastase and pepsin should be given on an empty stomach for local use.
6. All stomachis and bitter tonics are to be given quarter to half an hour before food.
7. Morphine should not be given to head injury cases.
8. Hypnotics should be taken after meals, half an hour before going to bed.
9. Antacids are to be given after meals and anticholinergic during or before meals.
IV. Grammar Exercises
І. . Convert into indirect speech in past tense.
Doctor (ecstatically): “Madam, yours is a case which will enrich medical science!”
Patient: “Oh, dear, and I thought I wouldn’t have to pay more than five or ten dollars.”
Patient: “Do you extract teeth painlessly?”
Dentist: “Not always – the other day I nearly dislocated my wrist.”
Professor: “Oxygen is essential to all animal existence. There could be no life without it. It
was discovered only a century ago.”
Student: “What did they do before it was discovered?”
Chemistry Professor: “Come, come, give me the answer, please!”
Student: “I can’t say it, but it’s on the tip of my tongue.”
Another student: “Gracious! Don’t swallow it – it’s arsenic!”
Absent-minded Professor (to Pharmacist): “Give me some prepared monacetic-acidester of
salicylic acid.”
Pharmacist: “Do you mean aspirin?”
Absent-minded Professor: “That’s right! I can never think of that name.”
Методична розробка для студентів до практичного заняття № 3
по темі «Tinctures. Ointments.»
(для студентів IІ курсу фармацевтичного факультету
спеціальності "Фармація" заочної форми навчання)
Text: Tinctures. Ointments.
Grammar: The Passive Voice.
Мета практичного заняття № 3
5.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом до теми «Tinctures.
Ointments.» з метою його використання у різних видах мовленнєвої діяльності.
6.
Розвивати навики монологічного та діалогічного мовлення.
7.
Засвоїти граматичний матеріал The PassiveVoice.
8.
Вміти застосовувати The Passive Voice у мовленні.
Stages of the Lesson
І. Active Vocabulary
to adjust
пристосовувати
to ground
подрібнювати
even
рівний, однаковий
to damp
змочувати, зволожувати
to transfer
переміщати, переносити
to drip
капати, крапати
to macerate
вимочувати (лікарську сировину)
to conform
узгоджувати, відповідати
to agitate
перемішувати
vehicle
наповнювач
to incorporate
змішувати, включати в склад
occlusive
герметичний
dressing
пов’язка
emollient
зм’якшуюча речовина
discharge
виділення
mandatory
обов’язків
tamper-proof
захищений від невправного поводження
II. Read and translate the text
TINCTURES
Tinctures are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or from
chemical substances.
The portion of drug represented in the different chemical tinctures is not uniform but varies
according to the established standards for each. Traditionally, tinctures of potent vegetable drugs
essentially represent the activity of 10 g of the drug in each 100-ml of tincture, the potency being
adjusted by the following assay. Most other vegetable tinctures represent 20 g of the respective
vegetable material in each 100 ml of tincture.
The general processes to be employed for manufacture of tinctures, unless otherwise directed in
the individual monographs, are as follows:
Process P — Carefully mix the ground drug or mixture of drugs with a sufficient quantity of the
prescribed solvent or solvent mixture to render it evenly and distinctly damp, allow it to stand for 15
min, transfer it to a suitable percolator, and pack the drug firmly. Pour on enough of the prescribed
solvent or solvent mixture to saturate the drug, cover the top of the percolator and, when the liquid is
about to drip from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and allow the drug to macerate for 24 hours
or for the time specified in the monograph. If no assay is directed, allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, or at the specified rate, gradually adding sufficient solvent or solvent mixture to produce 1000
ml of tincture; and mix. If an assay is directed, collect only 950 ml of percolate, mix this, and assay a
portion of it — as directed. Dilute the reminder with such quantity of the prescribed solvent or solvent
mixture to produce a tincture that conforms to the prescribed standard, and mix.
Process M — Macerate the drug with 750 ml of the prescribed solvent or solvent mixture in a
container that can be closed, and put in a warm place. Agitate it frequently during 3 days or until the
soluble matter is dissolved. Transfer the mixture to a filter, and when most of the liquid has drained
away, wash the residue on the filter with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed solvent or solvent
mixture, combining filtrates, to produce 1000 ml of tincture, and mix.
Tinctures require storage in tight, light-resistant containers, away from direct sunlight and
excessive heat.
OINTMENTS
Ointments are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the skin or mucous
membranes.
Ointment bases recognized for use as vehicles fall into four general classes: the hydrocarbon
bases, the absorption bases, the water-removable bases, and the water-soluble bases. Each therapeutic
ointment possesses as its base a representative of one of these four general classes.
Hydrocarbon Bases — These bases, which are known also as "oleaginous ointment bases", are
represented by White Petrolatum and White Ointment. Only small amounts of an aqueous component
can be incorporated into them. They serve to keep medicaments in prolonged contact with the skin and
act as occlusive dressings. Hydrocarbon bases are used chiefly for their emollient effects, and are
difficult to wash off. They do not "dry out" or change noticeably on aging.
Absorption Bases — This class of bases may be divided into two groups, the first group
consisting of bases that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions with the formation of a water-inoil emulsion (Anhydrous Lanolin) and the second group consisting of water-in-oil emulsions that
permit the incorporation of additional quantities of aqueous solutions (Lanolin). Some medications are
absorbed better from these bases than from the hydrocarbon bases. Absorption bases are useful also as
emollients.
Water-removable Bases — Such bases are oil-in-water emulsions (Hydrophilic Ointment), and
frequently are called, "creams". They are described also as "water-washable", since they may be
readily washed from the skin or closing with water, an attribute that makes them more acceptable for
cosmetic reason. Other advantages of the water-removal bases are that they may be diluted with water
and that they favor the absorption of serious discharges in dermatological conditions.
Water-soluble Bases — This group of so-called "grease-less ointment bases" is comprised of
water-soluble constituents. Polyethylene Glycol Ointment is the only Pharmacopeial preparation in this
group. The formula of this ointment is modified by the inclusion of stearil alcohol where water, or a
water solution, is to be prepared in order to minimize the resultant softening effect. These bases may in
some instances be irritating to inflamed tissue.
Choice of Base — The choice of ointment base depends upon many factors, such as the action
desired, the nature of the medicament, to .be incorporated and its bioavailability and stability, and the
requisite shelf-life of the finished product. In some cases, it is necessary to use a base that is less than
ideal in order to achieve the stability required. For example, drugs that hydrolyze rapidly are more stable
in hydrocarbon bases than in bases containing water, even though they may be more effective in the latter.
III. Vocabulary and Speech Exercises
I. Answer the following questions concerning the text “Tinctures”:
1.
What are tinctures?
2.
What is traditional potency of tinctures from vegetable drugs?
3.
Is the portion of drug in different chemical tinctures uniform?
4.
Can you name the processes for manufacture of tinctures?
5.
Where should tinctures be stored?
II. Answer the following questions concerning the text “Ointments”:
1.
What are ointments?
2.
What are the main general classes of ointment bases?
3.
What do hydrocarbon bases serve to?
4.
Why are hydrocarbon bases chiefly used?
5.
What groups of absorption bases can you name?
6.
Where are absorption bases used?
7.
What is the only Pharmacopeial preparation in the group of water-soluble bases?
8.
What does the choice of ointment base depend upon?
III. Match the words or combination of words in the left part of the table with appropriate
definitions in the right.
Tinctures
are semisolid preparations intended for external application to the
skin or mucous membranes.
Tinctures of potent
vegetable drugs
Tinctures require
storage
are known also as "oleaginous ointment bases" and are
represented by White Petrolatum and White Ointment.
may be divided into two groups, the first group consisting of bases
that permit the incorporation of aqueous solutions with the formation of
a water-in-oil emulsion and the second group consisting of water-in-oil
emulsions that permit the incorporation of additional quantities of
aqueous solutions.
are often called "grease-less ointment bases"; Polyethylene Glycol
Ointments
Hydrocarbon Bases
Ointment is the only Pharmacopeial preparation in this group.
in tight, light-resistant containers, away from direct sunlight and
excessive heat.
Absorption Bases
are alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable
materials or from chemical substances.
Water-removable
Bases
depends upon many factors, such as the action desired, the nature
of the medicament and the requisite shelf-life of the finished product.
represent the activity of 10 g of the drug in each 100-ml of
Water-soluble
tincture.
Bases
The choice of
ointment base
are oil-in-water emulsions, and frequently are called, "creams";
they may be readily washed from the skin with water, an attribute that
makes them more acceptable for cosmetic reason.
IV. Make plans of the texts.
V. Retell the texts “Tinctures” and “Ointments”.
IV. Grammar Exercises
I. Transform the following sentences into passive mood:
1.
Some individuals or animals produce antibodies against infectious agents.
2.
The teacher will have told the students about strategies for preventing the
transmission of HIV by the next week.
3.
The doctor and the patient were carrying out their experiments to identify an
allergen at 4 o’clock yesterday.
4.
The students usually study symptoms of different diseases at the lessons.
5.
The teacher hasn’t explained us the etiology of the respiratory tract diseases
6.
The doctor is performing the spinal puncture during the operation now.
7.
The new virus particles destroy lymphocytes.
8.
The students have already studied the organs of the respiratory system.
9.
He was learning internal and external respiration from 3 till 4 yesterday.
10.
We use the term “atopic disease” to describe a group of often inherited Ig E-
yet.
mediated diseases.
11.
Doctor Petrenko was examining the patients the whole morning yesterday.
12.
The students haven’t filled in the case history yet.
II. Transform the following sentences into active mood:
1.
The students were being taught by the teacher how to distinguish between
different types of immunity during the whole lesson on Monday.
2.
The antibiotics have already been administered to the patients by doctors for
combating an infection.
3.
The symptoms of asthma will be studied by the students next time.
4.
The problem of AIDS in our country is being discussed by the students at the
moment.
5.
Anaphylactic shock has been studied by this prominent scientists for two years
already.
6.
They will be explained the use of the Present Perfect Tense by the teacher
tomorrow.
7.
Allergic reactions haven’t been investigated by the students yet.
8.
The lungs are separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm.
9.
The student was being asked by the professor when I came.
10.
Each alveolus is surrounded by a dense network of capillaries.
11.
This book was being read by him at this time yesterday.
12.
The symptoms of this disease will have been studied by the surgeon by the
beginning of autumn.
III. Translate the following sentences into English paying attention to passive voice:
1.
Природний тип імунітету успадковується людиною.
2.
Пацієнт з третьої палати був уже прооперований, коли зайшов професор.
3.
Терапевт сказав, що кров’яний тиск цього пацієнта вже виміряний.
4.
Всі імпульси передаються від одного нейрона до іншого через нервові
волокна.
5.
Його головний біль був викликаний високим кров’яним тиском.
6.
Переливання крові буде зроблене досвідченим лікарем через 2 години.
7.
Медсестра сказала, що температура цього пацієнта вже виміряна.
8.
Викладач з анатомії каже, що активність тіла контролюється нервовою
системою.
9.
Він знає, що лекція з анатомії буде дуже цікавою. Цю лекцію буде
прочитано професором з Лондона.
10.
Операцію було відмінено хірургом, оскільки пацієнт почувався дуже
погано.
11.
Ця стаття про органи відчуття зараз обговорюється студентами на
практичному занятті.
12.
Хірург сказав, що використав цей інструмент наприкінці операції, яку
було виконано в середу.
13.
Пацієнта, що хворіє пневмонією, оглянуть через 2 години.
14.
Коли я зайшов до кабінету лікаря, історія хвороби вже була заповнена
педіатром.
15.
У даний момент голку вводять у спинний канал, щоб отримати зразок
мозкової рідини.
Методична розробка для студентів до практичного заняття № 4
по темі «Methods of Sterilization»
(для студентів IІ курсу фармацевтичного факультету
спеціальності "Фармація" заочної форми навчання)
Text: Methods of Sterilization
Grammar: The Numeral.
Мета практичного заняття № 4
9.
Досягти повного оволодіння лексичним матеріалом до теми «Methods of
Sterilization» з метою його використання у різних видах мовленнєвої діяльності.
10.
Розвивати навики монологічного та діалогічного мовлення.
11.
Засвоїти граматичний матеріал The Numeral.
12.
Вміти застосовувати The Numeral у мовленні.
Stages of the Lesson
І. Active Vocabulary
anthrax
карбункул, нарив
tetanus
правець
rusting
іржавіти
syringe
шприц
to impair
псуватися
to withstand
витримувати
surgery
хірургія
mode
спосіб
disposable
доступний
II. Read and translate the text
METHODS OF STERILIZATION
1. Sterilization by Boiling.
The application of boiling water is the oldest and simplest method of sterilization. Hot water at
100 °C kills all microorganisms not forming spores at once, destroys the spores of anthrax within 12
minutes, but will not kill tetanus or gasgangrene spores even on boiling for several hours.
2 % of sodium carbonate in the boiling water, as recommended by SCHIMMELBUSH, kills
even resistant spores in 30 minutes, and also prevents the rusting of the instruments, and raises the
boiling point to about 104 °C.
Heating with antiseptic mixtures is mainly used for the sterilization of instruments, syringes,
cannula. It is simple, preserves the objects and may be considered sufficiently reliable for clinical
medicine and general practice.
2. Sterilization in Flowing Steam (Low Pressure Steam Sterilization).
As early as 1881 steam at 97 - 100 °C was used by Koch and Loftier for sterilization. For this
method an upper vessel with a perforated base is placed on a pot filled with water. This steam at low
pressure has exactly the same-effects as boiling water without any added antiseptic, and is thus not
sufficient for perfect sterilization of objects.
3. Sterilization by Saturated Compressed Steam (High Pressure Steam Sterilization).
When in these steamers — called autoclaves — the steam is prevented from escaping the
pressure increases to 2 — 3 atmospheres and the temperature rises, to 142 °C. In this way even the most
resistant earth spores are killed in a short time.
4. Hot Air Sterilization.
Of all the methods using the application of heat, dry sterilization in hot air is the least sure.
Dressings and rubber articles become britle and are thus impaired. Sharp instruments do not withstand
a temperature exceeding 180 °C, and only with glass is this method really practicable.
5. Cold Sterilization.
It has been the practice in, the past to degerm heat-sensitive apparatus such as endoscopes of all
kinds, urological and cardiological catheters, trasfusion equipment, articles made of synthetics, at room
temperature, with formalin vapour or by placing them in antiseptic solutions. Kaemmerer (1958) and
McCaughan (1959) point out the possibilities of effective cold solution with T-gas in a vacuum for 4
— 6 hours. By this method all the microorganisms met in surgery are completely killed. The procedure
is suitable for woolen blankets, sheets, dressings of all kinds and of course instruments made of metal,
glass or rubber: Wide practical experience of this method is so far lacking.
III. Vocabulary and Speech Exercises
I. Answer the following questions:
4.
What methods of sterilization have you learnt from the text?
5.
What is the oldest and simplest method of sterilization?
6.
What is heating with antiseptic mixtures used for?
7.
What is the difference between low pressure steam and high pressure steam
sterilization?
8.
Why isn’t air sterilization very practicable?
9.
Can you describe the method of cold sterilization?
II. Match the words or combination of words in the left part of the table with appropriate
definitions in the right.
Sterilization by Boiling
In this way the temperature rises to 142 °C and even
the most resistant earth spores are killed in a very short
time.
Low Pressure Steam
Sterilization
is the least sure. Dressings and rubber articles become
brittle, sharp instruments do not withstand a temperature
exceeding 180 °C, and only with glass is this method really
practicable.
High Pressure Steam
Sterilization
was used in 1881 by Koch and Loflier. It has exactly
the same-effects as boiling water without any added
antiseptic, and is thus not sufficient for perfect sterilization
of objects.
Hot Air Sterilization
is performed with the help of formalin vapour or
antiseptic solutions at room temperature. By this method all
the microorganisms met in surgery are completely killed.
The procedure is suitable for woolen blankets, sheets,
dressings of all kinds and of course instruments made of
metal, glass or rubber:
Cold Sterilization
is the oldest and simplest method of sterilization. In
this method all microorganisms, except tetanus or
gasgangrene spores, are killed.
II. Make up a plan of the text.
III. Retell the text.
IV. Grammar Exercises
І. Read and write the following cardinal numerals.
1;4, 12; 30; 45; 435; 1,567; 12,987; 906,004; 1,853,444; 758,934,004.
II. Form, read and write ordinal numerals from the following.
4, 5, 1, 17, 28, 70, 42, 120, 563, 496.
III. Read and write the following dates.
31.01.1981; 27.10.2005; 3.06.1856.
IV. Answer the following questions.
1)
How much is 17 plus 19?
2)
How much is 13 minus 4?
3)
How much is 7 multiplied by 8?
4)
How much is 42 divided by 6?
V. Read and write out in words the following common and decimal fractions.
1/8, 3/7, 9/16, 23/28, 56 ½, 345 ¼, 3.5, 2.34, 12.1, 78.03, 0.546, 957.857, 0.01.