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312/2 GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 JULY/AUGUST KATHONZWENI DISTRICT FORM 4 EVALUATION TEST 2013 Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education GEOGRAPHY PAPER 2 MARKING SCHEME 1. (a) List three environmental conditions favouring commercial beef farming in Kenya - Presence of undulating landscape - Adequate water supply - Extensive tracks of land - Plenty of pasture for the animals - Tse tse free areas Any first 3 x 1 = 3mks (b) Two exotic breeds of beef cattle reared in commercial ranches in Kenya - Aberden Angues - Hereford - Charolais - Rea angus - Short horn - Gallo ways - Santa Gertrudis. Any first 2 x 1 = 2mks 2. (a) (i) This paper consists of 8 printed pages Turn Over 3. 4. (b) State two factors favouring establishment of National parks in semi-arid regions of East Africa. - Availability of large tracts of land/sparsely populated land. - Presence of wide variety of vegetation providing food for the wild animals. - The harsh climatic condition that discourage farming/settlement/making conservation the best alternative land use. - The type of vegetation found in such areas provide suitable habitat for wild animals. Any 2 x 1 = 2mks (a) What is containerization? - This is the process of transporting goods in sealed standard metal boxes. Correct meaning 2mks (b) Three disadvanategs of using pipe line to transport oil products in Kenya. - Expensive to construct and maintain - Can cause excessive loss incase of leakages - Only used to transport one type of oil at a time - It is prone to vandalism and oil theft - Highly pollutive incase of leakage - Inflexible /unable to serve inter mediate locations/ may not give door to door services Any 3 x 1 = 3mks (a) (i) The difference in production between the highest and lowest producer - 9,600,000 – 800,000 = 8,800,000 barrels 1mk (ii) Total amount of petroleum produced in August 2010 in the region - 3,800,000 + 2,550,000 + 800,000 + 9,600,000 + 2,500,000 + 1,900,000 = 21,150,000 barrels 1mk 5. (iii) The average daily petroleum production for Kuwait in August 2010 - 2,550,000 = 8258.0645 31 days 8258 barrels (b) Two renewable sources of energy exploited in Kenya - Water/tides - Solar - Steam - Biomas - Firewood Any 2 x 1 = 2mks (a) Apart from floods, Name two other environmental hazards associated with climatic conditions (2mk) - Lightning/thunderstorms - Drought/desertification - Land slides - Heat waves - Wind storms Any 2 x 1 = 2mks (b) Three problems caused by floods in Kenya - Causes water borne diseases - Leads to loss of property/lives - Causes soil water logging lowering crop production -Washes away crops leading to food shortage/famine - Disrupts transport and communication by washing away bridges/roads/telephone lines - Displaces people/makes people homeless. Any 3 x 1 = 3mks 2 SECTION B 6. (a) (i) Total exports for horticulture - 200 + 240 + 315 + 461 = 1,216,000,000kshs (ii) The percentage drop of maize between 2007 and 2010 - 360 – 286 = 74 74 x 100% 369 = 20.56% Correct = 2mks (b) (c) (i) Three counties where tea is grown in Kenya - Nyeri - Kiambu - Kericho - Nandi - Embu - Kirinyanga - Nyamira Any 3 relevant x 1 = 3mks (ii) Four physical factors favouring tea growing in Kenya - Cool/warm temperature /100C – 210C - High rainfall/1000mm – 2000mm of rain - Well distributed rainfall throughout the year - Frost free areas - Deep soils - Well drained soils - Volcanic soils/acidic/ph 4.5 – 5.6 - High altitude/1000m – 1700m - Undulating landscape Any 4 x 1 = 4mks (d) Describe stages through which tea is processed from picking to time it is ready for marketing. - Two top leaves and abud are picked using hand - They are put in airy basket and transported to collection centres by tractors/lorries - In the collection centre they are weighted/sorted - Weighed leaves are transported by lorries to processing factories - In the factory they are weighted again - The leaves are then spread on long wire tidings to dry. - Dry leaves are passed through rollers to chop them - After chopping they are let to ferment/changing colour to brown grey - The leaves are then roasted at a temperature of 1000C/turning to black - The leaves are then sieved and graded - After they are labelled, packed ready for marketing NB: Sequence must be followed (6mks) 3 7. (a) (i) Mineral mined in areas marked. K – Soda ash L – Gold M – Diamond N – Copper Any correct 4 x 1 = 4mks (ii) Two minerals mined through panning. - Gold - Diamond - Tin - Platinum Any correct 2 x 1 = 2mks (iii) Two sea ports for exporting minerals from East Africa. - Mombasa - Dares salaam Any correct 1 x 2 = 2mks (b) (i) Three uses of soad ash. - As a raw material in glass making - In making detergents - Used in chemical industries/petroleum refining - Use as a water softener/water treatment - It is used in desulphiring steel - It is used in paper industries Any 3 x 1 = 3mks (ii) Two problems associated with shaft mining - Sometimes, mines get flooded with subterranean water. - There are occasional emissions of poisonous gases. - The dust/produced causes respiratory diseases. - Sometimes tunnels collapse causing deaths of miners. Any 2 x 1 = 2mks (c) Explain how occurrence of minerals in influence used by the following factors. (i) Vulcanicity – molten magma intrudes into rock joints and the minerals contained in magma are embedded in the joints called veins e.g. copper and tin occur in this forma/hot springs/geysers/fumaroles bring minerals to the surface Correct explanation = 2mks (ii) Metemorphism – High pressure/heat cause recrystalization/hardening of rocks making them to change their nature to become minerals like diamond. Correct explanation (iii) Evaporation – high temperature in arid and semi-arid cause evaporation of water in lakes /seas. Thus leads to high concentration of mineral salts in the water. Continuous evaporation causes further recrystalization of the salts which is later extracted as minerals like soda ash and common salt Any correct explanation = 2mks 4 (d) Describe three negative effects of open cast mining on the environment. - The land is left with gaping quarries/leaps which are ugly interferes with natural beauty of landscape. - The heaps of rock waste hinders any other form of land use/creating an expensive land scape to rehabilitate. - Dust produced during the mining pollutes the atmosphere is a health hazard. - Open cast mining causes shortage of land as it hinders settlement/leads to displacement/hinder agriculture. - Water collects in the open pits attracting diseases carrying vectors. - Large scale blasting of rocks leads to instability of basement rocks. Any 3 x 2 = 6mks 8. (a) (i) Name the countries marked P and Q P – Norway Q – Japan Any correct 2 x 1 = 2mks (ii) Ocean current marked S and T S – Cold canary current T – Warm Guinea current Any correct 2 x 1 = 2mks (b) Explain four conditions favouring fishing in the shaded coastal waters. - The areas have cool watersc with abundant supply of planktons which is main food for fish. e - Shallow continental shalves c allowing light to penetrate to the sea bed encouraging growth of micro- organisation used as food by fishe - Convergence of cold and warm ocean c currents resulting in upwelling of ocean water thus bringing minerals e /planktons to the surface. - Cool waters experiencedc in most of these coastal areas encourages thriving of numerous fish species. e - Most of the coast are indented c with numerous sheltered bays which provide secure breeding e grounds for fish - The sheltered bays c provide ideal sites for building fishing portse /fish landing sites. - The large populations c in these areas provides ready market e for fish. - The rugged landscapec limits agriculture thus people turning to fishing as alternative economic activity e - Cool to cold climatec /provided natural preservation e of fish. - Land derived minerals c encourages growth of planktons which fish feed ine (b) Advanced technology c in the areas enhances fishinge NB: - Conditions scores to a maximum of 4 on its own. - An explanation – without a condition does not score. 4 condition (c) 4mks 4 explanation (e) 4mks 8mks. (c) (i) Explain three environmental problems affecting fishing in Kenya - Inadequate planktons p used as fish food due to the water being too warm. e - High fish perishabilityp due to the high temperatures. e - Drought p reducing water volume in the inland fisheries kills e fish. - Almost straight coastlinep with few indentation limit fish breeding. e 5 NB: Problems on its own scores to a maximum of 3mks An explanation without a problem does not score. 4 problems (P) 4mks 4 explanation with a problem (e) 4mks 8mks. (ii) Four problems experienced in the marketing of fish in Kenya. - Some fishing areas are far from markets - Poor roads making fish to go bad en route - Inadequate appropriate storage/preservation facitilities - There is limited local markets due to cultural beliefs. - Competition from developed countries e.g. Japan, Korea - Limited number of fish species limits the market Any 4 x 1 = 4mks (iii) Three measures used to conserve fish in Kenya. - Restriction of fish to specific season to allow breeding. - Use of standardised size of fish nets leaving the immature species. - Issuing licenses to prospective fishermen to control their number. - Restricting fishing in exclusive economic zones/320 km rule. - Encouraging fish farming to ensure sufficient supply of fish. - Restricting disposal of untreated wastes into sea/lakes/rivers. etc - Artificial fertilization is carried out in special hatcheries. - Restocking of over fished waters. Any 3 x 1 = 3mks 9. to (a) What is industrialisation? - It is the process of setting up more industries in a country/the pace at which a country sets up industries. (ii) Three agricultural food processing industries in Kenya. - Tea processing - Bakeries - Coffee processing - Grain milling - Milk processing - Oil processing - Sugar refining - Oil processing - Fruit canning - Vegetable canning - Brewing - Meat canning Any 3 x 1 = 3mks (c) Four ways in which Kenya has benefited from motor – vehicle assembly. - Kenya saves foreign exchange - Kenya earns foreign exchange through motor vehicle export. - The industry has created employment opportunities - The industry has promoted trade links with neighbouring countries as Kenya sells motor vehicles them. - It has led to development of skills among Kenya. - Kenya earn revenue from taxes/licences. - The industry has promoted transport sector by availing buses/lorries/van/cars. Any 4 x 1 = 4mks 6 (c) (i) Five benefits of decentralizing industries in Kenya. - It would encourage regional equality in development. - It would create employment in the rural areas. - It would reduce rural – urban migration. - It would allow greater exploitation of local rsources. - To reduce strain on social amenities in urban centres. - It would raise standard of living of people in rural areas. - It would help reduce congestion in urban centres. - To reduce risks during calamities like fire outbreaks, terrorism. Any 4 x 1 = 4mks (ii) Explain three problems hindering decentralization of industries in Kenya. - Interdependence of industries for raw materialsp /market thus difficult to separatee /relocate - Inadequate marketp in rural areas discourages investors from locating them away from urban e centres - Poor transport p discourages investors in the rural areas/remoteness in some rural arease - Insecurity p in some rural areas discourages investmente in such areas - Collapse of some industries formerly in the rural areas discourages fresh investment in such areas. NB: Problem alone scores to maximum of 4mks Explanation without a problem can not score Explanation with a problem 4 x 1 = 4mks Problem to a maximum of 4mks 8mks. (d) Explain three factors which have favoured the development of electronics industries in Japan. - Availability of adequate capital resources f which have assisted in the setting up and expansion e of the industry. - Large population p providing large domestic e market for electronics goods/availability of large external market. - Government policy p of industrialization has led to rapid development of electronics industry.e - The highly developed sourcesf of power encourage growth of electronics e industry. - Advanced technologyf /research has promoted efficient methods of productione /high quality goods. - The numerous sea portsf ease the importation of raw materials/exploitation of finished electronic products. - The Japanese are skilledf /industrious work force which enhances efficiency in production.e NB: A factor scores on its own up to a maximum of 3mks and an explanation without a factor can not score Factor (f) = 3mks Explanation without a factor (e) = 3mks = 6mks 7 10. (a) (i) What is census? - It is a process of collecting compiling and publishing population data in a country/enumeration of people. (2mks) (ii) Four uses of population census to the government - To know total number of people in a country for economic planning and policy making - To assist in distribution resources - To estimate the population growth rate - To identify death/birth rates/fertility/mortality rates - Assist in creating new administrative units - Help government in generating employment - To establish age-sex composition and dependency ration Any 4 x 1 = 4mks (iii) Three problems Kenya faces during rational census. - Shortage of funds thus unable to employ enough personell and necessary equipments. - Insufficient/inaccurate census area maps and questionnaires. - Fear/suspicion/superstition leading to falsification regarding the number of children. - Illiteracy may lead to giving wrong information in regard to age of children. - Problem of double counting giving false results. - Language barrier/inaccessibility may lead to omission of some information. - Lack of documents on vital data like birth and death certificates which could enable the enumerators to verify information given. Any 3 x 1 = 3mks (b) Explain how the following factors influence population growth -Early marriages – leads to a long reproduction period/high fertility rate causing a high population growth rate. 1 x 2 = 2mks - Use of contraceptive – Reduces conception leading to a low fertility rate and slow growth rate of population. 1 x 2 = 2mks - Availability of food – improved nutrition leads to healthy population which lead to a high fertility/high child survival rate leading to high growth rate 1 x 2 = 2mks (c) Four causes of rural – rural migration - Pressure on land makes people to buy / look for land else where. - Search for employment in plantations. - Insecurity making people to move safer places. - Government policy resetting people else to set up projects. - Natural hazards forcing people to migrate for safety. - Pastoral communities migrate looking for pasture/water or for their livestock. - Changes in land tenure/land disputes causing people to more else where. Any 4 x 1 = 4mks (d) Describe three measures that have been taken in Kenya to reduce infant mortality - Improved medical facilities /immunization of children to control diseases creating healthy environment for child survival. - Providing more education opportunities for parents ensuring better care for their children. - providing balance of diet leading to high resistance to some diseases thus high survival rate. - Introduction of family planning programmes has led emergence of manageable family sizes. - Carrying out research on infant related diseases to come up with ways of controlling them ensures higher chances of survival. Any 3 x 2 = 6mks
