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6th Grade Study English Guide Noun – names a person, place, thing, or idea. Types of nouns Common noun – names any one of a class of people, places, things, or ideas. Proper noun – names a particular person, place, or thing. Collective noun – denotes a group of persons, places, or things, considered as one. Concrete nouns – person, place, or thing that you can experience with your senses. Abstract noun – expresses a quality, condition, or an action apart from any object or thing. Qualities of nouns Person – quality of a noun through which the speaker, the one spoken to, or the one spoken about is indicated. First person denotes the speaker. Second person denotes the one spoken to. Third person denotes the one spoken about. Number – the quality of a noun that denotes whether is refers to one person, place, or thing or more than one person, place, or thing. Gender – the quality of a noun that expresses which sex is distinguished. Masculine Feminine Neuter – denotes objects Some nouns may be taken as wither masculine of feminine. Cases of nouns Case is the quality of a noun that shows its relation to some other word or words in the sentence. Nominative Case – subject nouns Subject – the person, place or thing the sentence is about. Subject complement – refers to the same person, place, or thing as the subject. - renames or describes the subject - follows a linking verb (Some linking verbs- is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been) Possessive Case – expresses possession, ownership, or connection Objective Case – object nouns Direct object – answers whom or what after the action verb. Indirect object – answers to whom or for whom the action is done. Object of the preposition – follows a preposition Object complement – follows the direct object, renames the object Sentences – group of words that express a complete thought. Sentences must have a subject and a predicate. Classified by purpose Declarative sentence – makes a statement Interrogative sentence - asks a question Imperative sentence – command or request Exclamatory sentence – conveys emotion or excitement. Clause – group of words that has a subject and a predicate Independent Clause – expresses a complete though Dependent clause – does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone out of the sentence. Classified by form Simple Sentence – consists of one independent clause Compound Sentence – contains two or more independent clauses joined by a comma and a coordinate conjunction, a semicolon, or a semicolon, and an adverb Complex Sentence – contains an independent clause and one or more dependent clauses Pronoun – a word that takes the place of a noun Antecedent – a word to which a pronoun refers Personal Pronouns Nominative case – subject pronouns – used as subjects and subject complements 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular I you he, she, it Plural we you they Objective case pronouns – used as direct objects, indirect objects, objects of prepositions 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular me you him, her, it them Plural us you Possessive case pronouns – stand alone (while possessive adjectives precede nouns) 1st person 2nd person 3rd person Singular mine yours his, hers, its Plural ours yours theirs Compound pronouns – intensive and reflexive Singular 1st person myself 2nd person yourself 3rd person himself, herself, itself Plural ourselves yourselves themselves Interrogative pronouns – used to ask a question who, whom, whose, which, what Demonstrative pronouns – point out a particular person, place, or thing this, that, these, those Indefinite pronouns – refer to any or all of a group of persons, places, or things Singular: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either, everybody, everything, much, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something Plural: both, few, many, others, several Singular & Plural: all, any, more, most, none, some Adjective – modifies a noun or a pronoun Types of Adjectives Descriptive adjectives – describes or limits the noun or pronoun it modifies - may come before or after the word it modifies - may be used as a subject complement Demonstrative adjectives – point out definite persons, places, and things. - this, that, these, those Interrogative adjectives – are used in questions. - what, which, whose Indefinite adjectives – refer to any or all of a group. - both, few, every, several, all, another, some, many, most, each, either, neither Degrees of comparison of adjectives – positive, comparative and superlative - one and two syllable adjectives – add er for the comparative and est for the superlative - three or more syllable adjectives – add more for the comparative and most for the superlative - some adjectives have irregular comparison example: (good, better, best) Writing Traits Ideas Organization Word Choice Sentence Fluency Voice Conventions Writing Process Prewriting – think and plan Drafting – writing it down Revising – improve my ideas, words, sentences, and organization Editing – correcting grammar, spelling, punctuation, capitalization Publishing – sharing my writing