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Geisinger Medical Center
School of Radiologic Technology
Radiologic Procedures
Geisinger Medical Center
School of Radiologic Technology
This study guide developed for:
Mr. Kenneth Roszel
of:
Geisinger Medical Center School of Radiologic Technology
As part of:
Dr. Timothy Phillips’ Advanced Instructional Design
Department of Instructional Technology, Bloomsburg University.
Team members:
Sara R Dierk – Multimedia Specialist
Davina Moore – Instructional Design
Lisa Rizzo – Instructional Design, Team Lead
Robert Zook – Developer
Summer 2010
Radiologic Procedures
Welcome
Objective: In this instructional unit, you will practice identifying the basic
parts, adjust settings, and learn how to use common radiographic
equipment.
How to use this study guide:
 This instructional unit consists of nine sections.
 Navigate to any of the sections using the Main Navigation screen.
 Use the left hand buttons
to move between lessons within a section.
 If there is more than one page in a lesson, use the arrows
at the bottom of the
screen to move forward or backward within the lesson.
 Click on the vocabulary words in italics to bring up definitions on the right side of the
screen.
 Click on the “information” icons
i
to learn more about images.
 To exit the program at any time, return to the Main Navigation screen and select “Quit”
CONTINUE
Main Navigation: Click on a section to get started
Section
1
Imaging
Processes
Section
6
Beam
Restriction
Devices
Section
2
The X-ray
Tube
Section
7
The Grid
Section
3
The
Collimator
Section
8
The Bucky
Device
Section
4
Support
Systems
Section
5
The Image
Receptor
Section Radiographic
Tables
9
Quit
Section: 1 Radiographic Image Processes
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
In this section you will be introduced to the
most common radiographic imaging processes.
This is an important section. Take your time
and repeat as necessary. Select a lesson on
the left of your screen to get started.
Select a lesson from the buttons on the left
1 – Radiographic Image Process
Conventional Imaging
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Conventional radiography uses a film/screen
combination to capture the latent image, and a
chemical process to manifest the image on the film.
A processor passes the film through the various
chemical stages of processing; finally to a drying
section.
Latent:
invisible image
produced in a film
emulsion by xrays or visible
light before it is
converted into a
visible image by
development
Manifest:
the change on an
x-ray film that
makes the latent
image visible
after appropriate
chemical
processing.
Review
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1 – Radiographic Image Process
Conventional Imaging
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
The cassette is a rigid holder that contains the film
and, in conventional radiography, radiographic
intensifying screens.
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Intensifying
Screens
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Film
Cassette
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1 – Radiographic Image Process
Digital Imaging
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Advances in computer technology allow radiographic
images to be captured and stored directly to a
computer. Four digital imaging processes have been
developed. They are:
Computed Tomography (CT)
Computed Radiography (CR)
Direct Digital Radiography (DR)
Digital Fluoroscopy (DF)
Computed
Tomography:
Produces images,
as slices of
tissue, through
digital technology
Computed
Radiography:
Replaces the film,
in a conventional
cassette, with a
reusable image
plate
Direct Digital
Radiography:
Images are
translated directly
to a digital format
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Digital
Fluoroscopy:
Uses an image
intensifier and
direct capture to
generate a video
image
1 of 5
1 – Radiographic Image Process
Digital Imaging - Computed Tomography
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Computed Tomography (CT) is sometimes called a
CAT scan. It was the first digital imaging method,
developed in the 1970’s. The images, tomograms,
represent slices of tissue, some as thin as a
millimeter.
Tomography:
Images that show
a specific level of
anatomy, known
as body
sectioning.
Tomograms:
Images that show
a cross section or
“slice” of the body
or part of body.
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1 – Radiographic Image Process
Digital Imaging - Computed Radiography
Computed Radiography (CR) replaces the
conventional cassette/film combination with a
cassette/image plate combination. The image plate,
or image receptor, is placed into an image reader to
be converted to capture the image data.
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
Lesson
4
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Image plate
(digital)
PACS
Screens
(conventional)
Review
i
i
Film
(conventional)
i
Cassette
(digital and
conventional)
i
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1 – Radiographic Image Process
Digital Imaging - Direct Digital Radiography
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Also known as Direct-Capture or Direct Digital, Direct-Read
Radiography replaces the image receptor with a digital
detector. The image is captured and converted directly to a
digital format. Automatic exposure control provides accurate
patient exposure; the technologist can adjust the image
quality post exposure. A flat panel receptor replaces the
image plate cassette and image reader.
Direct Capture Plate
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1 – Radiographic Image Process
Digital Imaging - Digital Fluoroscopy
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Conventional Fluoroscopy uses an image intensifier, optic and
conversion to a video image. Digital Fluoroscopy replaces all of that
with a direct capture/conversion detector.
Image quality is improved because the multiple image
manipulations that occur with conventional fluoroscopy are not
used.
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Direct Capture/Conversion
Detector resides here
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1 - Radiographic Image Process
PACS
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Digital radiography bypasses film and its space-eating storage
requirements by employing PACS. PACS serves as a system that
allows doctors and radiologists to store, share, and access
images for evaluation purposes. Film is used only when a hard
copy is needed in those cases where a physician does not have
access to PACS.
PACS stands for
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Picture : digital medical images
Archiving : storage
Communication : retrieval/sending of images
System : network that manages the complete system
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1 - Radiographic Image Process
Review
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description.
Creates images of slices of tissue, some as thin
as a millimeter; was the earliest use of digital
radiography.
Direct Digital
Radiography
Computed
Radiography
Digital
Fluoroscopy
Computed
Tomography
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1 - Radiographic Image Process
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description.
Uses an image plate for the imager receptor and
requires the use of a laser to convert a latent
image to a manifest image.
Computed
Radiography
Direct Digital
Radiography
Computed
Tomography
Digital Fluoroscopy
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2 of 7
1 - Radiographic Image Process
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description.
An IR is not used but digital detectors both capture and
convert the image in a digital format
Direct Digital
Radiography
Computed
Tomography
Digital Fluoroscopy
Computed
Radiography
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1 - Radiographic Image Process
Review
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Start
Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Select the type of radiographic imaging that matches the description.
Image quality is improved because multiple images
are manipulated through a direct
capture/conversion detector.
Direct Digital
Radiography
Computed
Radiography
Digital
Fluoroscopy
Computed
Tomography
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1 - Radiographic Image Process
Review
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Which of the following best describes
conventional diagnostic imaging?
A. A process that uses a film/screen combination to
capture the image and a chemical process to produce a
visible image.
B. A system where an IR is not used, instead a direct
conversion of the image to digital form is used.
C. A process where image quality is improved through
multiple image manipulations.
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1 - Radiographic Image Process
Review
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Start
Click on the abbreviation to see the type of digital
imaging.
Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
CR
Computed Radiography
Lesson
3
PACS
CT
Computed Tomography
Lesson
4
Review
DR
Direct-Read
DF
Digital Fluoroscopy
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1 - Radiographic Image Process
Review
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Lesson
1
Conventional
Imaging
Lesson
2
Digital
Imaging
Lesson
3
PACS
Lesson
4
Review
Which of the following definitions best
describes PACS?
A . Picture Assessing Communication System
B . Picture Archiving Computer System
C . Picture Archiving Communication System
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7 of 7
Section: 2 Components of X-Ray Tube
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
In this section you will be introduced to the
components of a X-Ray Tube. These
include:
Glass enclosure
Cathode
Anode
Protective housing
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Definition of X-Ray Tube
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Enclosure
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Anode
i
Lesson
3
Lesson
5
An x-ray tube is an electronic vacuum tube containing
two electrodes and several other components
Window:
Thinner part of
the tube envelope
that allows max.
emission of xrays with min.
absorption in the
window
i
Cathode
Assembly:
Negative side of
tube, made up of:
•filaments
•focusing cup
•associated wiring
i
Enclosure:
May be glass or
metal. Most highcapacity x-ray
tubes have a
metal enclosure
Review
i
Window
Cathode Assembly
Anode:
Positive side of
the tube
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
The Cathode
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
The cathode is the negative electrode. It is a complex device; usually
referred to as the cathode assembly. Its main functions are to:
1. produce a thermionic cloud
2. conduct the high voltage to the gap between cathode and anode
3. focus the electric stream on the anode.
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Focusing Cup
i
i
Cathode
Assembly
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
The Cathode
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Filaments and Focusing Cup
Most diagnostic x-ray tubes have a dual focus arrangement.
They emit electrons through a process of
thermoionic emission.
Focusing
cup
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a metal shroud that confines
electrons around the filaments with
a low negative charge. This
counteracts the divergence of the
negatively charged electrons.
Focusing them toward the target of
the anode
i
Lesson
5
Dual focus
arrangement:
An x-ray tube with
2 filaments of
different lengths
that can be
selected based
on the desired
detail of the
image
Thermoionic
emission:
The process of
ejecting electrons
when heated
i
Review
Filaments
usually made from tungsten,
the shorter filament, when
selected, produces a smaller
source of emitted x-rays and
finer image details.
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
The Anode
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
The Anode is the positive side of the tube. (Remember the cathode is
the negative side of the tube.)
The Anode:
1) Is an electrical conductor that receives electrons emitted by the
cathode
2) conducts electrons through the tube back to the high-voltage
generator
3) Provides mechanical support for target
4) Is a thermal radiator – Only 1% of the electron’s kinetic energy forms
x-rays. The rest becomes heat which must be quickly conducted away to
prevent damaging the anode.
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
The Anode
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Lesson
1
There are two types of Anodes:
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Rotating
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Stationary
Review
Target
Target:
The area of the
anode that is
struck by
electrons from the
cathode
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Tube Housing
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
An x-ray tube is enclosed in a protective housing that serves
several functions.
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Electrical safety
Prevents accidental electric shock by
incorporating high-voltage receptacles
i
Support
provides a mechanical
support and protection
from incidental damage
i
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
i
i
Radiation protection
X-rays are produced isotropically
the housing only allows x-rays
emitted through the window to
escape. The emitted rays are
considered the useful beam.
Oil
Prevents electrical
shock, dissipates heat
Isotropically:
Emitted with
equal intensity in
all directions
Window:
Thinner part of
the tube envelope
that allows max
emission of xrays
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of
ANODE
Positive side of X-ray
tube
Area struck by electrons
from the cathode
Allows x-ray beam to
reach the receptor
Metal shroud that surrounds
the filament, directing x-rays
toward anode
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of
WINDOW
Positive side of X-ray
tube
Area struck by electrons
from the cathode
Allows x-ray beam to
reach the receptor
Metal shroud that surrounds
the filament, directing x-rays
toward anode
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of
FOCUSING CUP
Positive side of X-ray
tube
Area struck by electrons
from the cathode
Allows x-ray beam to
reach the receptor
Metal shroud that surrounds
the filament, directing x-rays
toward anode
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
On the diagram below, select the number for the correct definition of
TARGET
Positive side of X-ray
tube
Area struck by electrons
from the cathode
Allows x-ray beam to
reach the receptor
Metal shroud that surrounds
the filament, directing x-rays
toward anode
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
Identify the cathode by selecting its number on the diagram.
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
Identify the glass enclosure by selecting its number on the
diagram.
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
Lesson
5
Review
Identify the filament by selecting its number on the diagram.
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2 – Components of X-Ray Tube
Review
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Select the terms to fill in the blanks in the following
definition: An x-ray tube is a _________ that emits x-rays
when it is heated.
Lesson
1
Definition of
X-Ray Tube
Lesson
2
The
Cathode
Lesson
3
The Anode
Lesson
4
Tube
Housing
2. Capacitor
Lesson
5
Review
3. Transistor
1. Vacuum Tube
4. Light
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8 of 8
Section: 3 Collimator
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Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of
a Collimator
Lesson
3
Review
In this section you will be introduced to the
function and the controls of a collimator.
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3 – Collimator
Definition of a Collimator
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Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of
a Collimator
Lesson
3
Review
A collimator is a light-localizing, variable-aperture device. Lead
shutters are adjusted to vary the size of the x-ray beam. It can
be used for distances. The collimator provides a light that
mimics the x-ray beam to help the technician select the most
appropriate field size.
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Tube
Housing
Collimator
Controls
i
i
i
Collimator
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3 – Collimator
Collimator Controls
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Longitudinal:
Moves the tube along
the long axis of the table
(ie: head-to-foot)
Below is one example of a collimator.
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Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of
a Collimator
Lesson
3
Transverse:
Moves the tube along
the short axis of the
table (ie:right-to-left)
Shutter Controls
i
Vertical:
Changes the distance
between the tube and
table
Review
i
Bucky
Selection
i
i
Light Field
i
Rotation
(Longitudinal)
i
i
i
i
Light field:
Emulates the x-ray
beam, used to assist
placement of the beam
Angle:
Adjusts the angle of the
tube in relation to the
IR
Transverse
Longitudinal
Angle
Rotation
(Horizontal)
Vertical
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3 – Collimator
Collimator Controls
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Below is another example of a collimator.
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Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of a
Collimator
Lesson
3
Longitudinal:
Moves the tube along
the long axis of the table
(ie: head-to-foot)
Transverse:
Moves the tube along
the short axis of the
table (ie:right-to-left)
Vertical:
Changes the distance
between the tube and
table
Review
Light Field
Longitudinal
Transverse
i
i
Centering
Detector
i
Vertical
i
i
i
Angle
Light field:
Emulates the x-ray
beam, used to assist
placement of the beam
Angle:
Adjusts the angle of the
tube in relation to the
IR
Centering Detector:
Locks at the center of
the Image Receptor
(cassette)
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3 – Collimator
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of a
Collimator
Lesson
3
From the list below, which is NOT a
function of the collimator?
1. Controls off-focus radiation
Review
2. Reduces patient dose
3. Improves resolution
4. Decreases scatter radiation
5. Increases x-ray beam
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3 – Collimator
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of a
Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of a
Collimator
Lesson
3
Review
Using the diagram below, click on the corresponding letter.
E
A
C Vertical
Bucky selection
F
H
D
B
A
D Shutter controls
Rotation (horizontal) F
H
D
B
C
D Rotation (longitudinal)
Transverse
E
G
C
B
A
F Longitudinal
Angle Indicator
B
E
D
A
H
G
B
F
E
D
C
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3 – Collimator
Review
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Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of a
Collimator
Lesson
3
Match the collimator control with its
appropriate function.
Longitudinal
Review
Moves the tube along
the long axis of the table
(ie: head-to-foot)
Moves the tube along
the short axis of the
table (ie:right-to-left)
Changes the distance
between the tube and
table
Stops at the center of
the Image Receptor
(cassette)
Emulates the x-ray
beam, used to assist
placement of the beam
Adjusts the angle of the
tube in relation to the
perpendicular from the
table
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3 – Collimator
Review
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Start
Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of a
Collimator
Lesson
3
Match the letter of the collimator control
with its appropriate function
Transverse
Review
Moves the tube along
the long axis of the
table (ie: head-to-foot)
Changes the distance
between the tube and
table
Stops at the center of
the Image Receptor
(cassette)
Moves the tube along
the short axis of the
table (ie:right-to-left)
Emulates the x-ray
beam, used to assist
placement of the beam
Adjusts the angle of the
tube in relation to the
perpendicular from the
table
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3 – Collimator
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of a
Collimator
Lesson
3
Match the letter of the collimator control
with its appropriate function
Angle
Review
Moves the tube along
the long axis of the
table (ie: head-to-foot)
Changes the distance
between the tube and
table
Stops at the center of
the Image Receptor
(cassette)
Moves the tube along
the short axis of the
table (ie:right-to-left)
Emulates the x-ray
beam, used to assist
placement of the beam
Adjusts the angle of the
tube in relation to the
perpendicular from the
table
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3 – Collimator
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of a
Collimator
Lesson
3
Match the letter of the collimator control
with its appropriate function
Centering Lock (detector)
Review
Moves the tube along
the long axis of the
table (ie: head-to-foot)
Moves the tube along
the short axis of the
table (ie:right-to-left)
Changes the distance
between the tube and
table
Emulates the x-ray
beam, used to assist
placement of the beam
Stops at the center of
the Image Receptor
(cassette)
Adjusts the angle of the
tube in relation to the
perpendicular from the
table
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3 – Collimator
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Definition of
a Collimator
Lesson
2
Controls of a
Collimator
Lesson
3
Match the letter of the collimator control
with its appropriate function
Light Field
Review
Moves the tube along
the long axis of the
table (ie: head-to-foot)
Moves the tube along
the short axis of the
table (ie:right-to-left)
Changes the distance
between the tube and
table
Stops at the center of
the Image Receptor
(cassette)
Emulates the x-ray
beam, used to assist
placement of the beam
Adjusts the angle of the
tube in relation to the
perpendicular from the
table
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Section: 4 Tube Support Systems
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Lesson Ceiling Support
System
1
Lesson
2
Floor-to-ceiling
support system
Lesson
3
Review
Since x-ray tube and housing assemblies are
very heavy, support mechanisms are needed so
the technician can position the tube in relation
to the patient. In this section you will be
introduced to two of the most common types of
support systems.
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4 - Tube support Systems
Ceiling Support System
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Lesson
1
Ceiling
Support
Lesson
2
Floor-toCeiling
Ceiling Support System
Includes two sets of rails for longitudinal and
transverse positioning of the tube. A telescoping
column controls vertical distance
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Lesson
3
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Longitudinal Rails
Review
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Transverse Rails
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4 – Support Systems
Floor-to-Ceiling Support System
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Lesson
1
Ceiling
Support
Lesson
2
Floor-toCeiling
Lesson
3
Review
Floor- to-Ceiling Support System
Uses a pair of rails, one on the
ceiling and one on the floor, for
longitudinal positioning. It
relies on a telescoping arm for
transverse positioning and a
main column collar that slides
up and down for vertical
positioning. The tube may be
able angle, roll , and pitch, but
it is not capable of rotating.
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4 – Tube Support Systems
Review
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Lesson
1
Ceiling
Support
Lesson
2
Floor-toCeiling
Lesson
3
Review
Select the correct definition for a ceiling
support system
Has a single column with rollers at each end
Has two perpendicular sets of ceiling-mounted
rails
Utilizes a c-shaped arm to support the tube
and image receptor
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next toto
match
nextto
pair
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4 – Tube Support Systems
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Ceiling
Support
Lesson
2
Floor-toCeiling
Lesson
3
Review
Select the correct definition for a floor-toceiling support system
Has a single column with rollers at each end
Has two perpendicular sets of ceiling-mounted
rails
Utilizes a c-shaped arm to support the tube
and image receptor
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Section: 5 Image Receptors
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Lesson
Definition of
Image Receptor
1
Lesson
Function of
2
Image Receptor
Lesson
3
Computer Radiography (CR) uses an
image plate, or Image Receptor, in place
of the film that conventional radiography
uses. This section will illustrate the
image receptor and how it is used.
Review
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5 – Image Receptor
Definition of Image Receptor
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Definition of
Lesson
Image
Receptor
1
An image receptor is a plate that is coated with
photostimulable phosphor. It can be used repeatedly,
and exposed to light for a short period of time.
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Function of
Lesson
Image
Receptor
2
Lesson
3
Photostimulable
phosphor:
Chemical
compounds that
become
energized when
exposed to x-rays
cassette
Review
i
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Image receptor
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5 – Image Receptors
Function of Image Receptor
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Definition of
Lesson
Image
Receptor
1
Manifest:
Made visible
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Function of
Lesson
Image
Receptor
2
Lesson
3
Latent:
Invisible image
stored on the
image receptor
plate
The latent image on the plate becomes manifest when it
is exposed to a high-intensity laser in the image plate
reader. The laser beam causes the trapped electrons to
emit blue light which the plate reader can convert to a
digitized image.
Image reader
Review
i
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Image
i
Image plate
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5- Image Receptors
Review
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From the list below, choose the best description of an
image receptor.
Definition of
Lesson
Image
Receptor
1
Function of
Lesson
Image
Receptor
2
Lesson
3
Review
1. Preserve and protect confidentiality of
information
2. The art and science of medical radiation
technology…
3. Device that receives energy of an x-ray beam,
storing the image of the body part
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Section: 6 Beam Restrictors
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Lesson
1
Aperture
Diaphragm
Lesson
2
Cones and
Cylinders
Lesson
3
Collimator
Lesson
4
Review
Beam restriction reduces scatter radiation,
providing radiation protection and improving
image quality.
In this section you will be introduced to the
types of beam restrictors:
Aperture diaphragm
Cones and Cylinders
Collimator
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6 – Beam Restrictors
Aperture Diaphragm
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Lesson
1
Aperture
Diaphragm
Lesson
2
Cones and
Cylinders
Lesson
3
Collimator
Lesson
4
Review
The simplest of all beam-restricting devices. It is basically a lead or
lead-lined metal diaphragm that is attached to the x-ray tube head.
It restricts the size of the beam to slightly smaller than the image
receptor. An aperture must be used at a specified distance to
match the size of the cassette it is designed for.
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Aperture
diaphragm
Brackets for
diaphragm
i
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6 – Beam Restrictors
Cones and Cylinders
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Lesson
1
Aperture
Diaphragm
Lesson
2
Cones and
Cylinders
Cones confine the beam to a prescribed size for a given distance.
Cylinders can telescope which will allow changing the size of the
beam to a limited degree. Below is a picture of a cylinder.
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Lesson
3
Collimator
Lesson
4
Review
Lock for
telescoping sleeve
i
i
Plate slides into
diaphragm brackets on
collimator
i
Telescoping sleeve
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6 – Beam Restrictors
Collimator
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Lesson
1
Aperture
Diaphragm
Lesson
2
Cones and
Cylinders
Lesson
3
Collimator
Lesson
4
A collimator has adjustable lead shutters which allow the
technician to change the size of the emitted beam. Below
is a simple diagram of a collimator.
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Tube housing
i
i
First stage
entrance shutters
Review
Collimator
housing
i
i
Mirror
i
Second stage
long shutters
i
Second stage
cross shutters
i
X-ray beam
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6 – Beam Restrictors
Review
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Lesson
1
Aperture
Diaphragm
Lesson
2
Cones and
Cylinders
Which of the following explanations best describes
the purpose of the beam restriction devices?
1. To adjust contrast resolution
Lesson
3
Collimator
Lesson
4
Review
2. To increase remnant x-rays
3. To reduce the amount of scatter radiation
4. To align the compression paddle with the
image receptor
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6 – Beam Restrictors
Review
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Start
Lesson
1
From the list below, select the three types of beam
restriction devices.
Aperture
Diaphragm
1. Aperture Diaphragm
Lesson
2
Cones and
Cylinders
2. Cones and Cylinders
Lesson
3
Collimator
3. Spheres
Lesson
4
Review
4. Variable-aperture Collimator
5. Filtration Aperture
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6 – Beam Restrictors
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Aperture
Diaphragm
Lesson
2
Cones and
Cylinders
Using the following terms, APERTURE DIAPHRAGM, X-RAY TUBE,
IMAGE RECEPTOR, choose the correct statement.
1. Devices that modify the aperture diaphragm
Lesson
3
Collimator
Lesson
4
Review
2. Devices that limit the x-ray field size to only the
anatomy of interest
3. A lead-lined metal diaphragm that is attached to
the x-ray tube head
4. A light-localizing device that is used in
radiography
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6 – Beam Restrictors
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Aperture
Diaphragm
Lesson
2
Cones and
Cylinders
Lesson
3
Collimator
Lesson
4
Review
Using the following terms: APERTURE DIAPHRAGM, X-RAY TUBE,
and IMAGE RECEPTOR, choose the correct statement.
1. The aperture diaphragm restricts the size of the beam coming
from the x-ray tube to be slightly smaller than the image receptor.
2. The x-ray tube restricts the size of the beam coming from the
aperture diaphragm to be slightly smaller than the image receptor.
3. The image receptor restricts the size of the beam coming from
the aperture diaphragm to be slightly smaller than the x-ray tube.
4. The aperture diaphragm restricts the size of the beam coming
from the image receptor to be slightly smaller than the x-ray tube.
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Section: 7 Grids
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Lesson
1
Function of
Grid
Lesson
Types of Grids
2
Lesson
3
In this section you will be introduced to the
types of grids and their functions.
Review
Select a lesson from the buttons on the left
7 – Grids
Function of a Grid
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Start
Lesson
1
Function of a
Grid
The grid was developed by Gustav Bucky in 1913 as a
method of reducing scatter radiation before it reached the
image receptor. The result was improved image resolution
and contrast.
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Lesson Types of Grids
2
Lesson
3
front view
Review
Modern
Grid
i
i
Cassette
i
Bucky’s First Grid
Carlton: page 267,
Fig. 18-2
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7 – Grids
Function of a Grid
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Lesson
1
Grids are constructed of a series of radiopaque
materials (grid lines) alternating with radiolucent
materials (interspace materials).
Function of a
Grid
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Radiolucent:
Allows x-rays to
pass through
Lesson Types of Grids
2
Lesson
3
Review
Radiopaque:
Blocks or absorbs
x-rays
X-rays
i
Grid line
i
i
Interspace material
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7 – Grids
Types of Grids
Three types of grid are:
1) Focused Grid
2) Parallel Grid (most prone to grid cutoff)
3) Crossed Grid
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Lesson
1
Function of a
Grid
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Lesson Types of Grids
2
Crossed Grid
Lesson
3
Review
i
X-rays
Focal Distance
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Focused Grid
Parallel Grid
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Focused Grid:
Grid strips arranged
to coincide with the
divergence of the xray beam to reduce
grid cutoff, must be
centered exactly with
the x-ray beam
Parallel Grid:
Grid strips are laid out
parallel to one
another; is the easiest
grid to manufacture
Grid Cutoff:
Undesirable
absorption of x-rays
by the grid; resulting
in the x-rays being
“cut off” from the
receptor
Crossed Grid:
Two parallel grids,
one with grid lines
perpendicular to the
other; must be
centered on the x-ray
beam; require high
exposure dose
1 of 1
7 – Grids
Review
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Lesson
1
Function of a
Grid
Fill in the blank of the following sentence describing grid cutoff:
The undesirable absorption of ________ by the grid.
Lesson Types of Grids
2
Lesson
3
Review
radiation
primary x-rays
scatter radiation
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7 – Grids
Review
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Start
Lesson
1
Which of the following explanations best describes the
purpose of a grid?
Function of a
Grid
Lesson Types of Grids
2
Lesson
3
Review
1. It decreases the number of photoelectric
interactions during x-ray exposure
2. It removes a major source of noise, thus
improving image contrasts
3. It allows the ability to image and distinguish soft
tissues
4. It reduces patient dose and improves contrast
resolution during x-ray exposure
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7 – Grids
Review
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Lesson
1
Which of the following definitions best describes a grid?
Function of a
Grid
Lesson Types of Grids
2
Lesson
3
1. A modification of the aperture diaphragm
Review
2. A device that displays the visual difference between
the light and dark areas of an image
3. A device that minimizes scatter radiation by limiting
the x-ray field size to only the anatomy of interest
4. A principle tool that is used to control scatter
radiation
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7 – Grids
Review
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Lesson
1
From the list below, identify the three types of grids.
Function of a
Grid
1. Perpendicular Grid
Lesson Types of Grids
2
2. Focused Grid
Lesson
3
3. Hatched Grid
Review
4. Parallel Grid
6. Basket Grid
7. Rotating Grid
8. Crossed Grid
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Section: 8 Bucky Device
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Lesson
1
Function of a
Bucky Device
Lesson Components of
a Bucky Device
2
Lesson
3
In this section you will be introduced to the
function and components of a Bucky
Device.
Review
Select a lesson from the buttons on the left
8 – Bucky Device
Function of a Bucky Device
To Section
Start
Lesson Function of a
Bucky Device
1
The Bucky Device holds the grid and cassette or IR
together as a unit and allows them to be positioned
correctly in relation to the x-ray beam. Below are
images of a Bucky device as part of a table, and an
upright Bucky unit.
Lesson Components of
a Bucky Device
2
Lesson
3
Review
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8 – Bucky Device
Components of a Bucky Device
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Lesson Function of a
Bucky Device
1
The Bucky Device refers to the tray on the table that
contains the grid, and a holder for the cassette or IR. It is
moveable to allow placement of the IR in line with the xray beam.
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Lesson Components of
a Bucky Device
2
Lesson
3
cassette
Can be moved
toward head or foot
end
Review
i
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i
Jaws to hold
cassette
Bucky tray
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8 – Bucky Device
Review
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Which of the following definitions best describes a Bucky device?
Lesson Function of a
Bucky Device
1
Lesson Components of
a Bucky Device
2
Lesson
3
1. A device that is motor-driven back and forth several times
during x-ray exposure.
Review
2. A Device that contains a grid and holder for cassette or IR.
3. A device with four spring-like electromagnets that pull the
grid strips from side to side.
4. A device that consists of two perpendicular grids that move
across the platform during x-ray exposure.
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8 – Bucky Device
Review
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Lesson Function of a
Bucky Device
1
Choose the best word to fill in the blank.
A Bucky device contains a ________ which can be found by
pulling out the tabletop. The bucky device also holds a
cassette.
Lesson Components of
a Bucky Device
2
Lesson
3
Review
1. Filament
2. Film Reader
3. Grid
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Section: 9 Radiographic Tables
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Lesson
1
Table
Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
In this section you will be introduced to
the common elements of radiographic
tables, types of table that are available,
and the unique characteristics of each
type. Select a lesson on the left of your
screen to get started.
Select a lesson from the buttons on the left
9 - Radiographic Tables
Table Types
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Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
Radiographic tables are available in several types:
Stationary (table top does not move in relation
to pedestal)
Floating
Curved Top
Flat Top
Fixed
Tilting
Each of the different options serve different
functions. First, let’s look at what they all have in
common.
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9 - Radiographic Tables
Common Elements
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All radiographic tables must:
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Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Have a durable
surface that is
easily cleaned
and does not
scratch easily
Support the
patient
i
i
i
i
Review
Be uniformly
radiolucent
Include space for a
Bucky tray
Radiolucent:
Allows x-rays to
pass through
Bucky Tray:
A tray that holds
a film cassette
and a grid.
Named in honor
of the inventor
Gustav Bucky
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9 - Radiographic Tables
Table Descriptions
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Table Tops:
Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
Flat
• Most common type
Curved
• Often used for fluoroscopic radiology
• More comfortable for the patient
• Place the body part closer to the film for slightly
more accurate imaging
• Difficult to keep patient in oblique or lateral position
• Cannot be used as a support for film cassette for
tabletop radiography
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9 - Radiographic Tables
Table Descriptions
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Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
Floating Table Features:
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Allows movement of
table top in relation
to pedestal
i
Allow movement
along both length
and width of table
i
i
Uses
electromagnetic
brake to hold table
in place
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9 - Radiographic Tables
Table Descriptions
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Fixed Table Features:
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Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
i
i
Do not allow patient
to be tilted
Designed for
diagnostic
radiography only
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9 - Radiographic Tables
Table Descriptions
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Tilting Table Features:
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Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
Described by their
tilting capability
i
i
Often used for
fluoroscopic
radiography
A 90/30 table tilts
90 degrees
toward the foot of
the table and 30
degrees toward
the head of the
table
i
Allow patient to be
tilted to head
above or lower
than feet
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9- Radiographic Tables
Review
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Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
Match the table description with its correct type
Designed for diagnostic work only
Curved Table
Tilting Table
Flat Table
(Pedestal)
Fixed Table
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9- Radiographic Tables
Review
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Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
Match the table description with its correct type
Allows technician to move patient
easily
Curved Table
Floating table
Flat Table
(Pedestal)
Fixed Table
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9- Radiographic Tables
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
Match the table description with its correct type
Used for Fluoroscopic examinations
Curved Table
Tilting Table
Flat Table
(Pedestal)
Fixed Table
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9- Radiographic Tables
Review
To Section
Start
Lesson
1
Table Types
Lesson
2
Common
Elements
Match the table description with its correct type
Most commonly used table
Lesson
3
Table
Descriptions
Lesson
4
Review
Curved Table
Tilting Table
Flat Table
(Pedestal) Fixed
Table
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