Download AP bio summer answers

LHWHS AP BIOLOGY
Summer Packet
1. Release of insulin by_____cells in the_____will_____blood sugar levels.
a. alpha, liver, increase
b. alpha, liver, decrease
c. beta, pancreas, increase
d. beta, pancreas, decrease
2. Insulin functions as a cell signal molecule by triggering......
a. the release of glycogen from the liver
b. the facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells
c. microtubule extension from the centrioles
d. pollen tube growth
3. Target tissue for insulin includes....
a. brain cells
b. virtually all cells except brain cells
4. Glucagon and insulin regulate blood glucose levels by negative feedback.
Glucagon triggers the hydrolysis of glycogen and subsequent release of
glucose into the bloodstream. Target tissue for glucagon includes.....
a. liver cells
b. virtually all cells except liver cells
5. When one insulin molecule touches a receptor embedded in the cell
membrane, it triggers a cascade of enzymatic activity including the opening
of many glucose channels.
This is characteristic of a........
a. G protein linked receptor
b. tyrosine kinase receptor
6. Glucagon is a hormone which relies on secondary messengers like cAMP
(cyclic adenosine mono phosphate) to activate the enzymes which hydrolyze
glycogen. When glucagon attaches to the receptor, cAMP is activated by a
protein linked to the receptor.
This is characteristic of a........
a. G protein linked receptor
b. tyrosine kinase receptor
7. Glucagon formation can also be triggered by epinephrine (adrenaline).
Epinephrine is released by the....
a. liver
b. adrenal glands
c. pancreas
d. hypothalamus
8. A glycogen molecule consists of a core protein surrounded by branches of
glucose. Which of following could help determine the structure of the core
protein ?
a. column chromatography or size exclusion chromatography (SEC)
b. thin layer chromatography (TLC)
c. poly-acrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE)
d. spectroscopy
e. all of the above
9. Glycogen has been called "animal starch". Both plant starch and animal
glycogen consist of glucose molecules joined by.....
a. α glycosidic bonds
b. peptide bonds
c. phosphodiester bonds
10. Cellulose is another polysaccharide composed of glucose molecules. The
structure of the molecule is more linear (less branched) than starch. This is
due to the......
a. α glycosidic bonds
b. β glycosidic bonds
c. peptide bonds
d. phosphodiester bonds
11. Which
a.
b.
c.
d.
enzyme (produced in the salivary glands) enables the hydrolysis of starch ?
isomerase
polymerase
amylase
pepsin
12. Often when glycogen (or starch) is broken down, the resulting molecule is
glucose-6-phosphate. The same can be true for lipids and proteins which are
broken down by enzymes. Using glucose-6-phosphate is _____favorable
when considering the thermodynamics of cellular respiration.
a. more
b. less
c. equally
13. Triacerylglycerol (triglyceride or fat) molecules are more dense than the
highly branched glycogen molecules. Fat molecules are able to store_____
energy than glycogen molecules.
a. more
b. less
c. an equal
14. Which form of stored energy is more easily mobilized in the body ?
a. glycogen
b. fat
15. Type I diabetes is diagnosed when cells in the body produce little or no
insulin. Often the result is hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia is when.....
a. glucose levels in blood serum are too high
b. glucose levels in the blood serum are too low
16. Treatment for type I diabetes includes injections of insulin. If too much
insulin is in the bloodstream, then hypoglycemia can occur. Hypoglycemia is
when.....
a. glucose levels in blood serum are too high
b. glucose levels in the blood serum are too low
17. One cause of Type I diabetes is when the body's own white blood cells
attack insulin producing cells. This cause is an example of an......
a. immunodeficiency
b. hypersensativity leading to anaphylactic response
c. auto-immune disease
18. Type II diabetes is characterized by a decreased response to insulin in
target tissue. More specifically, ______________become damaged over
time. This damage has been correlated with poor diet and a lack of exercise.
a. tyrosine kinase receptors
b. parietal cells in the stomach
c. myelin sheathes
d. myosin heads
19. Using genetic engineering, insulin has
manufactured drugs in the world. Which
manufacturing of insulin ?
a. recombinant DNA
b.
c. restriction enzymes
d.
become one of the most
of the following are used in the
plasmids
all of the above
20. Having high levels of glucose in your blood plasma can cause hemoglobin
molecules to be glycosalated (glucose molecules bind with hemoglobin). This
binding interferes with the normal functioning of hemoglobin. This binding
interferes with.....
a. the ability to transport oxygen
b. the ability to control blood pH
c. the ability to transport CO2
d. all of the above
21. Hemoglobin is the primary protein found in red blood cells.
RBC's are produced in the.....
a. heart
b. bone marrow
c. liver
22. Adult bone marrow contains stem cells which are classified as.....
a. pluripotent
b. totipotent
matching
23. antigen__C___
A. clear fluid obtained when cellular components are
removed from blood
24. lymphocyte_B_
25. antibody__D___
B. white blood cell;
could be derived from the thymus (T-cells);
could be dervied from the bone marrow (B cells)
26. epitope___E___
C. any agent that triggers an immune response
27. serum___A_
D. immunoglobulin protein that exhibits specific binding
E. specific binding site on an antigen
Blood plasma pH is held near 7.4. This is because carbonic acid (H2CO3( aq)) in
the plasma is in equilibrium with CO2 (g) in the lungs. The first equilibrium is
established in blood plasma as follows....
H+ + HCO3- <=====> H2CO3
28. Additional H+ ions would shift the equilibrium....
a. left
b. right
29. More _____would be in blood plasma as H+ ions are added.
a. H+
b. HCO3c. H2CO3
A second equilibrium is established
between capillaries and air space in the lung as follows....
H2CO3(aq) <======> H2O(g) + CO2(g)
30. Removal of CO2(g) from the lung would shift the equilibrium.....
a. left
b. right
31. Less_____would be in the blood plasma as CO2(g) is removed.
a. H2CO3(aq)
b. H2O(g)
c. CO2(g)
32. Overall, as hydrogen ions are added to blood plasma, the pH is
maintained by......
a. adding CO2
b. removing CO2
33. Protein catabolism results in the formation of NH3. NH3 functions as a
weak base which lowers the concentration of H+ in the blood plasma. How
would the the rate of exhaling CO2 change ?
a. increase
b. decrease
34. In what form is NH3 generally removed from our body ?
a. as urea
b. as uric acid
c. as ammonia
35. All Proteins are composed of.....
a. amino acids
b. calcium
c. glucose
d. sodium
36. Imagine you ate an egg.
The protein (albumin) is mainly digested in the .....
a. mouth
b. esophagus
c. stomach
d. small intestine
e. large intestine
37. Proteins are broken down with help of.....
a. pepsin
b. hydrochloric acid
c. both a and b
38. A lack of protein in one's diet can cause swelling in the abdomen. This
edema is caused by an excess of interstitial fluid. The osmotic pressure of
capillary walls determine how much fluid is in the blood vessels and how much
fluid is in the interstitial fluid. Which protein is the primary constituent of
blood serum ? This protein regulates osmotic pressure in capillaries.
a. creatine
b. acetylcholine
c. albumin
d. testosterone
39. Following absorption of nutrients from the digestive tract and into the
blood stream, the capillaries and veins carry nutrient rich blood. All blood
vessels converge into the hepatic portal vein which leads directly to the____
a. heart
b. lungs
c. liver
d. brain
40. The liver helps regulate glucose concentrations in the blood.
From here, blood travels to the ______.
a. lung
b. brain
c. heart
d. hypothalamus
41. Oxygen poor blood enters the _______of the heart.
a. right side
b. left side
42. Oxygen poor blood enters the_______of the heart
a. right atrium
b. right ventricle
43. Oxygen rich blood enters the______of the heart
a. left atrium
b. left ventricle
44. The human heart is classified as.....
a. myogenic
b. neurogenic
45. Buffers are composed of.....
a. strong acids and bases
b. conjugate weak acid and base pairs
46. Enzymes, hormones, receptor proteins, and other molecules involved with
cell signal pathways function best at an optimum....
a. pH
b. temperature
c. concentration of other surrounding solutes
d. all of the above
47. Denaturing changes a protein's.....
a. primary structure
b. secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
48. Competitive inhibitors bind to an enzyme's active site.
a. true
b. false
49. Non-competitive inhibitors affect enzyme function by changing the active
site conformation. These molecules bind to a location other than the
enzyme's active site. They are called......
a. catalases
b. steroids
c. allosteric regulators
d. bile salts
50. Which results in the formation of lactic acid (a source of hydrogen ions
for blood plasma) ?
a. aerobic respiration
b. anaerobic respiration
51. Lactic acid formation results from....
a. oxidative phosphorylation
b. fermentation
52. Yeast cells undergoing fermentation produce.....
a. glucose
b. alcohol
c. ATP
d. both b and c
People with diabetes may develop peripheral artery disease in their legs. This leads to a
decrease in blood pressure and an increased susceptibility to infection. Often, these
infections never heal. Amputation of the limb becomes the only option.
(No...we are not talking about the Civil War. This happens in 2011.)
53. Cell signals (hormones) which affect blood vessel dilation (and blood
pressure) include..........
a. carotenoids
b. actin
c. rubisco
d. prostaglandins
matching
54. smooth muscle_B__
55. skeletal muscle__A
56. cardiac muscle__C_
A. striated muscle tissue
B. contains uniformly distributed myosin filaments;
lacks straitions ; surrounds endothelium of blood vessels
C. myogenic in humans
57. Normal blood pressure is around 120/70. These units used to measure
blood pressure are....
a. PSI
b. atm
c. kPa
d. mmHg
58. Normal blood pressure is around 120/70.
120 is the _______. 70 is the____
a. diastolic , systolic
b. systolic, diastolic
59. A _______was used to measure blood pressure during lab.
a. sphygmomanometer and stethoscope
b. hammer and nail
c. spectrophotometer and PCR
d. quarter and a machine at Walgreens
60. One theory attempting to explain why infections do not heal is that cells
affected by peripheral artery disease do not make as many mitochondria.
Cells with fewer mitochondria use less....
a. glucose
b. oxygen
c. all of the above
61. Cells
a.
c.
c.
with fewer mitochondria make less.....
ATP
NADH
all of the above
62. Which of the following cellular activities requires the phosphorylation of
enzymes using ATP. In other words, which require energy ?
a. DNA replication / transcription / translation
b. spindle fiber formation during mitosis
c. sliding of actin and myosin heads
d. opening/closing of ion channels in nervous tissue
e. hormone signal transduction pathways
ab. all of the above
63. Which vitamin is used by the body as a precursor for NADH ?
a. Vitamin C
b. Niacin
c. Vitamin K
64. Alcohol consumption can interfere with the absorption of niacin.
Absorption of vitamins into the bloodstream occurs in the......
a. microvilli of the small intestine
b. parietal cells of the stomach
c. pancreas' islet of Langerhans
d. nephrons of the kidney
65. Alcohols are a class of molecules characterized by the presence of.....
a. -NH2
b. -COOH
c. -OH
d. =O
66. Proteins are made during...
a. transcription
b. translation
matching
67. ribose____B___
68. poly A tail___A_
A. adenosine monophosphate (AMP) attached to the
3' end of mRNA; the mRNA is stable and ready for
nuclear export and translation
69. intron__C____
B. pentose sugar
70. wobble_D_____
C. noncoding segment of eukaryotic DNA
71. telomere_E____
D. 5' end of tRNA anti-codon; capable of hydrogen
bonding with more than one nitrogen base
E. repetitive, protective segment at the end of
chromosomal DNA
matching
72. primer__A_
73. ligase___D_
74 promoter region_C_
75. repressor___E_
76. polymerase__B_
A. nucleotide that binds to polymerase; indicates where
transcription starts
B. general name for enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of
a nucleotide (RNA or DNA); contains phosphate groups which
provide energy for elongation
C. nucleotide with a free 3' end that is elongated during DNA
replication
D. general name for the linking enzyme that covalently bonds
the 3' end to the 5' end of the growing nucleotide
E. protein that suppresses the transcription of a gene;
prevents the binding of polymerase
matching
77. frameshift___E_
A. virus that infects bacteria
78. non-disjunction_B__ B. when sister chromatids do not separate
properly
79. chiasma___C_
C. where crossing over occurs
80. aneuploidy__D___
D. abnormal number of chromosome bodies; often
81. bacteriophage_A_
the result of non-disjunction
E. result of insertion or deletion point mutations
matching
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
have
have
have
have
have
membrane bound organelles__B_
a nuclear envelope__B__
lots of introns__B__
histones in chormosomes___B__
circular chromosomes__A__
87. heterochromatin A
A. prokaryotes
B. eukaryotes
A. dense, compact, non-transcribed portion of
eukaryotic chromosome
88. methylated___B_
89. oncogene___D__
90. cyclin_____E_
91. telomerase__C___
B. portions of eukaryotic DNA which cannot be
transcribed have been_____
C. enzyme that catalyzes the elongation of
repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome; often
this enzyme is highly active in cancerous cells
D. gene that can trigger cancerous growth
E. hormone (protein) that regulates the cell cycle
92. HDL_D
93. LDL__E_
A. The Miller-Urey experiment which tested the OparinHaldane hypothesis lacked this gas. The earth's early
atmosphere was a strongly reducing system because this gas
was not present.
94. NO__B
95. O2 __A
B. gas which functions as a neurotransmitter
C. result of treating DNA with restriction enzymes
96. RFLP_C
D. "good" cholesterol; dense; used to make steroid hormones
E. "bad" cholesterol; less dense;
leads to plaque formation in arteries
97. Rf = 2.1___A
A. more soluble
98. Rf = 1.4___B
B. less soluble
99. rubisco___C_
100. mycorrihizae__E__
101. melatonin____D_
102. calcitonin____B_
103. estrogen___A_
A. steroid hormone; influences development of the
reproductive system and secondary sexual characteristics
B. secreted by thyroid; promotes calcium deposition in
bones; lowers blood levels of calcium
C. transports CO2 for use in Calvin cycle; the most
abundant protein on earth
D. secreted by pineal gland; influences circadian rhythms
and sleep cycles
E. fungi that increases absorption of nutrients for plant
roots
104. after gastrulation, the blastopore becomes the mouth_A
105. after gastrulation, the blastopore becomes the anus_B_
(hint....Which is more primitive ?
106. gradualism__A
107. punctuated
equilibrium___B
A. protostome
B. deuterstome
Which structure was first to evolve ?)
A. more in line with Darwin's theory of evolution
that change is a slow, continuous process
B. developed by Stephen J. Gould; evolutionary
change occurs in sudden, short bursts followed by
long periods of stasis
108. maintain the blood-brain barrier__B
A. Gap junctions
(communicating junction)
109. between axons and dendrites___A
110. maintain intergrity of epidermal skin cell
connections____C
B. Tight junctions
C. Desmosomes
(anchoring junction)
111. sodium ion transport against the charge gradient__A
A. active transport
112. when glucose enters a cell___B__
B. facilitated
diffusion
113. osmosis__C__
C. passive transport
114. apoptysis__D___
115. karyotype__A___
A. image of condensed, homologous, chromosomes;
picture is taken during metaphase
B. plants, some bacteria, some protists
116. autotroph__B___
C. fat with single bonded carbon atoms
117. saturated_C____
118. oogenesis__E___
D. cell death caused by its own activation of
enzymes which degrade the biomolecules
E. results in 1 egg and 3 polar bodies
119. conserves the number of chromosomes in daughter cells_A_
A. mitosis
120. results in the formation of haploid cells__B__
B. meiosis
121. glycolysis_A____
A. glucose becomes pyruvate
122. TCA___B__
B. pyruvate becomes CO2
123. oxidative phosphorylation__C__
C. ATP is generated via chemiosmosis
of hydrogen ions
124. light reaction___B____
A. carbon atoms from CO2 are reduced using
enzymes; glucose is formed
125. Calvin cycle__A_____
B. water molecules are split using electrons
absorbed by various pigments
126. have genes which produce amylase allowing starch to
become a source of energy; key development in their
evolutionary success___A___
A. humans
B. chimpanzees
127. primarily rely on fruit and protein for energy; have very
low levels (if any) of amylase_B____
128. When only a few months old, individuals choose to be with
others that make similar choices as themselves. This behavior
is unique to this species.__A__
Circle the structure which is larger in each pair
A...............OR.............B
129. Nucleus of cell .........OR.........Glucose molecule
130. Eukaryote cell..........OR...........carbon atom
131. Protein molecule..........OR.........hydrogen ion
132. hydrogen ion...........OR ..........fatty acid molecule
133. human cheek cell..........OR...........prokaryote cell
134. ribosome..........OR.........plant cell
135. eukaryote...........OR ..........prokaryote
136. 1 cm .......OR........1 mm
137. 1 µm.......OR ........1 nm
138. 10µm.......OR..........1 mm
139. Chromosome.............OR.......individual DNA nucleotide
140. Chromosome.........OR........gene
141. glucose.......OR........ribose