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RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, BANGALORE
KARNATAKA
MASTER OF DENTAL SURGERY
PEDODONTICS AND PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY
SYNOPSIS FOR REGISTRATION OF DISSERTATION
SRI RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF DENTAL SCIENCES AND
HOSPITAL
CHOLANAGAR, RT NAGAR POST BANGALORE-560032
RAJIV GANDHI UNIVERSITY OF HEALTH SCIENCES, KARNATAKA,
BANGALORE
ANNEXURE-II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECTS FOR DISSERTATION
1 NAME OF THE CANDIDATE
DR.VARUN KUMAR SHARMA
AND ADDRESS
POST GRADUATE STUDENT,
(IN BLOCK LETTERS)
DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS AND
PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY,
SRI RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF DENTAL
SCIENCES AND HOSPITAL,
CHOLANAGAR, RT NAGAR POST,
BANGALORE-560032
KARNATAKA
2 NAME OF THE INSTITUTION
SRI RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF DENTAL
SCIENCES AND HOSPITAL,
CHOLANAGAR, RT NAGAR POST,
BANGALORE-560032
KARNATAKA
3 COURSE OF THE STUDY AND
SUBJECT
MASTER OF DENTAL SURGERY
PEDODONTICS AND PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY
4 DATE OF ADMISSION
11/07/2013
5 TITLE OF THE TOPIC
“ PREVALENCE OF TRAUMATIC DENTAL
INJURIES TO THE ANTERIOR TEETH AMONG
8 TO 12 YEAR OLD SCHOOL CHILDREN IN
NORTH BANGALORE”
6.1. NEED FOR THE STUDY
WHO recognizes oral health as an integral part of general health. Furthermore, oral disease
and conditions, including oral cancer, dental trauma and craniofacial anomalies, all have
broad impacts on oral health and well-being.1
There is perhaps no single disturbance that has greater psychological impact on both the
parents and children than the loss or fracture of a child’s anterior teeth. Traumatic dental
injuries are a public health problem and one of the main reason for dental emergencies in
children and adolescents.2
Reliable data on the frequency and severity of traumatic dental injuries are still lacking in
most countries, particularly in developing countries.1
Therefore, the aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of dental trauma in 8-12 year old
school children in North Bangalore and also to assess the risk factors associated with trauma
such as overjet, lip coverage and malocclusion.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
A study was done to assess the prevalence of traumatic injuries to incisor teeth in 2100,
school children of South Kanara district in Karnataka. The children selected were in the age
group of 8-14 years. The study concluded that the prevalence rate of fracture in incisor teeth
was around 13.80%.3
A study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries among 12year-old school children in Kerala. Teeth examined were maxillary and mandibular incisors
and canines. The study concluded that the prevalence of traumatized anterior teeth among
12-year-olds in Kerala was 6.1%, which was low when compared with other studies.4
Another study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with
traumatic injuries to permanent incisors of 12-year-old school children in Davangere, India.
The sample size included 1020, 12-year- old school children and examination was done for
lip coverage and maxillary overjet using the Community Periodontal Index probe. The
maxillary incisors were commonly injured, with enamel fracture being the common injury.
Children with excessive overjet
and inadequate lip coverage were more likely to have
injuries. The study concluded that TDI to permanent incisor teeth was (15.1%).5
In another study done to investigate the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) in
school children in Baddi-Barotiwala, Himachal Pradesh, India, the prevalence was found to
be 4.15%. It was observed that maxillary central incisor was the most common tooth to be
affected due to trauma. Overjet and inadequate lip coverage were found to be important
contributing factors for TDI’s. The study concluded that children with inadequate lip
coverage has 3.4 times more traumatic dental injury than those with adequate lip coverage.6
Another study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of traumatic
dental injuries (TDI) to anterior teeth among 3200 school children in the age group of 3 to
13 year old in Chidambaram, Tamilnadu. Information concerning sex, age, cause of trauma,
number of injured teeth, type of the teeth, lip competence, terminal plane relationship and
the molar relationship were recorded. The study concluded that the level of traumatic dental
injuries in boys (10.7%) was significantly higher than the girls (9.3%).7
A study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of dental traumatic injuries in
children of age group 7 to 12 years in private schools in Gulabgarh village, Mohali, India.
The maxillary central incisor was found to be most commonly affected tooth and most
common cause of injury reported was fall during playing. The study concluded that children
with Angle’s class II Div 1 malocclusion exhibited 21.9% traumatic injuries.8
A study was done to investigate the prevalence of dental trauma among primary school
children aged 6–11 years in Belgaum, India. The sample size included 13,200 children from
primary schools of Belgaum district who were examined for dental trauma. It was observed
that an overjet more than 3 mm and incompetent lips were significantly associated with
dental trauma in children. The study concluded that the total number of children suffering
from dental trauma was 14.74%.9
A cross-sectional survey was carried out in 1052 government and private school children
to assess the prevalence of anterior tooth trauma. The data regarding the traumatic injuries to
anterior teeth along with various risk factors were recorded using the Ellis and Davey’s
classification. The study concluded that the prevalence of anterior tooth trauma was 18.25%.
Increased overjet and overbite were found to be important contributing factors for traumatic
dental injuries.10
A study was done to investigate the prevalence and role of socioeconomic status and
anatomic risk factors in traumatic dental injuries (TDI) to permanent anterior teeth in 10 to
16 year old Sainik (Army) school children in India. The permanent anterior teeth of 446
male school children were examined for TDI. The reported prevalence of TDI to permanent
anterior teeth was 23.8%. Inadequate lip coverage and a large maxillary overjet were
identified as important predictors for dental trauma. The study concluded that a high
prevalence of dental trauma was observed in the study population suggestive of low
awareness regarding the cause, effects and prevention of the condition.11
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
 To assess the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries in 8-12 year old school
children of North Bangalore.
 To correlate the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries with associated risk
factors such as lip coverage, overjet and malocclusion.
7. MATERIALS AND METHODS
7.1 SOURCE OF DATA:
School children in the age group of 8-12 years, of North Bangalore.
INCLUSION CRITERIA:
School going children in the age group of 8-12 year from the selected schools with approval
from the Block Education Officer and permission of the head of schools.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:

School going children who are not cooperative.

Special children

Children undergoing orthodontic therapy.

Traumatic dental injuries to the deciduous teeth.

Teeth with developmental defects.

Loss of teeth other than traumatic dental injuries.

Subjects with clinical evidence of trauma, but with incoherent history.

Root fractures are excluded as radiographs will not be taken during the clinical
examination.
MATERIALS REQUIRED:

Mouth mirror

Community Periodontal Index (CPI) probe

Metallic scale

Mouth mask

Tongue retractor

Pencil

Gloves
7.2 STUDY DESIGN:
This will be a cross sectional study conducted in both private and government school of
North Bangalore. A complete list of schools and formal approval letter from the Block
Education Officer as well as from the head of the schools will be obtained to carry out this
study. The estimated sample size of 2230 school children was calculated based on the
prevalence of traumatic dental injury at 15%, with 95% confidence interval and 10% margin
of error.
A cluster random sampling technique will be adapted to select the children.
Children will be examined by a single examiner in selected schools for any signs of
traumatic dental injury under natural day light. Sterilized mouth mirrors and probe will be
used for examination. The cases which show clinical evidence of traumatic dental injury will
be reexamined to classify the trauma according to WHO classification.
Further in children who experienced traumatic dental injuries lip coverage, overjet and
malocclusion will be recorded. Lip coverage will be recorded on visual inspection as
adequate if lip covered the maxillary incisors in rest position and inadequate if two third of
the crown height was exposed and visible. The overjet will be recorded using the CPI probe
as described in 1997 WHO basic oral health survey guidelines. Malocclusion will be
assessed by recording the molar relationship according to Angle’s classification with
Dewey-Anderson modification.
DATA ANALYSIS:
Data collected will be subjected to statistical analysis. Chi-square test will be used to assess
any difference in distribution of traumatic dental injuries according to children’s
characteristics.
If required any other statistical method will be used at the time of data analysis.
7.3 Does the study require any investigation or interventions to be
conducted on patients or other human or animals? If so, please describe
briefly.
Yes

This study requires a non-invasive oral examination to be conducted on 8-12 year old
school children of North Bangalore.
7.4 Has the ethical clearance been obtained from your institution
Yes
8. LIST OF REFERENCES:
1. Petersen PE. Priorities for research for oral health in 21st Century-the approach
of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dental Health
2005;22:71-4
.
2. Petersen PE. Challenges to improvement of oral health in the 21st century-the
approach of WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Int Dent J 2004;54:329-43.
3. Gupta K, Tandon S, Prabhu D . Traumatic injuries to the incisors in children
of South Kanara district. A prevalence study. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent
2002;20(3):107-13.
4. David J, Astrom AN, Wang NJ. Factors associated with traumatic dental
injuries among 12-year-old school children in South India. Dent Traumatol
2009;25:500-5.
5. Ravishankar TL, Kumar MA, Ramesh N, Chaitra TR. Prevalence of
Traumatic Dental Injuries to Permanent Incisors Among 12-year-old School
Children in Davangere, South India. The Chinese Journal of Dental Research
2010;13:57-60.
6. Gupta S, Jindal SK, Bansal M, Singla A. Prevalence of traumatic dental
injuries and role of incisal overjet and inadequate lip coverage as risk factors
among 4-15 years old government school children in Baddi-Barotiwala Area,
Himachal Pradesh, India. Med Oral Patol Oral Cir Bucal 2011;16(7):e960-e5.
7. Govindarajan M, Reddy VN, Ramalingam K, Durai KS, Rao PA, Prabhu A.
Prevalence of traumatic dental injuries to the anterior teeth among three to
thirteen-year-old school children of Tamilnadu. Contemp Clin Dent 2012;
3(2):164-7.
8. Dua R, Sharma S. Prevalence, causes, and correlates of traumatic dental injuries
among seven-to-twelve-year-old school children in Dera Bassi. Contemp Clin
Dent 2012;3(1):38-41.
9. Ankola AV, Hebbal M, Sharma R, Nayak SS. Traumatic dental injuries in
primary school children of South India - a report from district-wide oral health
survey. Dent Traumatol 2013; 29(2): 134–138.
10. Ahlawat B, Kaur A, Thakur G, Mohindroo A. Anterior tooth trauma: A most
neglected oral health aspect in adolescents. Indian Journal of Oral Sciences
2013;4(1):31-7.
11. Prabhu A, Rao AP, Govindarajan M, Reddy V, Krishnakumar R,
Kaliyamoorthy S. Attributes of Dental Trauma in a School Population with
Active Sports Involvement. Asian Journal of Sports Medicine 2013;4:190-4.
9.
Signature of the Candidate
10. 10.1 Remarks of the Guide
10.2 Name and designation of
Guide ( in block letters)
DR. SANTHOSH T PAUL
PROFESSOR AND HEAD
DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS AND
PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY,
SRI RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF
DENTAL SCIENCES AND HOSPITAL,
BANGALORE 560032
10.3 Signature
11. 11.1 Co-Guide (If any)
DR. UMME AZHER
READER,
DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS AND
PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY,
SRI RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF
DENTAL SCIENCES AND HOSPITAL,
BANGALORE 560032
11.2 Signature
12. 12.1 Head of the Department
DR. SANTHOSH T PAUL
PROFESSOR AND HEAD
DEPARTMENT OF PEDODONTICS &
PREVENTIVE DENTISTRY
SRI RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF DENTAL
SCIENCES AND HOSPITAL,
BANGALORE 560032
12.2 Signature
13.
13.1 Remarks of the Principal
13.2 Principal of the institution
13.3 Signature
DR.VAIBHAVI JOSHIPURA
PROFESSOR OF DEPARTMENT OF
PERIODONTICS AND
PRINCIPAL
SRI RAJIV GANDHI COLLEGE OF DENTAL
SCIENCES AND HOSPITAL,
BANGALORE 560032