Download AP Biology Exam Review

Evolution









Paleontology
Biogeography
Embryology
comparative anatomy
homologous structures
analogous structures
vestigial structures
molecular biology
artificial selection







over-production
inherited variation
Competition
Adaptations
Fitness
survival of the fittest
Eaccumulation of advantageous traits

stabilizing selection, directional selection,
disruptive selection, sexual selection









•
•
•
•
•
•
genetic equilibrium
infinitely large population
no natural selection
no mutations
no gene flow (no migration)
random mating
• frequency of alleles: p + q = 1
• frequency of genotypes or individuals: p2 +
2pq + q2 = 1
•


• genetic drift: founder effect, bottleneck
• natural selection, gene flow, mutation,
non-random mating, sexual selection

•
adaptive radiation - the evolution of ecological and phenotypic
diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage.[1] Starting with a recent
single ancestor, this process results in the speciation and
phenotypic adaptation of an array of species exhibiting different
morphological and physiological traits with which they can exploit a
range of divergent environments.

allopatric: geographic isolation

sympatric: reproductive isolation







Factors which prevent individuals from mating.
Geographic isolation: Species occur in different areas, and are often
separated by barriers.
Temporal isolation: Individuals do not mate because they are active at
different times. This may be different times of the day or different
seasons. The species mating periods may not match up. Individuals do
not encounter one another during either their mating periods, or at all.
Ecological isolation: Individuals only mate in their preferred habitat.
They do not encounter individuals of other species with different
ecological preferences.
Behavioral isolation: Individuals of different species may meet, but one
does not recognize any sexual cues that may be given. An individual
chooses a member of its own species in most cases.
Mechanical isolation: Copulation may be attempted but transfer of
sperm does not take place. The individuals may be incompatible due to
size or morphology.
Gametic incompatibility: Sperm transfer takes place, but the egg is not
fertilized.
Genomic incompatibility, hybrid inviability or
sterility.
 Zygotic mortality: The egg is fertilized, but
the zygote does not develop.
 Hybrid inviability: Hybrid embryo forms, but
is not viable.
 Hybrid sterility: Hybrid is viable, but the
resulting adult is sterile.
 Hybrid breakdown: First generation (F1)
hybrids are viable and fertile, but further
hybrid generations


• divergent evolution - the accumulation of
differences between groups which can lead to
the formation of new species
• convergent evolution - describes the
acquisition of the same biological trait in
unrelated lineages.
These two succulent plant genera, Euphorbia
and Astrophytum, are only distantly
related, but have independently converged
on a very similar body form



analogous structures • parallel evolution
• coevolution








• earth & atmosphere formed: low or no O2
• complex molecules in primordial seas,
monomers, polymers
• organic molecules & early cells formed
• heterotrophic prokaryotes
• autotrophic prokaryotes: O2 & ozone layer
formed
• eukaryotes formed, endosymbiotic theory
• mitochondria & chloroplasts have own DNA,
reproduce independently (~binary
fission), have ribosomes similar to bacteria &
cyanobacteria