Download Marking scheme

KAMUKUNJI DISTRICT KCSE EVALUATION TEST 2014
GEOGRAPHY
PAPER 2
Marking scheme
1. a) physical problems experienced in irrigation farming in Kenya- if the amount of water is not properly controlled, the fields become flooded and crops
get spoilt.
- Flooding of the fields leads to sheet erosion
- Evaporation, especially in hot regions, leads to salination of the top soil
- Leaching of soil nutrients from the top layer occurs
- The moist and hot conditions promote breeding of pests and outbreak of diseases
- There is wastage and uneven distribution of water especially where overhead irrigation
is practiced.
- Canals get silted and this interrupts distribution of water into the fields. Growth of
weeds in the canals has a similar effect.
- Seasonal failure of rain in the water catchment areas reduces the amount of water
available for irrigation.
b) -
- frequent sea flooding was curbed
land for farming has been increased
more land for settlement and recreation was created
The coastline was shortened by 320 km
Many islands were joined together by roads
Large areas of wide sandy beaches were created
Permanent pasture lands are now available
2. a) -
the high demand for hardwoods has led to overexploitation
- population pressure on the land has led to increased cutting of trees to provide land for
farming
- the hardwoods take long to mature and this does not match the rate at which they are
being cut down
b) – the softwood forests in Kenya are mainly planted while those of Canada grow naturally
- Softwood forests in Kenya cover a relatively small area of the county, while those in Canada are
extensive.
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- most softwood trees in Kenya are exotic, while those in Canada are indigenous.
- the forests in Kenya have a limited variety, while those of Canada have a wider variety of tree species.
3. – Kenya experiences shortage of capital for establishing new industries
- The county experiences a shortage of raw materials like agricultural crops
- Kenya’s production is limited by a shortage of markets for her produce
- Kenya has a shortage of skilled labour which is specialized
- There is stiff competition between Kenya and other countries producing similar
commodities
- The cost of energy to be used in the industries is very high
4. a)
b)
5. a)
these countries can export a large quantity of goods
they become cheaper in the importing countries
the countries would realize increased revenue
The Middle East
European Union
Far East and Australia.
population growth rate
CBR-CDR X 100
1 000
41-12 x 100
1000
29X100
1000
= 2.9%
b) i) factors that have contributed to a decline in infant mortality in Kenya- improved medical facilities.
- improved diet for mother and infant
- improved education for parents, especially mothers
ii) Problems in industrialized countries; _
-
shortage of manpower, which makes labour expensive
underutilization of social facilities such as schools
high old-age dependence ratio
There is rural depopulation due to increased urbanization.
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SECTION B.
6. a)
ii)-
Diamond was the most produced mineral
-
Trona was the least produced mineral
Oil was the second best produced mineral
b) -
veins and lodes
- This is the occurrence of minerals in crevices, cracks or faults
- Veins is when the minerals are found in small quantities in crevices, cracks or faults
- Lodes is when minerals are found in large quantities in crevices, cracks and faults or crevices.
Seams or layers
- This is the occurrence of minerals in layers or seams
- Minerals like coal occur in layers when it is formed as a result of compression of the
deposited and accumulated plant remains laid down in horizontal layers on the earth’s
crust.
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-
Mineral such as common salts potash salts and gypsum occur as seams because as a
result of evaporation of water from lakes and ponds in hot and dry regions and then and
then they may be covered by other materials so that they occur as underground seams.
Alluvial deposits products
- Some minerals are highly resistant to weathering like gold, diamond and platinum
- These minerals may be in small particles which are detached from veins of rocks by
erosion
- These particles are carried away by streams and rivers to the valleys or plains
- These particles get deposited at the bottom valleys as alluvial deposits
Product of weathering
- Minerals like iron manganese nickel and bauxite or the ore of aluminum are as a result
of weathering
- These minerals are formed from the deep weathering of rocks under tropical conditions
- The process of leaching make the minerals concentrate in the earth’s crust
7. a) (i) a tourist resort is a major tourist attraction site
ii)- inland attractions
- coastal attractions
iii) Germany – United Kingdom –japan France – Switzerland-Finland –Denmark-Sweden
b) - wide cultural heritage
- relative political stability
- fairly good transport and communication net work
- availability of accommodation
- ministry of wildlife and tourism
- advertisement
- well organized package tours
c) - advertises Kenya as a tourist destination
- Advisory services to tourism industry
-Provides affordable and accessible financial facilities in the tourism industry
-ensures there is enough security in collaboration with the government
d) - conservation and preservation of tourism resources
- Conservation of environment and preservations of beauty
- Provision of visitor education
- Establishing active partnership with all stake holders- equitable distribution of benefits accruing from
tourism
- Respect and safeguarding of the local customs and culture
- Harmonious development of tourism sector in tandem with other sectors of the economy
-
caring and preserving nature by using earnings from tourism
use of local resources instead of importing them
Involving tourists and local communities in conserving nature at the same time enjoying
it.
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8. a) i) - consultancy services
- medical services
- shipping services
- educational services
- insurance services
- airline services
- banking services
- hotel services
ii)
- to protect domestic industries
- to control price fluctuations
- to raise revenue through taxes
- to develop substitution industries
b) i) - East Africa Community
- COMESA
i)
creating market for member countries
Many goods are now available and at affordable process
More resources are now exploited
More affordable monetary and banking facilities
has promoted agriculture
Peaceful coexistence among member states
c) - economic growth and development
Diversification of economy
Industrial growth
Regional cooperation
Development of infrastructure
Revenue source
Developments of settlements
Trade stimulates the development of other economic activities
Availability of variety of goods
Provides market for a country’s surplus goods
d) – Kenya has signed trade agreements with various countries and hopes to continue
dealing with them
- Kenya hopes to continue having diplomatic attaches
To increase exportation of goods at reasonable prices Kenya external trade authority (KETA)
intend to continue researching on factors limiting Kenya’s goods market abroad.
Kenya is also exploring new markets in the Far East countries.
Trade organizations such as Kenya national chamber of commerce and industry hopes to
continue advisory role on the government
Kenya bureau of statistics hopes to continue ensuring high quality goods
Agricultural produce will continue to be exported
Manufacturing industry will continue to expand so as to have more gods for export
Kenya hopes to continue having international trade since it has to continue importing the
commodities it lacks like iron and steel.
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9. i)– is the area where fish are reared or caught in numbers
ii) Shallow waters to allow sunlight to penetrate
Availability of mineral salts
Cool temperatures not more than 200 C
b) i)- X- cold Labrador current
Y- Warm Gulf Stream
ii) The two current meet at the grand banks. These leads to modification of water temperatures. The
cool temperatures favour the growth of planktons which is food for the fish.
The Labrador current also carries icebergs which contain minerals from the land that encourage the
growth of plankton.
iii)Canada
iv)cod
halibut
haddock
flounder
hake
herring
mackerel
shellfish
Crustaceans
c) The east African countries lack capital for buying modern equipment’s for marine fishing.
The east African coastline is mainly regular hence inadequate sea inlets to provide good sheltered areas
for fish breeding
The presence of a narrow continental shelf limits the growth of plankton along the coast which are vital
for marine fishing.
Poor technology on deep sea fishing has hampered marine fishing
Low demand for sea fish compared to fresh water fish species amongst east African population
d) Creating awareness on the importance of fish resources and the fishing grounds. Thus the community
helps in controlling pollution.
Banning indiscriminate fishing
Encourage fish farming
Adhere to international agreements
10. a) –lightening /thunderstorm
–floods
-drought /desertification
-landslides
b) i) windstorms destroy trees and crops
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-they blow off roofs of houses
-they disrupt transport and communication lines
- They spread bush fires
-they cause strong sea storms
-they accelerate erosion
ii)- oil leaks from ship /trucks
-industrial effluents when discharged into rivers/lakes
-washing away into rivers/lakes chemicals fertilizers/pesticides/insecticides
-dumping of solid wastes into water courses
-washing /bathing watering arrival in rivers/lakes
-surface run-off/soil erosion into water bodies
c) Dykes are constructed along river banks/levees on rivers to increase the heights in order to
prevent water from overflowing
-dredging of river channels to deepen and widen them to make it possible for them to
accommodate excess water to the amount of water discharged downstream /constructing dam
to hold water
-straining /re-directing of a river /straining of a river to control its wild flow
d)i) contour farming
- it helps to trap water hence improving soil moisture content
-it helps to reduce the speed of water downslope thus preventing the water downslope thus
preventing the removal of top soil.
ii)mulching
-the mulch adds humus in the soil as it decomposes thus enriching the soil
-it enhances the retention of water in the soil protecting it from direct sunlight /wind
-it increases the rate of infiltration by holding the rain water and releasing it gradually
-it controls /stops run-off /speed of surface run-off by acting as a cover to the soil.
-it provides suitable habitat for organisms which aerate the soil by barrowing
i)
crop rotation
-since different crops utilize different minerals, rotation helps in balancing /replacing the
mineral content in the soil.
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