Download Chapter 21 Part 7

Chapter 21
Part 7
The French Revolution
Napoleon
The Empire Period 1804-1814
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December 2, 1804 Napoleon crowned himself
hereditary emperor at Notre Dame
The Pope was there but did not do the
crowning…Why Not?
He was looking to thwart any plans that the royalists
might have to return to power
He believed that an empire was necessary for France
to expand & maintain its influence in Europe
Napoleon
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Saw himself as a liberator…freeing foreign
peoples from oppressive absolutist rulers
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BUT his dominance over other nations will
inspire the rise of nationalism which eventually
will lead to his downfall
The Grand Empire
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Napoleon will be at war constantly beginning in 1805
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Napoleon will create the largest empire since Roman
times…but it was temporary
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The Empire extended from the Rhine, included
Holland and present-day Belgium, the German coast
to the western Baltic, and the Italian coast to Rome
Nepotism
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Napoleon placed his favorites on the thrones of
dependent satellite kingdoms:
Brother, Joseph, became King of Spain
Brother, Jerome, became King of Westphalia
Brother, Louis, became King of Holland (6 yrs.)
until it was incorporated into France
His sister, Caroline, became Queen of Naples
The Empire
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He will consolidate the German States and
create the Confederation of the Rhine
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Napoleon’s step-son ruled Lombardy, Venice,
and Papal states
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He decided not to unify Italy to prevent a future
threat
Napoleon
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Abolished Feudalism and reformed the social,
political, and economic institutions in conquered
areas
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All countries of the Grand Empire gained some
of the main principles of the French Revolution
BUT no self-government
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At First
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Napoleon was supported by the commercial and
professional classes who supported the
Enlightenment
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BUT his oppression and exploitation eventually
turned the conquered people against him
What oppression?
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Conscription into the French army
High taxes (while taxes in France were lowered)
The Continental System: Berlin and Milan
Decrees
Most believed that Napoleon ended up
betraying the ideals of the French Revolution
The War of the Third Coalition
1805-1807
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The Third Coalition: Britain, Austria, Russia
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After Napoleon conquered Italy, Austria was
concerned about the threat to the balance of
power in Europe
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As early as 1803 Napoleon began plans to
invade England
1805
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The Battle of Trafalgar The combined French and
Spanish fleets were defeated by the British navy
(Horatio Nelson was killed here)
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Planned invasion of Britain was no longer possible
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The Battle of Austerlitz in Moravia. Alexander I
pulled Russian troops out and Austria was forced to
give up much territory in exchange for peace
The Third Coalition Collapsed
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Napoleon now had western and central Europe
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He had the Arc de Triomphe built in 1806 to
commemorate his victory at Austerlitz
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During Roman times, Caesars would build an
arch to commemorate their victories
The Arc de Triomphe
1806
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Napoleon defeated Prussia twice at the Battle of
Jena and the Battle of Auerstadt
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By 1807 Alexander I of Russia sought peace
terms
The Treaty of Tilsit 1807
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Prussia ceded land to France (included ½ of
Prussia’s population)
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Russia accepted Napoleon’s dominance of
Western and Central Europe
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Russia agreed to accept Napoleon’s Continental
System (Russia thus allied with France against
England)
The Reorganization of Germany
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The Confederation of the Rhine Napoleon
consolidated the 300 sovereign states into 15
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Did not include Austria, Prussia or Saxony
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Napoleon named himself “Protector” of the
Confederation
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The HRE was abolished
French Foreign Policy Undone!
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Napoleon will inspire German Nationalism
through his dominance and repression AND
they were now less divided than before
The Continental System
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To wage economic warfare against Britain
Both Countries came to a stalemate in 1805 with
the Battles of Trafalgar and Austerlitz
Both decided to starve each other out
The Brits had the orders in Council (2) in 1806
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The French had the Continental System: the
Berlin and Milan Decrees
The Berlin Decree
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Napoleon closed continent’s ports to British
ships
He had coerced Russia, Prussia, Spain, (neutral)
Denmark, and Portugal to adhere to the Berlin
Decree
Brits responded with The Orders in Council:
Closing ports under British control to French
trade and Neutral ships would be confiscated if
they were on the way to trade with the continent
The Milan Decree
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Neutral ships on the way to Britain, on the way
back from Britain, or having been boarded by
the Brits at sea was subject to confiscation
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Both the Brits and the French violated U.S.
neutral rights at sea. Eventually led to the War
of 1812: Brits v the U.S. while the Brits were
still fighting the French
The Continental System
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Caused hardship in Europe and resentment
against Napoleon
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Imports from America were in much demand
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European industries could not produce like the
Brits did
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The Continental System was impossible to
maintain
The Continental System
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Many of the European Bourgeoisie were ruined
as a result of the lack of trade
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Eastern Europeans who had little industry of
their own were especially hard hit
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Many could not honor their agreements with
Napoleon as to supporting his Continental Sys.
The Peninsular War 1808-1814
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Portugal violated the Continental System and
had to be taught a lesson
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Napoleon sent an army through Spain to get to
Portugal
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The Spanish resented their “King” (Napoleon’s
brother) and Napoleon’s domination
The Peninsular War
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The Spanish waged a guerrilla war against
French troops. All classes involved
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The Brits sent the Duke of Wellington with
troops to aid the Spanish
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The Peninsular War was the first great revolt
against Napoleon’s power
As the fighting in Spain continued
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Napoleon turned against Russia
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But first, married Marie Louise (18)
She was the daughter of the Austrian emperor
and the niece of Marie Antionette
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So, Napoleon was now nephew (by marriage) of
Louis XVI and he began to show more
consideration to the nobility of the Old Regime
The Russian Campaign 1812
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Napoleon invaded Russia in June of 1812 with
an army of 600,000.
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Only 2/3 of his army was French
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The Russians had withdrawn from the
Continental System due to economic hardship
The Battle of Borodino 1812
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Ended in a draw with the Russians retreating in
good order
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The Russians used a “scorched earth” tactic
As they retreated further into the Russian
interior, they destroyed EVERYTHING so that
the enemy army could not feed itself or even
keep warm…they even burned Moscow down!
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After 5 weeks
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Napoleon was forced to retreat from Moscow
Napoleon returned to France with only 30,000!
400,000 had died in battle or starved or froze to
death
100,000 had been taken prisoner
And then…
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Napoleon, in France, raised another army:
600,000 strong
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At the same time, Austria and Prussia deserted
Napoleon and joined Russia and England in the
Fourth Coalition
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Also…remember the Treaty of Ghent?
The War of the Fourth Coalition
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1813-1814
The Battle of Leipzig October 1813
AKA The Battle of Nations
The largest battle in world history until the 20th
century
Napoleon lost 500,000 but refused to accept
peace terms offered by Austrian minister,
Metternich
The Frankfort Proposals
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The Peace offer was generous:
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France to be reduced to its boundaries of 1792
and Napoleon could remain on the throne
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Since Napoleon refused to give up, Britain,
Russia, Prussia, Austria formed the Quadruple
Alliance in March 1814
April 4, 1814
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Allied armies entered Paris
Napoleon abdicated
The Bourbons were restored to the French
throne
Louis XVIII
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Brother of Louis XVI
The new king issued a constitution for the
French
Called the Charter of 1814
The first constitution in European history issued
by a monarch
Provided for a constitutional monarchy
The Charter of 1814
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Maintained most of Napoleon’s reforms:
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The Code Napoleon
The Concordat of 1801 (with the Church)
The abolition of feudalism
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The First Treaty of Paris
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May 30, 1814
France surrendered all territory gained since 1792
No indemnities or reparations were imposed (they
WERE proposed but Louis XVIII refused to pay so
they let it go)
Napoleon was exiled to Elbe as a sovereign with an
income from France
The Quadruple Alliance agreed to meet in Vienna to
work out a general peace settlement
The Congress of Vienna
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Sept. 1814-June 1815
The Big Four: Austria, England, Russia, Prussia
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What did they want?
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England
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Represented by Lord Castlereagh
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Wanted to surround France with larger and
stronger states in order to maintain the balance
of power
Prussia
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Wanted to get back the land lost to France in
1805 and wanted additional territory in northern
Germany (Saxony)
Austria
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Klemens von Metternich: very conservative
Was opposed to liberal and reformed ideas
because the impact of such ideas on Austria
would be devastating
NOTE: Austria would be particularly vulnerable
to nationalistic movements because of the many
different ethnicities in the Empire
Russia
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Czar Alexander I
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Demanded a “free” and “independent”
Poland…with himself as king!
A bit later
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France became involved in the deliberations
Was represented by minister Tallyrand
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(remember the XYZ Affair?)
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The Dancing Congress
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Much pageantry, parties, balls, banquets
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First to keep the junior diplomats busy and out
of the way
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Also to win support for the peace settlement
from the general population…they loved
broohaha
The Principles of Settlement:
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Legitimacy
Compensation
Balance of Power
Legitimacy
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Restore the deposed ruling families to power:
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Bourbons restored to France, Spain, Naples
Dynasties restored in Holland, Sardinia, Tuscany,
Modena
Papal states were restored to the Pope
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Compensation
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Rewards in the form of territory to those states
who sacrificed to defeat Napoleon
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England got naval bases: Malta, Ceylon, Cape
of Good Hope
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Austria recovered Lombardy (in Italy) and got
Venetia, Galicia (part of Poland), and Illyrian
Provinces along the Adriatic
Compensation
continued
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Russia was given most of Poland (the Czar was
King) and Finland and Bessarabia (Moldova)
and western Ukraine
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Prussia was given the Rhineland, 3/5 of Saxony
and part of Poland
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Sweden got Norway
Balance of Power
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The effort to arrange territory so that never
again would one power threaten the Balance of
power
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Encirclement of France: Gave the Austrian
Netherlands to Holland to form the Kingdom
of the United Netherlands to the north of
France
The Balance of Power
continued
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Prussia received Rhenish lands bordering the
eastern French frontier (the left bank of the
Rhine)
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Switzerland was guaranteed perpetual neutrality
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The HRE was NOT restored BUT the German
States were reorganized once again
The German Confederation
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AKA the Bund…now to 39 states
With Austria the President of the Diet
(assembly) of the Confederation
Maintained most of Napoleon’s reorganization
A loose confederation…the states were
sovereign
Sardinia
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Had its former territory restored with the
addition of Genoa
Britain
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The only country to remain a growing power
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Began their century of world leadership here
(1814) lasted to the end of WWI (1918)