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SESSION 8
GENDER ISSUES IN THE
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
SESSION GOAL
To enable workshop participants to understand where
and how to address gender issues through the project
cycle
GENDER ISSUES IN THE
PROJECT LIFE CYCLE
Integrating Gender into the Project Life Cycle
1. Project design
& appraisal
4. Assess needs &
identify problems
Project Life Cycle
3. Monitor & Evaluate
2. Implement project
start-up & undertake
activities
GENDER INTEGRATION IN USAID
PROGRAMMING
Automated Directive System Gender Questions
• How will gender relations
affect the achievement of
sustainable results?
Identify gender relations at the
start of the project through
gender analysis and establish an
appropriate
baseline
• How will proposed results
affect the relative status of
men and women?
↓ (monitor changes)
Describe gender relations at the
end of the project (results) and
start of the next project (new
baseline)
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INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT
DESIGN AND APPRAISAL
1. Project Design
and Appraisal
Step 1: EXAMINE PROGRAM
OBJECTIVES for attention to
gender issues; restate them
to strengthen interaction
between gender and
economic growth goals
Step 3: ANALYZE DATA
for gender differences
that may affect the
achievement of program
objectives
INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT
DESIGN AND APPRAISAL
Step 1: EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES for
attention to gender issues to strengthen
interaction between gender and economic growth
goals
EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
Guiding Questions:
• Who are the direct participants of the project?
• How might differences in participants’ and
stakeholders’ sex, age, socioeconomic status, and
ethnicity affect their ability to access information and
services?
• What are the different roles and responsibilities
women and men have that will affect program
outcomes and allocation of its benefits?
• What are the social, legal or cultural taboos or
obstacles that might prevent women or men from
participating in the project?
EXAMINE PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
Information on Gender: Available Resources
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Project reports and case studies
Gender assessments and analyses
Ethnographic studies and articles
National and local household and labor surveys
INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT
DESIGN AND APPRAISAL
Step 2: COLLECT DATA on gender relations, roles,
and identities related specifically to program
objectives
– Sector-specific gender assessment
– Project-specific gender assessment (e.g. Valuechain gender assessment)
COLLECT DATA
Data Collection Methods
–
–
–
–
–
Individual in-depth or structured interviews
Group interviews
Focus groups
Surveys
Observation
COLLECT DATA
Gender Analysis Questions:
• Who does what, including when and where tasks are
done?
• Who has what (access and ownerships issues)?
• Who makes decisions and what is the decisionmaking process?
• Who gains and who loses as a result of development
interventions?
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COLLECT DATA
Questions to consider when collecting data?
• Have you reviewed relevant published or project
studies on the identified activity for data on both men
and women?
• Have you interviewed both women and men in
relevant stakeholder groups across all project
components? (e.g. producer association, group
ranches, conservation organizations, women’s
associations, policy advocacy groups)
INTEGRATING GENDER IN PROJECT
DESIGN AND APPRAISAL
Step 3: ANALYZE DATA for gender differences that
may affect the achievement of program
objectives:
• Access to Factors of Production and Enterprise
Development
• Practices and Participation
• Knowledge and Beliefs
• Laws, Policies, and Regulatory Institutions
GENDER ANALYSIS ACTIVITY
Questions to Answer:
• What is the income per capita by sex? Fill in the
corresponding boxes.
• What is the average return per tree/vine by sex? Fill
in the corresponding boxes.
• What does the data tell us?
• What factors might explain these results?
• What additional information do we need to explain
the results?
INTEGRATING GENDER INTO PROJECT STARTUP AND ACTIVITIES
2. Implement project
start-up & undertake
activities
Step 1: DESIGN PROGRAM
ELEMENTS AND ACTIVITIES to
address gender issues
(constraints and opportunities)
Step 2: REVISE PROGRAM
OBJECTIVE AS NECESSARY to
address gender issues
(constraints and opportunities)
INTEGRATING GENDER INTO PROJECT STARTUP AND ACTIVITIES
Step 1: DESIGN PROGRAM ELEMENTS AND
ACTIVITIES to address gender issues
(constraints and opportunities)
– Gender-based constraints are barriers that inhibit either
men’s or women’s access to resources or opportunities of
any type
– Gender-based opportunities are avenues for change that
can improve women’s or men’s access to productive
resources or opportunities for advancement
DESIGN PROGRAM ELEMENTS
AND ACTIVITIES
Determining Strategies for Desired Results:
• What activities will the program have to implement to
ensure that men and women’s needs are addressed?
• How will activities ensure equitable participation by
women and men?
• In what ways will program activities benefit women
and men?
• What kinds of strategies will help the program ensure
that activities benefit women and men equitably?
Continuum of Approaches for
Gender Integration
Gender
Exploitative
Gender
Accommodating
Gender
Transformative
GENDER INTEGRATION MATRIX
Project Objectives
Original project
objective:
Increase employment
opportunities in
horticultural production
and processing plants
Revised project
objective:
Increase employment
opportunities in
horticultural production
and processing plants,
especially in
previously
underrepresented
positions
Data Collection
(new info)
• In households women
plant, weed, and
harvest; men prepare
land
• Cultivation tasks vary
by crop
• Most women have
completed primary
education
• Women are hired into
low-paying production
& processing jobs
• Men are hired as
supervisors
• Sexual harassment is
common
ID of Gender
Constraints
Social conditions
(attitudes,
harassment, lack of
training) restrict
employment
opportunities for
women, particularly
in moving from line
jobs to supervisory
positions in
horticultural
production and
processing plants.
Actions to reduce
gender constraints
• Provide
management training
to women.
• Publicize
opportunities in
supervisory and
management
positions to men and
women.
• Provide trainings on
sexual harassment
to men and women.
INTEGRATING GENDER INTO PROJECT STARTUP AND ACTIVITIES
Step 2: REVISE PROJECT OBJECTIVE AS
NECESSARY to address gender issues
(constraints and opportunities)
REVISING PROJECT OBEJCTIVE
EXERCISE
• Does the current objective allow you to carry out
activities that would remove or reduce the identified
constraints?
• How might you modify the objective to address the
gender constraints?
GENDER INTEGRATION MATRIX
Project Objectives
Data Collection
Identify of Gender
Constraints
Actions to gender
reduce constraints
Original project
objective:
To raise rural household
incomes through
increased horticulture
productivity
•Majority of membership
criteria to producer
associations (roughly 85
percent) is based on
land ownership
•Post-harvest income is
deposited in a bank
account in the name of
the registered producer
•Many women do not
have access to income
deposited in bank
accounts
•Evidence of some
households that open
joint bank accounts
•Women operate roughly
half of farm enterprises
•Women receive
technical information
about crops from their
husbands
•Married women lack
incentives to increase
productivity
•Women have less
access to inputs and
technical assistance
because membership to
associations is based on
formal land ownership
•Devise innovative
payment schemes to
allow control of income
to flow more directly to
women
•Explore the feasibility in
different associations of
promoting joint
association membership
and/or joint bank
accounts
Revised project
objective:
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