Download BIOLOGY MID TERM EXAM REVIEW PACK (2003

HONORS BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW GUIDE
I.
THE MICROSCOPE
Review the parts of the microscope. You MUST know the procedure for
focusing. Our microscopes have the following diameters.
OBJECTIVE
mm
4x or 5x (S)
10x
(L)
40x
(H)
4
2
.5
Microns 
5,000
2,000
500
There are 1,000 microns () in 1 millimeter.
An object taking up half the 10x diameters would be 1mm or 1,000 microns long.
It might look like this:
10x
10x
OR
Objects placed under the microscope appear turned upside down and
backwards. The normal printed letter e appears in this position under
the scope:
Objects always appear to move in opposite directions from which they actually
travel.
Know the levels of organization of living things.
Understand the components of good experimental design.
Be familiar with the themes of Biology.
Be able to solve microscope problems and estimate size of microscopic
organisms.
II.
CHEMISTRY
Elements are the pure substances from which the universe is made. Each
element has its own unique atom consisting of a special number of positively
charged protons, negatively charged electrons, and neutrons that carry no
charge. The number of protons, neutrons and electrons in an atom can be
calculated if you know the following:
Atomic Number = Number of Protons
Atomic Mass = Number of Protons plus Neutrons
Atoms have no net charge, therefore protons = electrons
Example:
Sodium
Atomic Number = 11
Atomic Mass = 23
P = 11
N = 23 - 11P = 12N
e = p = 11
We would draw the atom in this manner:
Electron
2e- fill the
first energy
level
Electron
Orbit
8e- fill the
first energy
level
Nucleus
Two atoms of the same element could combine forming a MOLECULE. If two
different atoms (elements) combine, a COMPOUND is formed.
An Isotope is an atom with the same atomic number but different atomic mass.
Be able to write the molecular formula when given the structural formula.
Atoms combine by either temporarily sharing their electrons or by permanently
transferring their electrons. ATOMS LIKE TO HAVE THEIR OUTER RINGS
FULL. Shared electrons form COVALENT BONDS. Transferred electrons form
IONIC BONDS. IONS are charged atoms that have an unequal number of
electrons and protons.
Know the names and symbols of the 18 elements essential for life.
Know how to determine Carbohydrates, Lipids and Protein molecules and the
building blocks that make them up.
Know how to interpret both Molecular Formulas and Structural Formulas.
Know how to describe solutions.
III.
BIOCHEMISTRY
Macromolecules
A. Carbohydrates
B. Lipids
C. Proteins
D. Nucleic Acids
Common
Names
Starch & Sugar
Fats, Oils,
Waxes
Proteins
DNA , RNA
Use – Known
Sources
Energy
High Energy
Storage
Body Structures,
Enzymes &
Hormones
Hereditary
Material, Protein
Making
Know basic structural formulas and the building blocks. Know the
condensation/dehydration synthesis reactions for each macromolecule.
The first 3 above must be digested by enzymes (Hydrolysis) in order to be
absorbed by the villi of the small intestine. They are broken down into:
A.
Carbohydrates (starch)
amylase
 Glucose (sugar) occurs in mouth and
enzyme
small intestine.
B.
lipase
 fatty acids + Glycerol (occurs in small intestine aided by
enzyme
presence of bile).
Lipids
Solid fatty acids are saturated. Liquid fatty acids are unsaturated.
C.
Protein
protease
 amino acids (occurs in stomach and small intestine)
enzymes
Know about the properties of and structure of the water molecule.
Know characteristics of and uses for enzymes.
Know energy and its role in chemical reactions.
Energy is measured in food calories or kilocalories when food is burned in a
calorimeter.
Simple Calories = amount of water in calorimeter X change in temperature
1,000 Simple Calories = 1 kilocalorie (C) or food calorie
% Error =
amount of error
 100
correct value
Hydrolysis is the process by which a large molecule is broken down into small
molecules as water molecules are added. This is how we digest food molecules.
Condensation is the process by which small molecules are joined to make a
larger molecule as water is removed.
Know where the various food types are digested in the human body and the
enzymes and secretions used.
ACIDS, BASES, AND pH
ACIDS
BASES
Know how to solve problems for pH numbers and ions in solution.
IV.
THE CELL
Know all cell parts (both plant and animal) and their functions.
Know the differences between Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells. Know types
of cells within these categories.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function of all living things. The cell is
bounded by a thin membrane which allows certain materials to move in and out
accordingly to their size. Know the structure of the membrane (phospholipid
bilayer) and the special proteins embedded within the membrane.
Understand and give examples of both Passive and Active Transport.
DIFFUSION says that materials move naturally from HIGH TO LOW
concentration. For example, if there is more water outside of a cell than inside,
water will move INTO the cell. The diffusion of water is called OSMOSIS.
Sometimes FACILITATED Diffusion is needed. Active transport moves against
the concentration gradient and requires energy. Examples of Active transport
include the use of pumps, exocytosis and endocytosis.
Describe and interpret isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic situations.
Excess water diffusing into one-celled animals can be ACTIVELY transported out
by CONTRACTILE VACUOLES.
Describe plasmolysis and cytolysis situations.
The basic life functions that living things carry on must also be carried on at the
cellular level.
The functions and their definitions are as follows:
A. INGESTION
B. DIGESTION
C. ABSORPTION
D. Transport
E. SYNTHESIS
F. RESPIRATION
G. EXCRETION
H. REPRODUCTION
Taking in food.
Breaking down food into smaller, dissolvable molecules.
This occurs at a lysosome in the cell.
Taking in small molecules by diffusion through the
membrane.
Transport of materials.
Making large molecules from small ones, such as proteins
– to be used as:
1. Enzymes – Chemicals that speed up reactions –
usually made in ducted glands.
2. Hormones – chemical messengers, like insulin, that
are produced in ductless glands.
This occurs on a ribosome in the cell. Synthesis results in
growth and repair.
Burning sugar in oxygen to produce energy, including
breathing.
Glucose + O2 + enzymes
energy (ATP) + CO2 + H2O
(sugar)
(wastes)
This occurs on a mitochondria (power house) in the cell
Liquid waste removal. Used to eliminate nitrogencontaining wastes from protein metabolism. Higher
animals have kidneys to carry out this function.
Cell Division including Mitosis
Know which cell parts are involved in each different life function.
.
Identify representative types of cells from basic prokaryote and eukaryote
groups. Identify parts of specific representative cells (amoeba, euglena,
paramecium, cheek, neuron, elodea, guard, onion, etc)
V.
Cell Processes
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
VI.
Know the processes of replication, transcription and translation.
Identify the parts of the nucleotide (DNA structure).
Know the base pairing rules.
Know how to solve protein synthesis problems.
Mutations (Point→silent, missense, nonsense) & Chromosomal
Know protein structure types and examples of proteins.
Explain the processes of Photosynthesis and Respiration. Describe where
they occur, reactants and products, and the role of energy molecules.
DIAGRAMS
You should be able to identify the major parts and their functions on specimens
you have seen this year.
1.
2.
3.
Paramecium
Day in the Life of a Cell (Life Processes)
Cell Types (Lab): Cheek, Nerve, Euglena, Amoeba, Lettuce