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Art of Scientific Writing ASSIGNMENT 2 Analysis of the literature surveyed (10 in number) format of the assignment Research question of your study :. Is there any affect of bloodpressure and heart rate on different lying position in three trimesters of pregnancy? whether theres a prevalence of breathing disorder in four different lying position ? and any correlation between the both ? Objectives of your study: 1) To study the prevalence of breathing disorders among pregnant women. 2) To study the effect of lying positions on blood pressure among pregnant women. 3) To study the effect of lying positions on heart rate among pregnant women. 4) To correlate the effect of lying positions on blood pressure and heart rate in three trimesters of pregnancy Journal- 1 Arq.Neuropsiquiatr.2004;62(2-A):217-221 Title: Sleep disorders in pregnancy Selection of article:introduction and literature review Identify the following key elements of the literature collected: – Problem :. Does the abnormal sleep pattern during pregnancy has an impact on their sleeping disorder – Purpose:This research aims is to determine the sleep disorders (SD) for each of the three trimesters of the pregnancy comparing them to the pre-pregnancy state Sample details :Three hundred, 11- to 40-years-old pregnant women are included in the study – Methodology: were investigated in three hundred pregnant women 11- to 40-years-old through with a brief clinical interview based on directed questions – Key findings: pregnancy, sleep disorders, awakening, insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness – Conclusions SD were more frequent during pregnancy comparatively to PG state, mostly at the expenses of EDS and specific awakening – Recommendations : sleep disturbances during pregnancy and Sleep and vigilance disorders in pregnancy Selection of article:discussion Journal name: j Family Reprod Health. 2013 Jun; 7(2): 87– 93. Title: : Quality of Life in Pregnant Women with Sleep Disorder Purpose:This study aimed to evaluate the quality of life of pregnant women with sleep disorders in the second trimester – Research question: is there any affect of quality of life of pregnant women with sleep disorders in three trimester – Sample : 100 pregnant women with sleep disturbances in their second trimesters were recruited in this stud – Methodology details : In this cross-sectional study, data was collected with continuous sampling method. A total of 100 pregnant women with sleep disturbances in their second trimesters were recruited in this study. – Key findings: Quality of life, Pregnant women, Sleep disorder – Conclusion: a large percentage of women suffer from sleep disorders in pregnancy – Recommendations: during this period, in addition to usual care, codified programs can be done to evaluate, detection and Diagnosis of this disord Selection of article:discussion Journal name: N Engl J Med 1993 (328):1230–5 Title: The Occurrence of Sleep-Disordered Breathing among Middle-Aged Purpose:to find out the undiagnosed sleep-disordered breathing disorder among adults – Research questions: to estimate the prevalence of undiagnosed sleep-disordered breathing among middleaged adults – Sample details :random sample of 602 employed men and women – Methodology: was studied using overnight.phypolysomnography to determine the frequency of episodes of apnea and hypopnea /hour of sleep – Key findings: sleep disorder, breathing, men, women – Conclusions:the prevalence of undiagnosed sleepdisordered breathing is high among men and is much higher than previously suspected among women .undiagnosed sleep-disordered breathing is associated with daytime hypersomnolence. – Recommendations :preestimate the prevalence of undiagnosed sleep-disordered breathing among adults and address its importance to the public heath. Selection of article:introduction and definition Title: Evaluation of the blood pressure load in the diagnosis of hypertension in pregnancy Journal name: American Heart Association 2001;(38)723-729 Purpose: The use of a set of new end points obtained from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring, in addition to the blood pressure values themselves. Research questions:does the ambulatory blood pressure monitoring helps in diagnosing hypertension in pregnancy Sample details:328 samples was included in the study(176 primipara) Methodology: Each individual’s clock-hour BP values were rereferenced from clock time to hours before and after awakening from nocturnal sleep Key findings :pregnancy, preeclapsia ,blood pressure monitoring ,hypertension Conclusions: This study indicates that ABPM has clear advantages over conventional casual sampling for the diagnosis of hypertensive complications in pregnancy. Reccomentations:it can be advocated to improve sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of hypertension and the evaluation of a patient s response to treatment. Journal name: Journal name: SLEEP;2010 33(10):1363-1371. Title: Associations of early pregnancy sleep duration with trimester specific blood pressures and hypertensive disorder pregnancy Purpose: to evaluated the influence of maternal self-reported habitual sleep duration during early pregnancy on blood pressure (BP) levels and risk of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. – Research questions:does the early self reported habitual sleep duration of the mother reduces the risk of hypertension – Sample details: 1,272 healthy, pregnant women. – Methodology: This analysis is based on data collected from a cohort of healthy women attending prenatal care clinics Eligible women started prenatal care before 20 weeks gestation, were 18 years of age or older, could speak and read English, and planned to carry the pregnancy to term and to deliver at either hospital.. – Key findings: Blood pressure, sleep duration, hypertension, preeclampsia, pregnancy – Conclusions:theirr findings are consistent with a larger literature that documents elevated blood pressure and increased risks of hypertension with short and long sleep duration.: – Recommendations:Future research with objective measures of sleep duration and sleep quality during pregnancy is needed to confirm our findings and to address whether voluntary short sleep duration and/or insomnia contribute to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Selection of article:introduction and discussion Journal name: Indian J Med Res (131)2010:285-301 Title: Sleep disordered breathing in women of child beraing age and during preganancy Purpose: for the awareness of Obstructive sleep apnoea among maternal health care providers and other health-related outcomes associated with identification and treatment of sleep apnoea Research question: to identify the disease associated with untreated OSA affecting all age groups, and does it is associated with significant social, work, and health impact?? Sample details: 47 pregnant women Methodology : Sleep apnoea diagnosis was made on clinical grounds alone in 13, on polysomnography and clinical features prior to pregnancy in 13; in the first trimester in 5, in the last trimester in 5, post partum in 6. All but three had obstructive sleep apnoea. Two had exclusively central apneas Key findings: Gender - gestational hypertension - obesity pregnancy - sleep apnoea preeclampsia - Conclusions: Obstructive sleep apnoea is a common yet most often unrecognized condition even among women of childbearing age. Recognition is hampered by its different clinical presentation and the lack of tool specifically validated among young and pregnant women Recommendations: The clinical suspicion should be increased among women with past or current history of polycystic ovarian syndrome, depression, hypertension, diabetes, hypothyroidism, metabolic syndrome, obesity, or craniofacial features of narrower Selection of article:introduction and discussion Name: European heart journal.2011;(32):3088-3097. Title: Blood pressure tracking during pregnancy and the risk of gestational hypertensive disorder; Purpose: Blood pressure tracking can be used to examine the predictability of future values by early measurements Research questions: whether pressure tracking can be used to examine the predictability of future values by early measurements.? and whether blood pressure in early pregnancy tracks to third trimester and whether this tracking is influenced by maternal characteristics and is associated with the risk of gestational hypertensive disorders?? Sample details:8482 Methodology This study was embedded in the Generation R Study, a population-based prospective cohort study . Blood pressure was measured in each trimester of pregnancy. Information about doctordiagnosed pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia was obtained from medical records.: Key findings Conclusions: Blood pressure tracks moderately during pregnancy and is influenced by maternal characteristics. Second to third trimester increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure are associated with an increased risk of gestational hypertensive disorders Recommendations: Further research is needed focused on factors influencing blood pressure tracking and their associations with gestational hypertensive disorders Selection of article-literature review and discussion Journal name: Obstet Gynecol Surv.2014;69(3):164-176 Title: Sleep disordered Breathing during pregnancy: future complications for cardiovascular health. – Purpose: To propose the hypothesis that occult sleep disordered breathing during pregnancy may play a role in long-term cardiovascular disease in women who had hypertensive disorders of pregnancy – Research questions: does the sleep disordered breathing during pregnancy may have a impact on cardiovascular system in later life?? – Sample details:1800 samples – Methodology:follow up study design – Key findings :pregnancy ,sleep disorderd breathing ,hypertension, – Conclusions: Given the suggested mechanisms that explain these associations, it is plausible that SDB during pregnancy may increase long-term cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. – Recommendations: Pregnancy may offer a window of opportunity for identification and treatment of SDB which could provide substantial health benefit for many years to come. Selection of journal:literature review and discussion Title: .Comparison of supine and upright position on autonomic nervous activity in late pregnancy Blackwell Science Ltd.1999;(84):215-219 Purpose: n order to understand the effect of aortocaval compression on autonomic nervous activity, we compared the effects of supine and upright postures on measures of heart rate variability in late pregnanc Research questions: Aortocaval compression in the supine position in pregnant women might be responsible for this reversal in the autonomic response to lying down. Sample details: 30 pregnant women and 23 controls were included in this study Methodology All subjects were instructed not to drink caffeinated beverages for at least 24 h before electrocardiographic recording. A continuous analogue signal from standard lead II of the electrocardiogram was recorded by a bedside electrocardiographic monitor for 15 min with the subject sitting upright in a chair with back support. At the end of electrocardiographic recording, blood pressure was measured over the left and right antecubital areas The subject was then instructed to lie down on the examination bed and the electrocardiographic recording was repeated 5 min later for 15 min Key findings: Pregnancy; autocaval compression;Nervous system; autonomic nervous activity Conclusions: when the position was changed from upright to supine, the nonpregnant women had higher vagal activity and lower sympathetic activity, whereas the pregnant women had lower vagal activity and higher sympathetic activity. The vagal enhancing effect seen in normal subjects in changing position from upright to supine was reversed in late pregnancy Recommendations: Aortocaval compression in the supine position in late pregnancy might be responsible for this reversal in the autonomic response to lying down. Selection of article:literature review Title: Trimester specific blood pressure levels in relation to maternal pre-pregnancy body mass inde Purpose: to evaluated the influence of maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), based on reported pre-pregnancy weight and height, on blood pressure (BP) levels during pregnancy Research questions:does the mothers pre gestational weight have any relation with the blood pressure changes during pregnancy Sample details:1733 samples Methodology: Information was collected on medical and reproductive histories and sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. Pre-pregnancy weight and height were based on self-reports made during the interview Key findings: maternal prenatal blood pressure, maternal body mass index, maternal obesity, pregnancy, mean arterial pressure. Conclusions: . Work in progress considering BP records at individual gestational ages (rather than grouped by trimester), however, indicates that the nature of the association between BP and maternal pre-gestational BMI changes with gestational age Recommendations:The observed increases in BP even in non-obese women suggest that public health efforts in the US directed towards encouraging all children, adolescents, young adults and pregnant women to exercise, consume healthy diets and avoid adult weight gain, may result in improved BP profiles during pregnancy. Such improved profiles may lead to reductions in obesity-associated medical complications of pregnancy, including pre-eclamp