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Main characteristics of microprocessors (modern)
Iskakov BA, Tautau EM Kalikulov OA
Kazakh National University. Al-Farabi
Nowadays MP characteristic is different and multiple clock frequency, performance, bit
different elements and amounts of cash, and voltage E power consumption, heat, compatibility
with different boards (connector), etc.
Consider some of the characteristics of processors, including the bit data bus and address
bus, as well as performance.
Processors can be classified into two main parameters: bit depth and speed. Processor speed - a
fairly simple option. It is measured in megahertz (MHz); 1 MHz is equal to one million cycles
per second. The higher the speed, the better (faster processor). Bit Processor - option is more
complicated. The processor consists of three major devices, the main characteristic is the bit:
• tire and vyvoda input data;
• internal registers;
• Bus address pamyati.
Processor with a clock speed of at least 16 MHz do not have a built-in cache. For systems
up to 486-fast cache memory installed on the motherboard. Starting with the processor 486, the
cache of the first level is installed directly in the housing and working at the processor frequency.
A cache memory on the motherboard became known as cache memory of the second level. She
has been working at the frequencies supported by the motherboard. And since the Pentium III
second-level cache is located on the MP.
The speed of the computer depends on the clock frequency is usually measured in
megahertz (MHz). It is determined by the parameters of the quartz resonator, which is a quartz
crystal enclosed in a small tin container. Under the influence of an electric voltage in the quartz
crystal an electric current oscillations having a frequency determined by the shape and size of the
crystal. The frequency of this alternating current is called clock frequency. Conventional
computer chips operate at several million hertz (MHz, GHz).
Different and the time taken to execute commands.
• 8086 and 8088. In etih processors to perform a single command takes about 12 cycles.
• 286 and 386. These processors have reduced the time to execute commands about 4.5 clock
cycles.
• Processor 486 and bolshaya of the Intel-compatible processors fourth generation, such as the
AMD 5x86, reduce this parameter to 2 cycles.
• Series Pentium, K6. The architecture of the Pentium and other Intel-compatible processor of
the fifth generation, created in AMD and Cyrix, including a dual instruction pipeline, and other
enhancements to accomplish one or two instructions per clock cycle.
• Pentium PRO, Pentium II / III and Celeron 4, Athlon, Duron. Processors class P6, and the other
processors of the sixth generation allow to execute at least three instructions per clock cycle.
• A recent processors like Itanium to 20 operations per clock by step 10 parallel pipelines.
Various number of cycles required to execute commands, makes it difficult to compare
the performance of computers, based only on their clock rate (ie the number of cycles per
second). Why at the same clock speed of one processor is faster than the other? The reason for
this performance.
Evaluate the performance of the CPU is rather difficult. CPUs with different internal
architectures execute commands in different ways: the same team in different processors can be
either faster or slower. In order to find a satisfactory measure for comparing CPUs with different
architectures, operating at different clock speeds, Intel has invented a number of specific
benchmarks that can be performed on chips Intel, to measure the relative efficiency of
processors. This system is called the test iCOMP and all of its components (iCOMP-2,3, etc.)
Literature:
1. AP Tsitovich "Nuclear Electronics" Ouch. Allowance for vuzovM .: Energoatomizdat. 1984.