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Respiratory disease
Respiratory disease
Further diagnostics
– Tracheal wash (cytology and bacterial culture)
– Anesthetize and intubate with sterile endotracheal tube
– Pass open-end urinary catheter through tube
– Inject 2 – 3 ml warm, sterile saline
– Induce coughing by tapping on thorax
– Aspirate fluid
Respiratory disease
– Treatment
– Supportive care
– Oxygen
Parasitic diseases
– Ectoparasites
– Fleas
– Treatment
– Fluid therapy
– Anti-flea shampoo
– Force-feeding
– Fipronil (Frontline®)
– Selamectin (Revolution ®)
– Antibiotics (based on culture and sensitivity)
– Trimethoprim-sulfa (30 mg/kg; q 12 h)
– Otodectes cynotis
– Enrofloxacine (10 – 15 mg/kg; q 12 h)
Otodectes cynotis ferret
– Diagnosis
– Otoscopy
Otodectes cynotis ferret
– Diagnosis
– Otoscopy
– Microscopy
– Treatment
– Fipronil (Frontline®)
– Selamectin (Revolution®)
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Parasitic diseases
– Endoparasites
Helicobacter mustelae gastritis
– Symptoms
– Worms
§ GI worms are seldom seen
§ Heartworm is seen in USA
– Coccidiosis (rare)
– Treatment with TMP/S
– Giardia (rare)
– Treatment with Fenbendazol (50 mg/kg; q 24 h; 3 days)
Helicobacter mustelae gastritis
– Lethargy
– Salivation
– Anorexia
– Pawing at the mouth
– Vomiting
– Black feces
– Infections already occur at very young age
– Lifelong infection when not treated
– Symptoms occur at later age due to immunosuppression
immunosuppression
Helicobacter mustelae gastritis
Treatment (at least for 14 days)
– Diagnostics
– Gastroscopy (gastritis / ulcera )
– Clarithromycin (50 mg/kg; q 24 h)
– Metronidazol (75 mg/kg; q 24 h)
– Biopsy of the stomach
– Omeprazol [Losec®] (4 mg/kg; q 24 h)
– Gastric histology in ferrets with
Helicobacter is often similar to that
of healthy ferrets
– PCR / serology
– 80% of all ferrets are positive
Diarrhea
– Infectious causes
– Coccidiosis
Young animal
– Rotavirus
Young animal
– ECE (corona virus)
Epizootic catarrhal enteritis
– Also named
– Green slime disease
– Occurs in:
– Adult ferrets after contact with young carrier animal
– Epizootic catarrhal enteritis
– PBD
Young animal
– Proliferative bowel disease
– Canine distemper
– Treatment (supportive care)
– Force feeding
– Hydration therapy
– [Antibiotics ?]
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Proliferative bowel disease
– Caused by:
Proliferative bowel disease
– Symptoms
– Lawsonia intracellularis (a strict intracellular bacteria)
– Chronic diarrhea (possibly with blood)
– Rectum prolaps
– Causes
– Hypertrophy of the wall of the duodenum and colon
– Pain when defecating
– Severe weight loss
– Occurs in:
– Ferrets of 10 – 16 weeks of age
– < 3% of infected ferrets actually get sick
Diarrhea
– Chloramphenicol 50 mg/kg; q 12 h (minimal of 2 weeks)
Approach of ferret with diarrhea
– History
– Non-infectious causes
– Diet (intolerance)
Most important cause
– Recent new addition / contact with other ferrets?
– Vaccinated against Canine distemper?
– Foreign body
– Trichobezoar
– Suggested treatment
During molt: use hairball
remover for cats twice a week
– IBD
– Inflammatory bowel disease (immune related)
– Eosinophilic gastritis (rare)
– What diet is given to the ferret?
– Thorough abdominal palpation
– Fecal examination for GI parasites
– Provide diet which is easy to digest
Approach of ferret with diarrhea
– Use of hairball remover?
– Prevent dehydration
– SQ fluids
– Oral Rehydration Salts (?)
– When complaints last: additional diagnostics
– Radiograph / abdominal ultrasound
– Collect biopsies from GI tract
Cardiac disease
Very common in ferrets
Clinical signs
– Ferrets older than 3 years
– Anorexia
– Lethargy
– Dyspnea
– Exercise intolerance
– Ascites
– Weight loss
– Hind leg weakness
– Coughing
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Cardiac disease
Cardiac disease
Physical examination
– Pale or cynotic mucous membranes
– Refill time more than 2 seconds
– Femoral pulse may be weak, irregular or normal
– Heart auscultation (between rib 6 and 8)
– Bradycardia
– Tachycardia
Diagnosis
– History and physical examination
– Radiography
– Murmurs
– Muffled heart sounds
– Dypnea and tachypnea
– Lung auscultation
– Muffles lung sounds
– Increased bronchovesicular sounds
Cardiac disease
Cardiac disease
– Radiographs
Diagnosis
– History and physical examination
– Radiography
– Ultrasound
Dorsal displacement of trachea
Enlarged cardiac silhouette
Cardiac disease
Electrocardiography
Parameter
Diagnosis
– History and physical examination
– Radiography
– Ultrasound
Heart frequency
220 (175 -265)
88,5 o ± 5,5 o (85 o -102o )
Heart axi s
Measurements in le ad II
P duration (s)
P amplitude (mV)
0,019 ± 0,003 (0,01 – 0,02)
0,11 ± 0,04 (0,09 – 0,2)
PR interval (s)
0,049 ± 0,009 (0,04 – 0,07)
QRS duration (s)
0,026 ± 0,006 (0,02 – 0,04)
QRS amplitude (mV)
QT interval (s)
– Electrocardiography
x ± sd (range)
ST segment (mV)
T duration (s)
T amplitude (mV)
2,9 ± 1,2 (1,4 – 4,4)
0,14 ± 0,02 (0,11 – 0,16)
0,03 ± 0,01 (0,02 – 0,05)
0,084 ± 0,018 (0,06 – 0,11)
0,26 ± 0,08 (0,15 – 0,4)
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