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Transcript
Lecture 16 MANGALS Mangal: a tropical shoreline community in which various species of MANGROVE are the dominant plant species Conditions for Mangal Formation 1. Protection from strong wave action 2. Availability and accumulation of sediment 3. Periodic flooding by salt water Mangal = Tropical Salt Marsh Mangals - Tropical Salt Marshes World Distribution Mangrove Succession Mangrove Succession -Red Mangrove - Rhizophora mangle Tolerating Anaerobic Mud Lenticels Aerobic mud Anaerobic mud lenticel apply grease to root O2 O2 Concentration O2 To prop root 48 h time Red Mangrove - basis of community 1. Provide substrate for growth of other species Red Mangrove - basis of community 2. Trap sediment and stabilize shore Black Mangrove (Avicenna) - second stage of succession Structure of the Black Mangrove Pneumatophores (air root) Aerobic mud Anaerobic mud Anchor root Radial root Pneumatophores Pneumatophores Coping with salt Salt secreting glands on leaf Final Successional Stage - White Mangrove - Laguncularia racemosa -least tolerant of salt and aerobic muds Mangrove Succession and Zonation MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1. Plant succession due to land building - plant zonation - a successional sequence But do mangroves cause different patterns of sediment deposition or just respond to deposition? MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS 1. Land building HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 2. Geomorphological influences -mangroves response to changes in geomorphology but don’t cause them Patterns depend on abiotic patterns of sediment deposition MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients Two hypotheses a. Distinct preference Gradient Different optima for each species leads to zonation 1. 2. Land building Geomorphology MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS 1. 2. HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients Two hypotheses a. Distinct preference b. No preference Gradient Optimum range for all species Zonation is determined by other factors (competition, predation) Land building Geomorphology 1. 2. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients e.g. Tidal inundation 35 ppt <10 ppt Land building Geomorphology 1. 2. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS Land building Geomorphology HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients 100 Seedling Survival (%) 50 0 0 20 30 40 Salinity 50 60 70 80 1. 2. MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS Land building Geomorphology HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 3. Physico- Chemical Gradients Ceriops tagal Ceriops australis Optimum salinity for germination - 15 ppt (lab) 0 20 30 40 Salinity 50 60 70 80 MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 4. Propagule dispersion 1. 2. 3. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1. 2. 3. 4. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion 5. Propagule predation Dominance 1/predation Grapsid crabs MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 1. 2. 3. 4. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion 5. Propagule predation Normal distribution Avicennia marina MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 5. Propagule predation Normal distribution 1. 2. 3. 4. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 5. Propagule predation Normal distribution 1. 2. 3. 4. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS HYPOTHESES FOR ZONATION 6. Competition ? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Land building Geomorphology Physico-chemical Propagule dispersion Propagule predation MANGROVE ZONATION PATTERNS Structure of Mangroves MANGROVES AS NURSERIES Lutjanus griseus (Gray snapper) Juveniles live in mangroves & move to Thalassia at night to feed Spawn on ocean side of reef Postlarva moves to Thalassia beds Mangrove Reproduction - Red Mangrove Wind Pollinated Mangrove Reproduction - Black Mangrove Wind Pollinated Mangrove Reproduction - White Mangrove Insect Pollinated Mangrove Food Chain Bacterial and fungal recolonization Leaf particles colonized by bacteria and fungi fish Particulate organic matter prawn Direct grazing by crabs Small fish MANGROVE LEAF detritus Dissolved organic substances Absorbed by sediment Small crustacea bacteria protozoa algae Eaten by mud whelks algae Hurricanes and Mangroves Hurricanes and Mangroves Hurricanes and Mangroves Hurricanes and Mangroves Hurricanes and Mangroves Costanza et al, 2008. AMBIO 37(4):241-248.
